Gundermann

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Gundermann
Gundermann (Glechoma hederacea)

Gundermann ( Glechoma hederacea )

Systematics
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Tribe : Mentheae
Sub tribus : Nepetinae
Genre : Gundermann ( glechoma )
Type : Gundermann
Scientific name
Glechoma hederacea
L.

The Gundermann ( Glechoma hederacea ), and real-ivy , ground ivy or Erdefeu called, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae).

description

Habitus
Larger foliage from above and below
blossoms

Appearance and leaf

The Gundermann grows as evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant . The hairiness ( indument ) of the parts of the plant is variable: it is often almost bald, but it can also be densely hairy. The stem and underside of the leaves are often tinged with purple. The non-flowering shoot axes crawl as runners ( stolons ) on the ground, have a square cross-section and are rooted at many nodes . Due to their very rapid growth and rich branching, they ensure vegetative reproduction ; the main shoot can reach up to 2 meters in length. The Gundermann is a shallow root; the flower stems are 10 to 30 centimeters high, ascending to upright, and also have a square cross-section.

The leaves are arranged crosswise. The leaf stalks are very variable in length, but shorter than the internodes . Their length ranges from around one centimeter to 20 centimeters in dense vegetation. The leaf blades are 0.4 to 3.5 centimeters long and 0.6 to 4 centimeters wide, but usually not wider than 3 centimeters, kidney-shaped to rounded-heart-shaped with a blunt or pointed tip. The leaf margin is roughly notched. Occasionally, however, leaf blades with a diameter of up to 8 centimeters can also be found.

Upper part of the flowering stem

Inflorescence and flower

The two- to five-flowered inflorescences arise from the axils of leaves. The cover sheets (Brakteolen) of the individual flowers are 1 to 1.5 millimeters in size and hirsute.

Zygomorphic flower from the front

The flowers are the zygomorphic lip flowers typical of the mint family. The calyx is tubular to bell-shaped, slightly double-lipped and has 15 nerves. The crown is usually 15 to 22 (6 to 25) millimeters long and blue-violet in color with purple spots on the lower lip; rarely the crown is pink or white. The upper lip of the crown is flat and has three triangular teeth that are around 0.2 to 0.3 times as long as the corolla tube. The lower lip has two teeth. The corolla tube is narrowly conical, straight and hairy. There are two long and two short stamens . They are located at the bottom of the upper lip. The pollen sacs open with longitudinal slits. Two carpels are a top permanent, vierfächrigen ovary grown, each compartment an ovule contains.

The flowers are hermaphroditic. There are also male- sterile flowers. These are usually smaller, and the reduced stamens are integrated into the corolla tube. Clones form either only hermaphrodite or only male-sterile flowers. The formation of the sex is not purely genetic. Many male clones can produce hermaphrodite flowers under favorable growing conditions. In rare cases, all-female flowers have been observed. The flowering time is usually between April and June (July).

The flower formula can be represented as follows:

fruit

The Klaus fruit breaks down into four partial fruits. Each ovary compartment develops into a nut-like partial fruit (cloister). Each cave is egg-shaped and smooth and is slightly indented on the sides where it touches the neighbors. The Klausen have a gray outgrowth that is interpreted as an elaiosome . When ripe, the pericarp becomes mucous . The weight of the Klausen is around 0.7 milligrams. The seeds are 1.9 by 1.1 millimeters in size. The clauses are spread by sticky propagation and by ants. The fruit ripens between June and August.

Chromosome number

There are diploid and tetraploid cytotypes with chromosome numbers of 2n = 18 or 36.

ingredients

Of ingredients were different from the Gundermann flavonoids ( Cymarosid , Cosmosyn , hyperoside , isoquercetin and luteolin -7-di-glucoside) and non-heterosidische triterpenoids ( ursolic acid , n- nonacosane , β-sitosterol isolated). They also contain 0.03 to 0.06 percent essential oils , which are made from (-) - pinocamphone , (-) - menthone , (-) - pulegone , α- pinene , β-pinene, limonene , p- cymene , isomenthone , Isopinocamphone , linalool , menthol and α- terpineol exist. Tannins are represented at 3 to 7 percent. In addition, there is a not exactly known bitter substance called glechomin as well as marrubiin and saponins . The leaves also contain lectins that specifically bind N-acetylgalactosamine and that are similar to the lectins of legumes (Fabaceae).

Research that clarifies the pharmacological properties of Gundermann can only be found sporadically: Cytotoxic properties on various types of cancer have been demonstrated in experiments with sesquiterpenes from Gundermann . Furthermore, an antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect could be determined.

ecology

growth

The germination takes place epigeal , the cotyledons are green and unfold outside of the seed coat. The first subsequent leaves are formed around a week after germination.

The Gundermann forms long, low runners from which upright flower sprouts rise. The creeping main shoot forms side shoots every 8 to 15 centimeters. The young side shoots are initially nourished by their bracts, but are relatively soon physiologically independent and do not return any photosynthesis products to the mother shoot. They are independent ramets . The growth of the internodes is completed relatively quickly, only two internodes grow at the same time. The growth of the petiole and leaf blade lasts longer and is used to adapt to external factors. In competition with other plants, the branching is reduced when shaded, the length of the internodes and the leaf stalks increases significantly.

With an inhomogeneous distribution of nutrients in the soil, the adventitious roots are formed faster and more numerous in nutrient-rich areas than in nutrient-poor areas. If there is patchy light, the degree of branching, leaf area and biomass proportion of the leaves are higher in the areas with a high level of light, and the length of the petiole is shorter.

The overwintering takes place in the form of two-leaf parts or eight- to ten-leaf rosettes . So the plants are evergreen. From April onwards growth starts again, the rosettes form upright shoots. The flowers are formed on these sprouts from April to July. After flowering, the shoots bend to the ground and continue to grow horizontally.

Flower biology

The hermaphrodite flowers of the Gundermann are self-fertile, which means that fertilization within a plant can occur. However, an insect must visit for self-pollination. The flowers, however, are protandric , i.e. primeval: In freshly opened flowers, the stigma stands over the anthers and is practically not touched by a visiting insect. When the anthers have given up their pollen , the scar curves downwards.

The flowers are lip flowers and make nectar that is formed at the base of the ovary. It contains the sugars fructose , glucose and sucrose in a ratio of 1.0: 1.1: 3.6. A flower contains on average 0.3 microliters of nectar with an average of 43 percent by weight of sugar.

Pollination is mostly done by bumblebees and fur bees . Although seen in some places as an undesirable "weed", the Gundermann must be counted among the most important spring flowers for many wild bees in Central Europe. Frequent flower visitors are also hover flies , woolen floats of the genus Bombylius as well as beetles and ants . Hoverflies only ingest pollen. Some butterflies are also among the flower visitors ( aurora butterfly , lemon butterfly , rapeseed white butterfly ).

Herbivores, Control and Diseases

Due to the essential oils and the bitter substances, the Gundermann was previously used as a spice plant. Some of the secondary plant materials but also require the toxicity of many mammals, especially horses, but also for other animals and many rodents. There is no known poisoning in humans. The feed value is given as no or very low . In agriculture, it is therefore considered a weed that can be specifically fought with glufosinate .

However, the Gundermann serves many invertebrates (Invertebrata) as a forage plant. Hutchings & Price name three Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera), five two-winged (Diptera) and 21 butterfly species.

Four parasitic fungi are known to attack this plant: The widespread rust fungus Puccinia glechomatis DC. can often be found on Gundermann from June to October. In addition, the two powdery mildew Erysiphe galeopsidis DC appear. Erysiphe biocellata Ehrenb. and the Hyphomycete Ramularia calcea (Desm.) Ces. also frequently.

Occurrence

distribution

The Gundermann is common in most of Europe. It is only missing in the Balearic Islands , Crete , the Faroe Islands , Iceland , Svalbard and Turkey . It is very common in Central Europe. It is also found in West and North Asia to Japan , Hong Kong and Tonkin . In New Zealand , USA and Canada , he was the man brought in . In Europe, the species occurs particularly in the temperate zones of the oceanic and sub-oceanic areas. In the British Isles, the northern limit of distribution coincides with the 12 ° C July isotherm . In Canada, the limit is the 12 ° C July and -12 ° C January isotherms. The distribution is Eurasian boreo-temperat, including the regions in which the plant has meanwhile become naturalized, also circumpolar boreo-temperat. Ellenberg gives 3 as the continental number, sub-oceanic to oceanic.

The Gundermann occurs from sea level to montane altitude . In the British Isles it rises at altitudes of up to 400 meters, in Sweden up to 350 meters, in the Alps up to 1600 meters above sea level. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part near Oberellenbogen near Steeg up to 1250 m above sea level.

Locations

The Gundermann occurs preferentially on damp, heavy, fertile and calcareous soils . It is most common on soils with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5, but it still thrives at a pH of 4.0. Ellenberg indicates the humidity number 6 (freshness to humidity indicator), the reaction number x (indifferent) and the nitrogen number 7 (in nitrogen-rich locations). The Gundermann cannot take salt. Frequent occurrence is linked to a good supply of phosphate , nitrate and calcium . For this, however, it is also necessary that potentially superior competing plants do not arise due to shade or frequent disturbances.

Gundermann is characteristic of the nitrate-rich and moisture-dependent fringing societies , which were even named after her ( Glechometalia ). This plant is often found in forest fringes, hedges and floodplain bushes. In the plant-sociological system, these are assigned to the class of mesophilic perennial flora (Galio-Urticetea dioicae Pass. 1967), the class of nettle-elder bushes (Urtico-Sambucetea Doing 1962), the order of sloe hedges and bushes (Prunetalia Tx. 1952 ) and assigned to the order of willow bank bushes and trees (Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958).

A second focus of the location are forests with moderately moist to moist soils that are not very acidic: In the plant-sociological system, they are classified as an association of mesotrophic oak-hornbeam forests (Eu-Carpinion Scam. Et Pass. 1959) in the order of mixed hardwood forests (Fraxinetalia Scam . et Pass. 1959).

The third location focus is the class of the economic meadows (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937). Here the Gundermann blooms in the meadow-foam herb-dandelion phase together with other low-growing plants. In the meadows, too, the species characterizes fresh, long-term, well-watered and nitrogen-supplied locations. Within the economic meadows, the Gundermann is a diagnostic type of the middle locations (Arrhenatheretalia Tx. 1931). It is particularly common here in the oat fat meadows (Arrhenatheretum). Outside of the farm meadows, the Gundermann occurs particularly in multi-cut lawns in gardens and parks. It tolerates mowing very well, but pasture and tread load only moderately.

Systematics

The genus Glechoma belongs to the Unterertribus Nepetinae in the tribe Mentheae in the subfamily Nepetoideae within the family of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Their closest relatives in the local flora are the catnip ( Nepeta ) and the scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum ). The species Glechoma hederacea was first published by Carl von Linné in 1753 in Species Plantarum .

The Gundermann occurs in Central Europe in two variants, which are now listed as separate species: the real Gundermann ( Glechoma hederacea ) described here and the Hairy Gundermann ( Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit. ), Which is often classified as a subspecies Glechoma hederacea subsp. hirsuta (Waldst. & Kit.) Gams . The hairy Gundermann is tetraploid and more common in Southeastern Europe. Hybrids between the two species have been observed. The former subspecies Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis (A.Gray) H.Hara from East Asia is now called Glechoma grandis (A.Gray) Kuprian as a separate species . guided.

Surname

The common German common name Gundermann or Gundelrebe is possibly derived from the Old High German / Gothic gund " pus " or "ulcer", which would indicate its earlier use as a medicinal plant. (In OHG this plant was but also as gundareba referred to.) Another common name of the growing at the bottom with efeuartig extending tendrils, the MHG also grundrebe plant is referred to earth ivy (Latin hedera terrestris ). The name soldier parsley indicates its use as a spice plant . In Low German, the plant was also referred to as a hedge pecker , alluding to its typical location .

The generic name Glechoma goes back to the Greek word glechon for Polei mint ( Mentha pulegium ) and was transferred from Linnaeus to the Gundermann. The specific epithet hederacea means "ivy-like, ivy-leaved".

use

Young leaves collected in spring were previously cooked as vegetables, among other things in Maundy Thursday dishes . Due to the bitter substances and essential oils, the plant was also used as a spice. The smell and taste are described as resinous-aromatic, mint-like and licorice-like.

Before hops were cultivated , the Gundermann was used to preserve beer due to its bitter substances .

In the cheese making Gundermann was as a substitute for animal rennet used.

As a food additive, Gundermann also has an antioxidant effect.

Gundermann is and was seldom grown in the garden. Usually it was collected. It was occasionally grown as a medicinal plant in medieval monastery gardens. Today Gundermann is occasionally planted in ornamental gardens. There are several cultivated forms on the market . Striking is a variegated shape with white spotted leaves and a very richly flowering shape up to 30 cm high, which is suitable as a ground cover .

history

The rich and regionally very different superstition about this plant species is an indication that it was already used as a medicinal and magical plant by the Germanic peoples . As a healing and protective magic it should work against diseases such as plague, also against witches. In many regions he played a role in milk spells. For Walpurgis Night on May 1st, the Germanic fencing was tied into wreaths through which one could see witches.

In the Physica attributed to Hildegard von Bingen , the Gundelrebe can be reliably identified for the first time and is referred to as "gunde vine". There the plant was recommended for external and internal use in cases of exhaustion. The same or similar statements can be found scattered in southern German herbal manuscripts of the 15th century. Also influenced by the Hildegard text about the "gundereben" are the remarks in the "Alemannic herb book" handed down from the 15th century, in which the "Grundreb" was described as a non-toxic agent. In northern European folk medicine, the Gundermann was used therapeutically in this sense.

The learned doctors of the late Middle Ages and early modern times believed to recognize the Gundermann in the description that Dioscurides and Pliny had given of the plant "Chamaikissos". They transferred the information given by these ancient authors for the "Chamaikissos" to the Gundermannkraut and they gave it the name "Erdepheu". They supplemented the folk medical applications with the indications that the ancient authors listed for the “Chamaikissos”: sciatica, spleen disease, burns and clogging of the liver with jaundice. In addition, Hermann von Neuenahr interpreted Gundermann in his Annotationes aliquot herbarum as the "Elatine" of Dioscurides and he transferred the indications of eye inflammation and dysentery ascribed to the "Elatine" to Gundermann.

At the transition from the 18th to the 19th century, most doctors were critical of the folk medical application of Gundermann. In the absence of an alternative, however, they tolerated the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with this drug.

In China the glechoma species became Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kuprian. (金錢草 jīn qiān căo) first mentioned in the herbal book “Bencao Gangmu Shiyi” (“Additions to Bencao Gangmu ” by Li Shizhen ), published in 1765 . In the current Chinese pharmacopoeia is Glechoma longituba not listed.

swell

Historical illustrations

See also

swell

literature

  • Michael J. Hutchings, Elizabeth AC Price: Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 205. Glechoma hederacea L. (Nepeta glechoma Benth., N. hederacea (L.) Trev.). In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 87, No. 2, 1999, pp. 347-364, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-2745.1999.00358.x .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Horst Pulkowski: My name is Gundermann. An (except) ordinary plant in the mirror of German-language literature . (= Aisthesis Essay. Volume 43). Bielefeld 2016, ISBN 978-3-8498-1136-5 .
  • Heinrich Marzell :
  • Frauke Gaedeke: Glechoma. In: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. 5th edition. Volume 5: Drugs EO. Springer, Berlin et al. 1993, ISBN 3-540-52638-2 , pp. 292-296.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  2. ^ A b Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  3. a b c d e f g Michael J. Hutchings, Elizabeth AC Price: Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 205. Glechoma hederacea L. (Nepeta glechoma Benth., N. hederacea (L.) Trev.). In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 87, No. 2, 1999, pp. 347-364, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-2745.1999.00358.x .
  4. a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p.  224 .
  5. Glechoma hederacea at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. a b c Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 , pp.  374-375 (reprinted 1994).
  7. Weifang Wang, Willy J. Peumans, Pierre Rougé, Claire Rossi, Paul Proost, Jianping Chen, Els JM Van Damme: Leaves of the Lamiaceae species Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) contain a lectin that is structurally and evolutionary related to the legume lectins . In: The Plant Journal. Volume 33, 2003, pp. 293-304, doi: 10.1046 / j.1365-313X.2003.01623.x .
  8. J. Kim, I. Lee, D. Ha, J. Seo, B. Min, I. Yoo, K. Bae: New sesquiterpene lactones from Glechoma hederacea L. and their cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines. In: Planta Medica . Volume 77, Number 9, June 2011, ISSN  1439-0221 , pp. 955-957, doi: 10.1055 / s-0030-1250665 . PMID 21243589 .
  9. ^ Y. Kumarasamy, PJ Cox, M. Jaspars, L. Nahar, SD Sarker: Biological activity of Glechoma hederacea. In: Fitoterapia . Volume 73, Numbers 7-8, December 2002, ISSN  0367-326X , pp 721-723. PMID 12490241 .
  10. HJ An, HJ Jeong, JY Um, HM Kim, SH Hong: Glechoma hederacea inhibits inflammatory mediator release in IFN-gamma and LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . Volume 106, Number 3, July 2006, ISSN  0378-8741 , pp. 418-424, doi: 10.1016 / j.jep.2006.01.024 . PMID 16530364 .
  11. FloraWeb: Butterfly food plant.
  12. a b Hartmut Dierschke, Gottfried Briemle: Kulturgrasland. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3816-6 .
  13. Work diary 2014 of the fruit growing research institute Jork , p. 184.
  14. Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Glechoma hederacea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  15. ^ A b Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps from an ecological perspective. 4th, improved edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8001-3430-6 .
  16. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings . Volume 2, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich, 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 406.
  17. ^ A b Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Exkursionsflora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape  2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  18. Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 578. (online)
  19. Glechoma hederacea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  20. Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Glechoma grandis. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 119 (English, online ).
  21. Heinrich Marzell: Our medicinal plants, their history and their position in folklore. 2nd Edition. under the title History and Folklore of German Medicinal Plants. Stuttgart 1938, reprint ibid 1967, p. 198.
  22. a b c Walter Dietl, Manuel Jorquera: Meadow and Alpine Plants . Österreichischer Agrarverlag, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7040-2082-6 .
  23. ^ A b c Maria Teresa Della Beffa: The great natural guide herbs . Kaiser, Klagenfurt 2005, ISBN 3-7043-1314-9 .
  24. Taylor Starck, John C. Wells: Old High German Glossary Dictionary (including the gloss index started by Taylor Starck). Heidelberg 1990, p. 244.
  25. a b Detlef Arens: Sixty native wild plants in lively portraits. DuMont, Cologne 1991, ISBN 3-7701-2516-9 , p. 29.
  26. Gertrud Scherf: Magic Plants - Witch Herbs. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16219-X , p. 156.
  27. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. ed. by Walther Mitzka , de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967. (Reprint ("21st unchanged edition") ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 277)
  28. ^ A b Esther Gallwitz: Small herb garden - flowers and herbs with the old masters in the Städel. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-458-33518-8 , pp. 139-140.
  29. Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
  30. a b Hansjörg Küster : A short cultural history of spices. CH Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-42025-7 , pp. 83-85.
  31. Cheesemakingrecipe.com: Rennet for Cheese Making
  32. M. Milovanovic, D. Zivkovic, B. Vucelic-Radovic: Antioxidant effects of Glechoma hederacea as a food additive. In: Natural product communications. Volume 5, Number 1, January 2010, pp. 61-63. PMID 20184023 .
  33. Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli (Ed.): Concise dictionary of German superstition. Volume 3: Gundermann. Weltbild, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-8289-0808-X , Sp. 1204. (Reprint of the original edition from 1931)
  34. ^ Claudia Müller-Ebeling, Christian Rätsch, Wolf-Dieter Storl: Hexenmedizin . 8th edition. AT Verlag, Aarau 1998, ISBN 3-03800-694-7 , p. 19 .
  35. Barbara Fehringer: The "Speyrer Herb Book" (1456) with Hildegard von Bingen's medicinal plants. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1994, p. 70: "Accera uel assarus is called gunde vine: it is cold and printed nature. A) Whoever is awake and the meat sins libes entgetted, the boiling diß crut in water and bathing do mitt or Eat it in suffen or cooked with meat or in küchelin, so compt he against. B) Who makes laugen daruss and sin houpt dicke dar with zwehet, that is looking for demme houpt vil. C) Who hett jn syme houpt vnd ​​jme durmelt vnd the oren diesent, the boil the crut in water and then carry the water underneath and leige the crut so warm vff sin houpt: the benympt yme the thumb and makes hearing. D) Who we are vmb the chest, as above it geswere dar jnne have, the side dis crut in water and bathe yourself with vnd leige daz so warm on your chest: it helps in ".
  36. Alemannic Herb Book. (1463-66), Cod, p. 386 of the Solothurn Central Library, sheet 52r: "Acero grundreb dü ist gůt wellem surrendered is nim ir .xij. Bletter struck in a mortar and give sÿ in ainem swaiss bad he enjoyed rocz we tůt in the stomach or on the lungs so nim the bletter juice with nüwem beer and tůs thick and drinks it helps. " (Digitized version)
  37. Otto Brunfels: Novi Herbarii Tomus II. Schott, Strasbourg 1531, pp. 124–125. (Digitized version)
  38. Zhong yao da ci dian . In-depth dictionary of Chinese drugs. Shanghai 1975, No. 2889.
  39. Zhong hua ren min gong he guo yao dian 1985 . Pharmacopoeia of the PR China 1985, Volume I (Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
  40. Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 385 (Book IV, Chapter 40): Elatine (digitalisat) ; P. 434 (Book IV, Chapter 124): Chamaikissos (digitized version )
  41. Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia book XXIV, chapter xlix (§ 82): Cissos erythranos [(digitized version )]; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) . --- Chapter lxxxiv (§ 135): Chamaecissos (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  42. Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapter XXII (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 153): Chamaecissum (digitized version )
  43. Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya - Large compilation of the powers of the well-known simple healing foods and foods. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Volume I, Hallberger, Stuttgart 1840, p. 344: Chamakisis (digitized version )
  44. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 105: Gunderebe . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1171 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 40: Gunderebe is more warm than cold and dry and belongs to some ointments because its power is useful. A person who is dull and who lacks reason, bathe with hot water and boil it in sauce or buff and eat it with meat or cake often, it will help him. And if someone washes his head well with Gundel vine liquor, he drives away many diseases from his head and prevents new diseases. But if bad juices tire the head like doum, so that his ears are also booming, heat Gundelrebe in warm water, express it and wrap it around his head so warm. Doum in his head takes it down and opens his hearing. Anyone who suffers in or around the chest as if he had internal ulcers, put them in the bath, boiled and warm, on his chest, and he will be better off.
  45. Matthaeus Silvaticus : Liber pandectarum medicinae . Druck Vuster, Bologna 1474, Chapter CXXV: Camecissos (digitized)
  46. Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Chapter 59: Edera terrestis. Gunderebe (digitized version )
  47. Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485, Chapter 164: Edera terrestis. Gundelrebe (digitized version )
  48. Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Chapter 163: Erdra terrestis (digitized version )
  49. . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 53r – v: Gundreb (digitized)
  50. Otto Brunfels : Herbal Book . Strasbourg 1532, p. 60: Gundelrebe (digitized version )
  51. Hieronymus Bock : Herbal Book . Strasbourg 1539 Part II, Chapter 85: Gundelrebe (digitized version )
  52. Leonhart Fuchs : Herb book . Basel 1543, chapter 337: Gundelreb (digitized version )
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  55. Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, column 750: Hedera terrestis (digitized version )
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This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 1, 2007 .