Flower tube

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Flower tube
Indian flower tube (canna hybrid)

Indian flower tube ( canna hybrid)

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Gingery (Zingiberales)
Family : Flowering plants
Genre : Flower tube
Scientific name of the  family
Cannaceae
Yuss.
Scientific name of the  genus
canna
L.

Flower cane ( Canna ) is the only genus of the plant family of the flower cane plants (Cannaceae), which belongs to the order of the ginger-like (Zingiberales) within the monocotyledons . The approximately 10 (to 20) species have a purely neotropical distribution. Some species are feral worldwide in the tropics. Many varieties have emerged that are used as ornamental plants for parks and gardens.

Description and ecology

Illustration of the wild form: Indian flower tube ( Canna indica )
Indian flower tube ( Canna indica ): habit, capsule fruits and seeds.
Unripe and ripe canna fruits with their soft, prickly surfaces. The spherical, black seeds can be seen in the open fruit

Habit and leaves

Canna species are perennial herbaceous plants with rhizomes as perennial organs. Depending on the species, they reach heights of 0.50 and 5 meters. They form an upright, unbranched stem or the overlapping leaf sheaths form a "pseudo stem ". The alternate and helical or two-line arranged, very large, simple leaves are divided into leaf sheaths, short petioles and leaf blades . In the bud position they are rolled up: convolute vernation . The parallel leaf veins arise from the midrib (not typical for monocots).

Inflorescences and flowers

The eye-catching, terminal, racemose or ährigen total inflorescences (inflorescences) contain many flowers or often from one to zweiblütigen, monochasialen, zymösen part inflorescences composed with mostly inconspicuous, small, green bracts (bracts).

The hermaphrodite , mostly large flowers are threefold and surprisingly asymmetrical. The bracts are designed differently. The three free sepals are mostly green and somewhat uneven. The three petals are usually strikingly colored. They are "fused together at the bottom to form a twisted tube" with the semi-fertile stamen and the staminodes . There are two circles with originally three stamens each, but per flower there is only one stamen fertile on one side only : a corolla-like stamen with half an anthers. The others are transformed into petal-like staminodes; one of the inner staminodes is bent back and forms a labellum. Some species lack a staminodium. The petals and staminodes are usually yellow to red.

The three carpels are at a constant under (syncarp) ovary adherent which has a soft-spiky surface and many central angle constant ovules contains. The stylus is flattened like a corolla. The pollen is deposited on the abaxial (off-axis) surface of the stylus. The pollination mechanism is very specialized; pollination takes place by insects ( entomophilia ). The pollinator insects ingest the pollen from the petal-like, flattened stylus.

Fruits and seeds

The three-chamber capsule fruits have a soft prickly warty surface and contain 5 to 25 (rarely up to 75) seeds. The hard-shelled, spherical seeds with a hard endosperm are medium to dark brown and about 4 to 10 mm in diameter. There are reports that the seeds remain viable for about 600 years. The embryo is straight.

Chromosome sets and ingredients

The basic chromosome number is x = 9. The following ingredients should be mentioned: pro anthocyanidins , cyanidin , flavonoids ( kaempferol and quercetin ).

Canna indica , Syn .: Canna indica var. Warszewiczii (A.Dietr.) Nob.Tanaka
Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Canna flaccida
Section of the inflorescence of Canna paniculata
Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Canna tuerckheimii
Canna × generalis
The 'Golden Gate' variety

Systematics and distribution

The genus Canna was often classified in the family of the Marantaceae and are also most closely related to it within the order of the ginger-like (Zingiberales). Today it forms its own Cannaceae family. The Cannaceae family was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 62 under the name "Cannae".

The first publication of the genus Canna took place already in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, 1. As a lectotype was Canna indica L. by Nathaniel Lord Britton in Flora of Bermuda established 1918 S. 86th Synonyms for Canna L. are Achirida Horan. , Cannacorus Medik. ex Mill. , Katubala Adans. , Xiphostylis Raf. , Distemon Bouché , Eurystylus Bouché . The generic name Canna is derived from the Latin word canna for pipe.

The wide natural range of the genus Canna are the subtropical to tropical areas of the New World ( Neotropis ). Canna species thrive at altitudes from sea level to mountain slopes below 3000 meters.

More recent adaptations of the genus Canna reduce the number of species from originally around 100 to under 50 and Paulus Johannes Maria Maas 1985; PJM Maas & H. Maas in 1988 reduced the number to 10 species; the number of species had risen again to 20, especially after the revision of Nobuyuki Tanaka and new descriptions, but by de Kamer & PJM Maas in 2008 it fell again because some of these newly described species are only synonyms.

Here is a list of the accepted species (as of 2018):

  • Canna bangii Kraenzl. : It is common in Peru and Bolivia .
  • Canna flaccida Salisb. (Syn .: Canna glauca var. Flaccida (Salisb.) Willd. , Canna glauca var. Flava (Michx. Ex Lam.) Willd. , Canna flava Michx. Ex Lam. Nom. Subnud., Canna flaccida Roscoe nom. Illeg. , Canna reevesii Lindl. ): It has a wide distribution from the southeastern USA to Central America to the Caribbean islands .
  • Canna glauca L. (Syn .: Canna angustifolia L. , Canna lancifolia cupboard , Canna pedicellata C.Presl , Canna lanceolata Lodd.ex Loudon nom. Nud., Canna liturata Link ex A.Dietr. , Canna mexicana A.Dietr. , Canna stricta Bouché , Canna stolonifera D.Dietr. , Canna fintelmannii Bouché , Canna longifolia Bouché , Canna schlechtendaliana Bouché , Canna Annaei André , Canna Annaei nana André , Canna rubrolutea (Hook.) Chaté , Canna siamensis Kränzl. , Canna hassleriana Kränzl. , Canna jacobiniflora T.Koyama & Nob.Tanaka , Canna stenantha Nob.Tanaka , Canna rufa (Sims) Chaté , Canna glauca var. Rufa Sims , Canna glauca var. Rubrolutea Hook. , Canna glauca var. Annaei (André) Regel , Canna glauca var. angusta J.W. Richardson , Canna glauca var. siamensis (Kraenzl.) Nob.Tanaka ): It has a wide distribution in the entire Neotropic, its northernmost occurrence is in North Carolina .
  • Indian flower tube , Achira or Edible Canna ( Canna indica L. , Syn .: Canna coccinea Mill. , Canna lutea Mill. , Canna juncea Retz. , Canna patens (Aiton) Roscoe , Canna chinensis Willd. Nom. Superfl., Canna rubra Willd . nom. Superfl., Canna variegata Better , Canna textoria Noronha nom. NUD., Canna ellipticifolia var. coccinea (Mill.) Stokes , Canna ellipticifolia var. lutea (Mill.) Stokes , Canna ellipticifolia var. patens (Aiton) Stokes , Canna ellipticifolia var. Rubra Stokes , Canna speciosa Hegetschw. Nom. Superfl., Canna thyrsiflora Hegetschw. Nom. Superfl., Canna bifida Roem. & Schult. , Canna crocea Roem. & Schult. , Canna lambertii Lindl. Ex Ker Gawl. , Canna aureovittata G.Lodd. , Canna rubricaulis Link , Canna speciosa Roscoe ex Sims nom. Illeg., Canna platyphylla Nees & Mart. , Canna compacta Roscoe , Canna edulis Ker Gawl. , Canna occidentalis Ker Gawl. , Canna pallida Roscoe , Canna aurantiaca Roscoe , Canna carnea Roscoe , Canna orientalis Roscoe nom. Superfl., Can na brasiliensis Roscoe ex Spreng. , Canna lanuginosa Roscoe , Canna limbata Roscoe nom. superfl., Canna montana flower , Canna maxima Lodd. ex Roscoe nom. inval., Canna pruinosa Hoffmanns. , Canna discolor Lindl. , Canna flavescens Link , Canna maculata (Hook.) Link , Canna achiras Gillies ex D.Don , Canna esculenta Loudon nom. inval., Canna lagunensis Lindl. , Canna tenuiflora Bouché ex A.Dietr. , Canna barbadica Bouché nom. nud., Canna commutata Bouché , Canna ehrenbergii Bouché , Canna heliconiifolia Bouché , Canna humilis Bouché , Canna leptochila Bouché , Canna nepalensis Bouché , Canna orientalis Bouché nom. illeg., Canna polymorpha Bouché , Canna roscoeana Bouché nom. superfl., Canna sanguinea Bouché pro syn., Canna sellowii Bouché , Canna sulphurea Bouché pro syn., Canna xalapensis Bouché , Canna altensteinii Bouché, Canna poeppigii Bouché , Canna portoricensis Bouché , Canna pentaphylla D.Dietr. orth. var., Canna pulchra Hassk. , Canna cinnabarina Bouché , Canna concinna Bouché , Canna densifolia Bouché , Canna exigua Bouché , Canna floribunda Bouché , Canna formosa Bouché , Canna fulgida Bouché , Canna laeta Bouché , Canna moritziana Bouché , Canna recurvata Bouché , Canna spectabilis Bouché , Canna surinamensis Bouché , Canna variegata Bouché nom. illeg., Canna ventricosa Bouché , Canna sanguinea Warsz. ex Otto & A.Dietr. , Canna saturate-rubra Bouché ex K.Koch , Canna tinei death. nom. subnud., Canna bidentata Bertol. , Canna eximia Bouché ex Horan. , Canna macrophylla Horan. , Canna pulchra Bouché ex Horan. , Canna rotundifolia André , Canna schubertii Horan. , Canna polyclada Wawra , Canna atronigricans André , Canna aurantiaca splendida Année ex André , Canna expansa Année ex André , Canna houlletii André , Canna lavallei André , Canna liervalii André , Canna limbata var. Hybrida Année ex André , Canna musifolia-edulis André , Canna musifolia-hybrida Année ex André , Canna peruviana Année ex André , Canna porteana André , Canna robusta Année ex André , Canna van-houttei Lierv. ex André , Canna zebrina Année ex André , Canna zebrina nana André , Canna caledonis-peltata Chaté , Canna gaboniensis Chaté , Canna musifolia Année ex Chaté , Canna peruviana-purpurea Année ex Chaté , Canna peruviana-robusta Année ex Chaté , Canna peruviana-spectabilis Année ex Chaté , Canna texensis rule , Canna musifolia sanguinea Hend. & Andr.Hend. , Canna purpurea-spectabilis Rob. , Canna denudata var. Grandis Petersen , Canna patens var. Limbata (Regel) Baker , Canna cearensis Huber , Canna coccinea var. Bicolor Kraenzl. , Canna coccinea var. Concolor rule , Canna coccinea var. Floribunda (Bouché) rule , Canna coccinea var. Limbata rule , Canna sanctae-rosae Kränzl. , Canna seleriana Kraenzl. , Canna lutea Larrañaga nom. illeg., Canna variegatifolia Ciciar. , Canna amabilis T.Koyama & Nob.Tanaka , Canna plurituberosa T.Koyama & Nob.Tanaka , Canna warszewiczii A.Dietr. nom. superfl., Canna warszewiczii var. flameus Ram , Goyena , Canna indica var. maculata Hook. , Canna indica var. Saturaterubra rule , Canna indica var. Edwardsii rule , Canna indica var. Karsteniana rule , Canna indica var. Variegata rule , Canna indica subsp. orientalis Baker , Canna indica var. limbata (usually) Petersen , Canna indica var. flava (Roscoe) Baker , Canna indica var. nepalensis (Bouché) Baker , Canna indica var. orientalis Baker nom. superfl., Canna indica var. speciosa Baker nom. superfl., Canna indica var. sanctae-rosae (Kraenzl.) Nob.Tanaka , Canna indica var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton , Canna indica var. lutea (Mill.) Aiton , Canna indica var. patens Aiton , Canna indica var . rubra Aiton , Canna indica var. warszewiczii Nob.Tanaka, Makinoa , Canna indica var. warszewiczii Nob.Tanaka , Canna ascending Ciciar. , Canna fuchsina Ciciar. ): The original distribution ranges from Mexico to Central America. It is planted as an ornamental and food plant worldwide and has grown wild in many frost-free areas of the world. Note this in many literature as Canna edulis Ker Gawl. managed species is now only a synonym of Canna indica L., see N. Tanaka 2001 ;. There are no more varieties.
  • Iris flower tube ( Canna iridiflora Ruiz & Pav. ): It occurs in Peru.
  • Canna jaegeriana Urban (Syn: Canna leucocarpa Bouché , Canna domingensis Urb. , Canna pertusa Urb. ): The distribution area extends from the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola to Puerto Rico to northern South America.
  • Canna liliiflora Warsc. ex planch. (Syn .: Canna brittonii Rusby ): It iswidespreadfrom Bolivia to southeastern Peru.
  • Canna lineata Ciciar. : The species first described in 2014 occurs in northeastern Argentina.
  • Canna paniculata Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Canna excelsa G.Lodd. , Canna denudata Roscoe , Canna linkii Bouché , Canna miniata Bouché , Canna jacquinii Bouché , Canna neglecta Steud. , Canna tubiflora Regel nom. Nud., Canna kunzei (Bouché .) Kränzl , Canna meridensis . Kränzl , Canna ottonis . (Bouché) Kränzl , Canna amambayensis . Kränzl , Canna confusa . J.W.Richardson & LBSm , Canna paniculata var. glabra rule ): It is distributed from southern Mexico to the tropical South America.
  • Canna pedunculata Sims (Syn .: Canna buekii Weinm . , Canna reflexa Nees ex D.Dietr. ): It is common in southeastern and southern Brazil.
  • Canna tandilensis Ciciar. : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Argentina.
  • Canna tuerckheimii Kraenzl. (Syn .: Canna latifolia Mill. Nom. Rej., Canna gigantea Desf. Ex Redouté , Canna iridiflora Willd. Nom. Illeg., Canna neglecta Weinm. Nom. Rej., Canna gemella Nees & Mart. , Canna sylvestris Roscoe nom. rej., Canna coccinea var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel , Canna violacea Bouché , Canna curviflora Horan. , Canna anahuacensis Kraenzl. , Canna tulianensis Nob.Tanaka ): It has a wide distribution from Mexico to Ecuador and Bolivia.

In culture, hybrids ( Canna × generalis L.H.Bailey & EZ Bailey , Syn .: Canna × orchiodes L.H.Bailey ) emerged from several species.

use

origin

The most important species as an ornamental and food plant is called the Indian flower tube ( Canna indica ). The name comes from the error of the discoverer of "West India" ( West Indies ).

food

Above all, the Indian flower tube , also achira or edible canna, is grown for the production of food in the Andes ( Peru and Ecuador ) and in Asia ( Vietnam and southern China ). Canna rhizomes are edible and high in starch . The rhizomes can be very high in fiber and need to be cooked for hours to be soft enough to eat. Their taste is similar to that of sweet potatoes . In Asia, the starch is used to produce glass noodles . An alcoholic drink is made.

Ornamental plant

The genus was introduced as an ornamental plant in Europe as early as 1570 . Intensive crossbreeding has been going on for around 200 years and around 1000 registered varieties have been created to date.

Canna hybrids can be grown as potted plants or planted out. The Canna Longwood hybrids are cultivated as swamp plants in ponds.

The rhizomes are wintered cool (frost-free) and dark. After the last frosts, they are planted outdoors. Driven plants that are warm and light and are watered from January bloom early and for a long time. If you plant the rhizomes after the last frosts, the plants will not bloom until late in summer. The location should be very bright. They can withstand full sun, but should then be watered regularly.

The Canna indica hybrid 'Aphrodite'

sorts

There are some dwarf varieties of the Canna indica that only reach heights of about 50 centimeters and are suitable for indoor pot cultivation. Here is a selection of such dwarf varieties:

  • 'Alberich' (salmon red)
  • 'Lucifer' (flowers red with a delicate yellow border)
  • 'Perkeo' (cherry red)
  • 'Puck' (yellow)

Here is a selection of tall varieties:

  • 'Black Knight': with wine-red leaves and dark red flowers
  • 'Miss Oklahoma': with green leaves and large pink flowers
  • 'President': with green leaves and red flowers
  • 'Richard Wallace': with green leaves and yellow flowers
  • 'Tropicanna': with striped leaves and orange flowers
  • 'Wyoming': with dark, reddish leaves and bright orange flowers

Other use

The black seeds are used as pearls to make necklaces, especially for rosaries, and in rattles. Medical applications in the human and veterinary fields were investigated.

swell

  • The family of Cannaceae in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
  • The Cannaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)
  • H. Maas-van de Kamer, Paulus Johannes Maria Maas: The Cannaceae of the world. In: Blumea , Volume 53, 2008, pp. 247-318.
  • Paulus Johannes Maria Maas, H. Maas: Cannaceae. In: G. Harling et al .: Flora of Ecuador , Göteborg. Volume 32, 1988, pp. 1-9.
  • Paulus Johannes Maria Maas : Cannaceae. In: ARA Görts-van Rijn: Flora of the Guianas. Series A: Phanerogams. , Königstein, 1985, pp. 69-73.
  • Nobuyuki Tanaka: Taxonomic revision of the family Cannaceae in the New World and Asia. In: Makinoa ; Series 2, 1, 2001, pp. 34-43.
  • Delin Wu, W. John Kress: Cannaceae. , P. 378 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (section description)
  • W. John Kress, Linda M. Prince: Cannaceae. in the Flora of North America , Volume 22: - online with the same text as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513729-9 (section description)
  • Shahina A. Ghazanfar: Cannaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  • Ian Cooke: The Gardener's Guide to Growing Cannas , English Timber Press (OR) (October 2001), ISBN 0-88192-513-6

Individual evidence

  1. Delin Wu, W. John Kress: Cannaceae. , P. 378 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
  2. A. Engler's Syllabus of Plant Families , 12th, revised edition, edited by Prof. Dr. Hans Melchior, Verlag Gebr. Bornträger, Berlin-Nikolassee 1964, p. 611
  3. ^ PF Yeo: Secondary polling presentation: Form, function and evolution. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Suppl. 6, 1993, pp. 204-208.
  4. Cannaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 7, 2014.
  5. ^ Canna at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 7, 2014.
  6. PJM Maas: Cannaceae, In: ARA Görts-van Rijn (Ed.): Flora of the Guianas , Series A: Phanerogams , Königstein, 1985, pp. 69-73.
  7. PJMMaas, H. Maas: Cannaceae. In: G. Harling et al .: Flora of Ecuador , Göteborg, 1988, pp. 1-9.
  8. ^ A b N. Tanaka: Taxonomic revision of the family Cannaceae in the New World and Asia. , in Makinoa , 1, 2001, pp. 1-74.
  9. Cannaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  10. a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Canna. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  11. Canna edulis , Canna glauca and Canna indica Entry in Plants for A Future . (English).
  12. ^ Nobuyuki Tanaka: The utilization of edible Canna plants in southeastern Asia and southern China. In: Economic Botany , Volume 58, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 112-114.
  13. Jump up Nobuyuki Tanaka, Naoyoshi Inouch & Tetsuo Koyama: Edible Canna and its Starch: An Under-Exploited Starch-Producing Plant Resource. In: Foods Food Ingredients J. Jpn. , Volume 211, Issue 4, 2006.
  14. ^ W. John Kress & Linda M. Prince: Cannaceae in the Flora of North America , Volume 22: Online.

Web links

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