Banana plants
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The banana plants (Musaceae) are a family in the order of the ginger-like (Zingiberales) within the monocot plants . This small family only includes the three genera Musa , Ensete and the monotypical genus Musella with a total of around 35 to 42 species. The original home is the old world . But today you can find banana varieties in frost-free areas around the world. There are a number of species and hybrids whose varieties are used. The banana is particularly well known as a tropical fruit. In tropical countries, banana fruits also play an important role as a vegetable or starch supplement . Also serve Musa - and Ensete TYPES fiber production, and many other uses are known. Vegetative parts of the plant are eaten cooked from Ensete ventricosum . Some species and their varieties of all three genera are used as ornamental plants .
Description and ecology
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Appearance and leaves
There are very large, mostly perennial herbaceous plants ; some species are monocarp , i.e. perennial hapaxanthic plants . A sprout axis is only available underground. They form sympodial tubers or rhizomes . They contain milky sap in all parts of the plant above ground . All parts of the plant are hairless. At least the base of the leaves is succulent, i.e. fleshy. There is no secondary growth in thickness (the often thick pseudo-trunks thus develop differently from trees). The base of the leaves form the pseudo trunk .
In Musa, the alternate and helically arranged leaves are divided into a tubular leaf sheath, a short petiole and leaf blade, while Ensete lacks a petiole. They are pinnate and the lateral nerves branch off more or less at right angles from the median nerve; thus they deviate strongly from the parallel nerve that is otherwise common in monocots. The leaf margin is smooth. The simple leaf blade often tears open along the side veins and so the leaves often appear pinnate. The stomata are tetracycline, which means they have four secondary cells.
Inflorescences and flowers
The mostly terminal, rarely lateral, hanging or upright, branched total inflorescences are usually composed of several monaxial zymous partial inflorescences . The zymous partial inflorescences each contain many flowers, from which the so-called banana hands develop, i.e. the groups of fruits that we often find as end consumers. There are spirally arranged, often flashy, spathaförmige bracts (bracts) but no bracts present.
The zygomorphic flowers are threefold and are rarely hermaphroditic or mostly unisexual; the plants are monoecious. Of the bloom are five (two to three) fused with each other and one is free, which is characterized perianth more or less double lip. The five or six stamens are free from each other and are also not fused with the bloom cladding sheets. Sometimes a staminodium is present. The two-celled pollen grains have no aperture. Three carpels are fused to form a subordinate, three- chamber ovary. Each of the three ovary chambers contains 10 to 100 ovules . There is a simple stylus. Septal nectaries are present, which in some species lead to copious secretion of nectar (especially in bird-pollinated species). The pollination is always done by animals: insects ( Entomophilie ), birds ( ornithophily , sunbirds (Nectariniidae) in Southeast Asia, hummingbirds (Trochilidae) in the Neotropics ), bats ( Chiropterophilie ) or tree shrews (Scandentia).
Fruits, seeds and propagation
The fruits are leathery, fleshy berries that are elongated or cylindrical to banana-shaped and usually turn yellow to red when ripe. When fertilized, they will contain 20 to 100 seeds. The seeds have a diameter of 5 to 15 mm, contain starch and have a thick, hard shell ( testa ). The sweetish fruit pulp is made from placental trichomes .
The fruits are used as an important foodstuff by some species, but especially by the hybrids . Most hybrids, most of the cultivated forms, are sterile , so they do not form seeds. The reproduction takes place mostly vegetatively .
Chromosome sets and ingredients
The basic chromosome numbers are x = 9 to 11, 16, 17. Proanthocyanidins are always present as ingredients: cyanidin and delphinidin . They contain raphidia ( calcium oxalate crystals).
Systematics and distribution
The type genus is Musa L. The botanical genus name Musa honors Antonius Musa , the personal physician of the Roman emperor Augustus → Musa Cliffortiana . Since the Musaceae family was listed by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 61 in 1789 , it has remained widely recognized. Only a few more genera were previously added, which are now classified in the families of Heliconiaceae , Strelitziaceae and Lowiaceae . These four families are more closely related to each other within the Zingiberales than to the rest of the families.
For a long time there was a scientific debate about a third genus, Musella . The species first described by Adrien René Franchet in 1889 as Musa lasiocarpa - today a synonym of Musella lasiocarpa - was placed alternately in one of the two previous genera, and does not fit into either the Musa or Ensete genus . The previous subgenus Musella within the genus Musa represents a genus of its own, this was confirmed by molecular genetic studies by John Kress.
The plant species of the Musaceae are tropical or subtropical and originally come from West Africa via India to the Pacific . Its main distribution area is Southeast Asia . They mostly thrive in the tropical lowlands. In China all three genera occur with 14 species.
In the three genera today there are a total of about 35 to 91 species:
- Musa L. (Syn .: Karkandela Raf. ): It contains four sections with previously 30 since 2011 up to 65 species, until 2018 83 species. They are distributed from tropical to subtropical Asia as well as on western Pacific islands and occur in Tanzania.
- Ensete Horan. : The six to ten species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa and from tropical to subtropical Asia.
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Musella (Franchet) CYWu ex HWLi : It contains only one species:
- Musella lasiocarpa (Franchet) CYWu ex HWLi (Syn .: Musella splendida R.V. Valmayor & LDDanh ): It grows wild in southern Guizhou , central and western Yunnan at altitudes between 1500 and 2500 meters, in Myanmar and northern Vietnam . It is also grown in gardens.
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- The family of Musaceae in APWebsite . (Sections systematics and description)
- The Musaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)
- Alan T. Whittemore: Musaceae. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513729-9 (section description)
- Delin Wu, W. John Kress: Musaceae. , P. 314 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (section description)
- Michael G. Simpson: Musaceae , in Plant Systematics , Elsevier Inc., 2005, p. 195. ISBN 0-12-644460-9
- David Constantine, Gerda Rossel: Musaceae : Online since 1999 and continuously updated.
- The Musaceae family at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) .
- Jon LR Every, Amélia Baracat: Neotropical Musaceae. at Neotropical Flowering Plants - Neotropikey . (Sections systematics and description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Musaceae Family at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) .
- ↑ Entries on Musaceae in Plants For A Future
- ↑ a b c Delin Wu, W. John Kress: Musaceae. , P. 314 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
- ^ David Constantine, Gerda Rossel: Musaceae. : Online since 1999 and continuously updated.
- ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Musaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 11, 2018.
- ↑ Jeff Daniells, Christophe Jenny, Deborah Karamura and Kodjo Tomekpe: Musalogue: A catalog of Musa germplasm. Diversity in the genus Musa. E. Arnaud, S. Sharrock: International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain , Montpellier, France 2001. ISBN 2-910810-42-9 : Online. ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
