Scorpionfish (plants)

Scorpionfish
	Turkish scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum moldavica ), illustration
Systematics
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily :	Nepetoideae
Tribe :	Mentheae
Sub tribus :	Nepetinae
Genre :	Scorpionfish
Scientific name
	Dracocephalum
	L.

The scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum ) are a genus of plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae). The 70 or so species are mainly found in Asia.

description

Illustration from Storm of the Norse Scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum ruyschiana )

Zygomorphic flower in detail of Moroccan scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum renati )

Klausen's rock scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum rupestre )

Vegetative characteristics

Scorpionfish species are usually perennial , rarely annual herbaceous plants . The stem is erect or prostrate.

The opposite leaves are stalked long at the base of the stem, further up they are stalked or sessile. The leaf blades are simple to pinnate and notched to entire.

Generative characteristics

The Scheinquirle are arranged in dense head-shaped or spike-like inflorescences , or are further apart. The bracts are usually sharply serrated or prickly and rarely entire.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused tubular or bell-tubular. The calyx tube is strongly or slightly curved. The calyx has 15 nerves and is two-lipped. The five calyx teeth are almost the same, sometimes the middle tooth of the upper lip of the calyx is wider than the neighboring teeth. The edge of the incisions between the calyx teeth is thickened. The blue-lilac, pink, violet or, more rarely, white crown is two-lipped. The five petals are fused. The corolla tube is narrowed at the base and widened at the throat. The upper lip is strong or slightly curved. The lower lip is three-lobed, with the middle lobe being the largest. There are four stamens , the two rear ones being longer than the two front ones. The anthers are bald or rarely hairy. The tip of the stylus is evenly divided into two parts.

The four clauses are elongated, smooth and sometimes sticky.

Flower visit to the argun scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum argunense )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Dracocephalum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, pages 594-596. Type species is Dracocephalum moldavica L. Synonyms for Dracocephalum L. are Cephaloma Neck. , nom. inval., Dracontocephalium Hassk. , Fedtschenkiella Kudr. , Moldavica Fabr. , Ruyschia Fabr. Nom. superfl. and Ruyschiana Mill.

The genus Dracocephalum belongs to the Subertribus Nepetinae from the tribe Mentheae in the subfamily Nepetoideae within the family of the mint family (Lamiaceae). The genus Nepeta L.

The genus Dracocephalum occurs mainly in alpine and semi- arid areas of temperate Asia; in addition, some species are also native to Europe and one each to North America and North Africa. There are about 35 species in China.

The genus Dracocephalum includes about 70 species:

Argun scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum argunense )

Inflorescence of the Austrian scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum austriacum )

Bellied scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum bullatum )

Forrest scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum forrestii )

Large-flowered scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum grandiflorum )

Inflorescence of the Turkish Scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum moldavica )

Dracocephalum nutans

Dracocephalum palmatum

Habit of the Moroccan Scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum renati )

Rock scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum rupestre )

Nordic scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum ruyschiana )

Dracocephalum stamineum

Dracocephalum adylovii I.I. Malzev : It occurs in Tajikistan .
Dracocephalum aitchisonii f. Rech. : The home is eastern Afghanistan and possibly Pakistan .
Argun Scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum argunense Fisch. Ex Link ): The range extends from southern Siberia across Russia's Far East , northern and central China ( Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Inner Mongolia ) to the Korean Peninsula and Japan .
Dracocephalum aucheri Boiss. (Syn .: Dracocephalum botryoides Boiss. & Buhse , Nepeta lagopsioides Parsa , Teucrium palmatum Nábělek , nom. Illeg.): The homeland is in southeastern Turkey and Iran .
Austrian scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum austriacum L. ): It is widespread in warm temperate Europe in the Pyrenees and the Alps to western Ukraine as well as in the Caucasus region and northeastern Turkey.
Dracocephalum bipinnatum Rupr. (Syn. Dracocephalum bipinnatum . Var biflorum C.Y.Wu , Dracocephalum bipinnatum . Var brevilobum C.Y.Wu & WTWang , Dracocephalum ruprechtianum rule , Dracocephalum ruprechtii rule ): It is from Pakistan , Afghanistan and the western Himalaya over Central Asia to the autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Tibet spread.
Caucasian scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum botryoides Steven , Syn .: Nepeta pinnatifida fish. ): It is native to the Caucasus.
Dracocephalum breviflorum Turill : It only thrives on alpine mats at altitudes of around 4000 meters in Tibet .
Bulbous scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum bullatum Forrest ex Diels ): It only thrives on alluvial cones in the limestone mountains at altitudes of 3000 to 4500 meters in the Chinese province of Yunnan .
Dracocephalum butkovii Krassovsk. : The home is Central Asian Uzbekistan .
Dracocephalum calophyllum Hand .-- Mazz. (Syn. Dracocephalum forrestii var. Calophyllum ( Hand.-Mazz. ) Kudô ): It thrives on grassy slopes together with Artemisia spec. at altitudes of 3,100 to 3,200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
Dracocephalum charkeviczii Prob. : The homeland is in the Primorye region in Russia's Far East .
Dracocephalum discolor Bunge (Syn .: Dracocephalum origanoides Ledeb. ): The home is the Russian republics Altai and Tuwa in southwest Siberia as well as Mongolia .
Dracocephalum diversifolium Rupr. : The homeland is Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in Central Asia.
Dracocephalum ferganicum Lazkov : The home is the Central Asian Kyrgyzstan.
Dracocephalum foetidum Bunge (Syn .: Dracocephalum moldavicum var. Foetidum ( Bunge ) Palib. ): It is widespread in southeastern Siberia.
Dracocephalum formosum Gonch. : The home is the Central Asian Tajikistan.
Forrest scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum forrestii W.W.Sm. ): It thrives in rocky, subalpine thickets and meadows at altitudes of 2300 to 3500 meters in the Yunnan Province.
Dracocephalum fragile Turcz. ex Benth. , (Syn .: Ruyschiana fragilis ( Turcz. Ex Benth. ) House ): There are two subspecies:
- Dracocephalum fragile subsp. crenatum Vodop. : It occurs in Siberia.
- Dracocephalum fragile Turcz. ex Benth. subsp. fragile : It occurs from Siberia to Mongolia.
Dracocephalum fruticulosum Stephan : It is distributed from southwestern Siberia via Mongolia to the northern Chinese autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia only in the Holan Shan desert.
Dracocephalum ghahremanii Jamzad : It was first described from Iran in 2012.
Large-flowered scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum grandiflorum L. ): It is common in southern Siberia, Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang and Mongolia.
Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. ( Syn.Dracocephalum acanthoides Edgew. Ex Benth. , Dracocephalum kaschgaricum Rupr. , Dracocephalum pamiricum Briqu. , Ruyschiana heterophylla ( Benth. ) House ): There have been two subspecies since 1987:
- Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. subsp. heterophyllum : It is distributed from northeast Afghanistan across the Himalayan region and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), Tibet, Inner Mongolia to the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shanxi and Sichuan.
- Dracocephalum heterophyllum subsp. ovalifolium A.L.Budantsev : It was first described in 1987. It occurs in southern Siberia in Mongolia and in the Chinese province of Shanxi.
Dracocephalum hoboksarensis G.J.Liu : This endemic thrives on stony mountain slopes at altitudes of around 1200 meters only in the Mongolian autonomous district of Hoboksar in the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.
Dracocephalum hookeri C.B. Clarke : It thrives on slopes at altitudes of around 4500 meters in Tibet. It is often considered a synonym for Dracocephalum tanguticum var. Tanguticum .
Dracocephalum imberbe Bunge. (Syn .: Dracocephalum albertii Regel , Dracocephalum altaiense Hiltebr. , Nom. Illeg., Dracocephalum altajense L. , nom. Illeg., Dracocephalum crenatifolium Franch. , Dracocephalum laniflorum Rupr. , Ruyschiana imberbis ( Bunge ) House ): It is in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan), Russia and Xinjiang.
Dracocephalum imbricatum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : This endemic thrives on alpine slopes at altitudes of around 4000 meters only in Zhongdian Xian in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
Dracocephalum integrifolium Bunge (Syn .: Ruyschiana integrifolia ( Bunge ) House ): It is widespread in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Russia and Xinjiang.
Isabell's scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum isabellae Forrest ): This endemic thrives on rocky meadows between forests at altitudes of 3000 to 4000 meters only in Zhongdian Xian in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
Dracocephalum jacutense Peschkova : It occurs only in the Russian Republic of Sakha in Siberia.
Dracocephalum junatovii ALBudantsev : The homeland is Mongolia.
Dracocephalum kafiristanicum Bornm. (Syn .: Fedtschenkiella kafiristanica ( Bornm. ) Kudr. ): This endemic occurs only in eastern Afghanistan.
Dracocephalum komarovii Lipsky : The home is with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in Central Asia.
Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. (Syn .: Dracocephalum oligadenium Bornm. & Gauba ): The home is Iran.
Dracocephalum krylovii Lipsky : The home is in western Siberia.
Dracocephalum lindbergii Rech.f. : The home is northeastern Afghanistan.
Dracocephalum longipedicellatum Muschl. : The home is Thailand.
Dracocephalum microflorum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : This endemic thrives on alpine mats at altitudes of around 4800 meters only in Muli Xian in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
Turkish scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum moldavica L. ): Its wide range extends from Europe through Central Asia and Russia to most of the northern half of China.
Dracocephalum multicaule Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. (Syn .: Dracocephalum setigerum Boiss. & A.Huet , Dracocephalum multicaule var. Setigerum ( Boiss. & A. Huet ) JREdm. , Stachys odoratissima Nábelek ): The home is eastern Turkey and Iran as well as the Caucasus region.
Dracocephalum multicolor Kom . : It occurs only in the Primorye region in Russia's Far East.
Dracocephalum nodulosum Rupr. : The home is in the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan as well as in the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.
Dracocephalum nuratavicum Adylov : The homeland is Uzbekistan in Central Asia.
Dracocephalum nuristanicum Rech.f. & Edelb. : The homeland is eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan.
Dracocephalum nutans L .: It iswidespreadin Europe, Central Asia, northern China, Russia, Pakistan and India .
Dracocephalum oblongifolium Rule : The home is Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in Central Asia.
Dracocephalum olchonense Peschkova : The home is the Irkutsk Oblast in southern Siberia.
Dracocephalum origanoides Stephan (Syn .: Ruyschiana origanoides ( Steph. Ex Willd. ) House ): There are two subspecies:
- Dracocephalum origanoides subsp. bungeanum ( Shishk . & Serg.) ALBudantsev (Syn .: Dracocephalum bungeanum Shishk . & Serg. ): It occurs in Altai and Mongolia.

Dracocephalum palmatoides C.Y.Wu & WTWang : The home is the autonomous region of Xinjiang in northwestern China.

Dracocephalum palmatum Steph. ex Willd. (Syn .: Dracocephalum schelechowii Turcz. Ex Ledeb. , Ruyschiana palmata ( Steph. Ex Willd. ) House ): The home extends from Sakha in eastern Siberia to the Khabarovsk regionand Magadan Oblast in the Russian Far East.

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (Syn .: Moldavica parviflora ( Nutt. ) Britton , Ruyschiana parviflora ( Nutt. ) House ): It is widespread in North America.

Dracocephalum paulsenii Briq. : It is common in Pakistan, Central Asia, and northwest China.

Alien scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum peregrinum L. ): It occurs in southwestern Siberia, Kazakhstan , Mongolia and in the autonomous region of Xinjiang in northwestern China.

Dracocephalum pinnatum L. (Syn .: Dracocephalum pinnatifidum Lam. , Ruyschiana pinnata ( L. ) House ): The home is southern Siberia and Mongolia.

Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. : The home is southern Iran.

Dracocephalum popovii T.V.Egorova & Sipliv. : The homeland is Irkutsk Oblast and the Republic of Sakha in eastern Siberia.

Dracocephalum propinquum W.W.Sm. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Dracocephalum psammophilum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : The home is the north- central Chinese autonomous region of Ningxia.

Dracocephalum purdomii W.W.Sm. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Sichuan.

Moroccan Scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum renati Emb. ): The homeland is Morocco .

Dracocephalum rigidulum hand .-- Mazz. : The homeland is the Chinese autonomous region Inner Mongolia.

Rock scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum rupestre Hance ): It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 3100 meters in Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Liaoning, Qinghai and Shanxi.

Nordic scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. ): It is widespread in Europe, Central Asia, Russia, Mongolia and northern parts of China.

Dracocephalum schischkinii Strizhova : The home is Tajikistan in Central Asia.

Dracocephalum scrobiculatum rule : The home is the Central Asian states of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Dracocephalum spinulosum Popov : It is native to eastern Uzbekistan in Central Asia.

Dracocephalum stamineum Kar. & Kir. (Syn .: Dracocephalum pulchellum Briquet , Fedtschenkiella staminea ( Kar. & Kir. ) Kudr. ): The distribution area is western China, Central Asia, Pakistan and India.

Dracocephalum stellerianum Hiltebr. (Syn .: Dracocephalum chamaedrifolium Turcz. , Dracocephalum hypopolium ( Kharkev. ) Prob. ): The homeland is the Russian Republic Sakha, the Khabarovsk region in eastern Siberia and the Primorye region in Russia's Far East.

Dracocephalum subcapitatum ( Kuntze ) Lipsky : The home is Iran and Turkmenistan in western to central Asia.

Dracocephalum surmandinum Rech.f. : This endemic occurs only in western Iran.

Dracocephalum taliense Forrest : The home is the south-central Chinese province of Yunnan.

Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. : There are three varieties:

Dracocephalum tanguticum var. Cinereum Hand .-- Mazz. : This endemic occurs only in Dawu Xian in Sichuan.
Dracocephalum tanguticum var. Nanum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : You only occurs in Tibet.
Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. var. tanguticum (Syn .: Dracocephalum hookeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f. ): The distribution area extends from the western and central Himalayan region to China.

Thymianblütiger scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. , syn .: Dracocephalum thymifolium Houtt. ): The original circulation area extends in Europe from the Baltic states and northern Russia south to the north-eastern Bulgaria , the Ukraine and the Caucasus region.

Dracocephalum truncatum Y.Z.Sun ex CYWu : It occurs in the Chinese province of Gansu.

Dracocephalum velutinum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : There are two varieties:

Dracocephalum velutinum var. Intermedium C.Y.Wu & WTWang : It occurs in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
Dracocephalum velutinum C.Y.Wu & WTWang var. Velutinum : It occurs in the Chinese province of Yunnan.

Dracocephalum wallichii Sealy (Syn .: Dracocephalum calanthum C.Y.Wu , Dracocephalum speciosum Wall. Ex Benth. , Ruyschiana wallichii House ): There are three varieties:

Dracocephalum wallichii var. Platyanthum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : It occurs only in Tibet.
Dracocephalum wallichii var. Proliferum C.Y.Wu & WTWang : It occurs only in Sichuan.
Dracocephalum wallichii Sealy var. Wallichii : It occurs from the western Himalayan region to Tibet.

Dracocephalum wendelboi Hedge : The home is Afghanistan.

use

Some species of the scorpion fish are used as ornamental plants.

swell

Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae Lindley . In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China . Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. tape 17 . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , Dracocephalum Linnaeus , pp. 124 (English, online with the same text as the printed work - sections description and distribution).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae Lindley . In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China . Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. tape 17 . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , Dracocephalum Linnaeus , pp. 124 (English, online with the same text as the printed work - sections description and distribution).
↑ ^a ^b Dracocephalum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Dracocephalum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 16, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Dracocephalum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Dracocephalum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 16, 2018.
↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .

Web links

Commons : Scorpionfish ( Dracocephalum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Dracocephalum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Dracocephalum moldavica - the Moldavian dragon head data sheet of the Botanical Garden of the KIT = Karlsruhe Institute of Technology The research university in the Helmholtz Association .

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae Lindley . In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China . Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. tape 17 . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , Dracocephalum Linnaeus , pp. 124 (English, online with the same text as the printed work - sections description and distribution).

[FoPakistan-2] Dracocephalum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Tropicos-3] Dracocephalum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 16, 2018.

[GRIN-4] Dracocephalum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Dracocephalum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 16, 2018.

[Rothmaler_5-6] Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .