Irkutsk

city Irkutsk Иркутск flag coat of arms Federal district Siberia Oblast Irkutsk Urban district Irkutsk mayor Dmitri Berdnikov Founded 1661 City since 1686 surface 324  km² population 587,891 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 1814 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 444  m Time zone UTC + 8 Telephone code (+7) 3952 Post Code 6640xx License Plate 38, 85, 138 OKATO 25 401 Website admirk.ru Geographical location Coordinates 52 ° 17 ′  N , 104 ° 18 ′  E Coordinates: 52 ° 17 ′ 0 ″  N , 104 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  E

Situation in Russia

Location in Irkutsk Oblast

List of cities in Russia

Irkutsk ( Russian Ирку́тск ) is the capital of the Russian Oblast Irkutsk on the only outflow of Lake Baikal , the Angara . It is a university town with 587,891 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) and is located on the Trans-Siberian Railway .

geography

Irkutsk is about 70 km away from the southwestern end of Lake Baikal . To the east of the city extend the southwestern foothills of the Baikal Mountains and southwestern foothills of the Eastern Sayan . On the south-eastern edge of the city the Angara is dammed up to form the Irkutsk reservoir , below its dam - but still in the Irkutsk city area - the Irkut, coming from the southwest, flows into it .

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  Map of the Baikal area

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  Satellite image of Irkutsk

climate

In Irkutsk there is a highly continental subarctic climate ( climate zone Dfc ) with strong annual fluctuations. Irkutsk is characterized by very cold winters and warm summer months.

Irkutsk
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     12   -14 -24     9   -11 -23     13   0 -15     19th   8th -5     33   17th 2     62   23 8th     120   25th 11     83   22nd 9     50   16 3     30th   8th -4     18th   -3 -14     19th   -11 -21 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: wetterkontor.de

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Irkutsk Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −14.3 −10.6 −0.1 8.0 16.9 22.8 24.7 22.1 15.7 7.5 −2.9 −11.1 O 6.6 Min. Temperature (° C) −24.3 −22.8 −14.8 −5.3 1.9 7.6 11.0 9.1 2.7 −4.4 −13.7 −21.2 O −6.1 Precipitation ( mm ) 12 9 13 19th 33 62 120 83 50 30th 18th 19th Σ 468 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 3.0 4.9 6.7 7.4 8.6 8.8 7.8 7.0 6.1 4.9 3.1 2.0 O 5.9 Rainy days ( d ) 4th 3 3 5 7th 8th 11 10 8th 6th 6th 5 Σ 76 Humidity ( % ) 84 79 72 64 58 67 78 80 78 76 82 86 O 75.3 Source: wetterkontor.de

history

Irkutsk 1735

Irkutsk emerged from a Cossack fort ( Ostrog ), which was built in 1661 by the Cossack leader Jakow Pochabow on the bank of the Angara River . In 1686 Irkutsk received city rights. The Siberian Tract , the first road connection between Moscow and Irkutsk, was not completed until around 1760 , and the city developed into a hub for trade in the treasures of Siberia and imports from the Chinese Empire : furs , diamonds , gold , silk , Tea , wood . With the trade boom, the city also developed into a remarkable center for science and culture - not least thanks to the large number of political exiles. The city was the starting point for Vitus Bering's first two expeditions in 1728.

The wooden house of a Decembrist

After the administrative reorganization of Siberia in 1822, Irkutsk became the seat of both a governor general and a local governor .

In 1879 a fire destroyed three quarters of Irkutsk, 4,000 houses. Then the first brick and stone buildings were built there, a theater (built 1894–97), a train station (August 16, 1898 first train); the connection to the electricity supply (1896 electric street lamps) and the telephone network followed. At that time the streets were still unpaved and the sewage flowed in open trenches. Nevertheless, around 1900 the city was the "Paris of Siberia".

On January 14, 1920, the commander-in-chief of the Allied intervention troops in Siberia, Maurice Janin, placed the Russian admiral and military leader of the White Army , Alexander Kolchak , under the "Allied protection" of the Czechoslovak legions . The legions took him to Irkutsk, where the Social Revolutionaries' city ​​council wanted to allow passage in case Kolchak was extradited. Janin, who was already in Vladivostok, approved it. The city council was shortly after the Bolsheviks assumed that Kolchak on 7 February 1920 summarily executed and his body in an ice hole in the Angara sunk.

During the Soviet period the development and industrialization of Siberia was intensified. The Irkutsk reservoir was built near Irkutsk in the 1950s for the operation of a hydropower plant as an important element of the planned development of the Angara- Yenisei region.

After the dissolution of the governorate in 1926, Irkutsk was initially the capital of an okrug within the Siberian Krai until 1930, the capital of the Eastern Siberian Krai from 1930 to 1936 and the Eastern Siberia Oblast in 1936/37. In 1937 the Irkutsk Oblast , which still exists today, was formed.

The city lost its importance as the political and economic center of Siberia in the course of the 20th century to Novosibirsk . However, Irkutsk is still one of the most important cultural centers of Siberia with its number of different theaters and prestigious museums. Irkutsk is one of the relatively few cities in Siberia in which the merchant buildings built up to the beginning of the 20th century, as well as examples of charming Siberian wooden architecture in the city center, have been preserved across the board. In contrast to cities such as Novosibirsk or Ulan-Ude , Irkutsk, especially in the center, has the character of a naturally grown city with partly winding streets in which the Soviet panel building style has hardly left any traces. But there are also spacious squares and parks.

Population development

year	Residents note
1897	51,473
1939	250.181
1959	365.893
1970	450.941
1979	549.787
1989	626.135
2002	593,604
2010	587,891
2017	623.736

^Note Census data

Culture

Monastery of St. Vladimir

Church of Our Lady of Kazan

Attractions

Church of the Redeemer (1981)

The Irkutsk Monastery of the Apparition of Mary was founded in 1683. Such personalities as the Decembrists Pyotr Mukhanov, Nikolai Panov and Vladimir Bestschasnow were buried within the church fence. Next to the grave of Bestzhaznov is the tomb of Ekaterina Trubetskaya with her 3 sons - princess and wife of one of the founders and heads of the secret Northern League of Decembrists Sergei Trubetskoy . She was the first wife to follow her husband, who was sentenced to forced labor, to Siberia at her own request. The grave of Grigori Schelechow , one of the founders of the parent companies of the Russian-American Company, is also located here . He was a merchant, traveler, explorer and navigator, and established the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska.

The Church of the Savior from 1723 is the oldest monument in the church architecture of Irkutsk. The Cathedral of Christ's Appearance was built in 1723. The Polish Catholic Church houses an organ hall. It stands on the place where the Irkutsk Ostrog was founded. The memorial in honor of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 is also located here.

The local history museum was founded in 1782. The side facade is built in the Mauritanian style. The dome served as the first Siberian observatory . The museum has more than 350,000 exhibits. The collection is dedicated to life in Siberia . The museum stock includes weapons and tools of prehistoric man, a large collection of minerals, unique herbaria, bird hides and other animal hides, old handwritten books, reports of geographical and geological expeditions, items of clothing from past centuries and handicrafts.

The large Talzy open - air museum is located just outside Irkutsk, halfway to the Lake Baikal World Heritage Site .

The art museum was originally founded as a private collection in 1870. It offers about 14,000 works of art: paintings, sculptures, mosaics. Icons of the Novgorod and Siberian schools from the 16th to 17th centuries. In addition, works of Russian art and paintings by Western European painters from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Museum ship Angara

Irkutsk is home to a universally recognized Decembrist Museum in the former home of one of the leaders of the Decembrists , Sergei Trubetskoy. The houses in which the families of the aristocratic revolutionaries Sergei Trubetskoi and Sergei Volkonsky lived are now also designed as memorials. The exposition contains utensils that belonged to the Decembrists and also restored furniture and musical instruments that were typical of that time.

The museum ship Angara is located in the south of the city on the banks of the Irkutsk reservoir .

In 2000, was Cathedral Immaculate Heart of Mary of 1999 established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Irkutsk consecrated.

economy

Amur Street (ul.Amurskaya) in Irkutsk

Petroleum industry

The Baikal Economic Forum will be held in Irkutsk to discuss issues relating to the social and economic development of the Russian regions in Siberia and the Far East. On an opinion from the Russian Academy of Sciences in Irkutsk, Putin stopped the first route of the Transneft company and announced that the pipeline would be built at least 40 km from Lake Baikal. The new route of the planned oil pipeline from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific offers the possibility of pumping more oil through the pipeline. This is the opinion expressed by Alexei Varlamov, Russian Deputy Minister for Natural Resources , at the Baikal Economic Forum. Since the new route runs through oil and gas-rich areas in the north and east of Russia, additional oil and gas volumes can be expected, he explained. The first construction route had to be relocated further away from Lake Baikal for environmental reasons . The first line of the oil pipeline is to be built between Taischet and Skovorodino . Its throughput capacity is planned to be 30 million tons per year. At the same time, an oil terminal is to be built in the Russian Pacific region of Primorye . In the second stage, a line is to be laid from Skoworodino to Kosmino with a throughput capacity of 50 million tons, whereby the throughput of the Taischet-Skovorodino pipeline is to increase to 80 million tons.

additional

In Irkutsk there are industrial plants for iron and steel, heavy machinery, aircraft, ship and motor vehicle construction, food, leather, wood, chemical and building materials industries, an aluminum plant and an oil refinery, as well as hydropower plants on the Angara and thermal power plants.

See also : East Siberia shipping company

traffic

Irkutsk railway station

Irkutsk is a traffic junction. In the summer of 1898 the Trans-Siberian Railway reached Irkutsk. However, travelers and wagons had to be reloaded on Lake Baikal onto the two British-built ferries “Baikal” and “Angara”. In the harsh winter of 1904, the railroad workers even laid rails on the frozen lake so that one could drive to Vladivostok . In the autumn of 1905, the Baikal line was officially opened to traffic, creating a continuous train connection between the European part of the Russian Empire and Vladivostok on the Pacific coast . In 1902 the construction of a railway line around Lake Baikal began. With 38 tunnels, 248 bridges and viaducts, the 260 kilometer long Baikal route became the most technically demanding and by far the most expensive section of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Baikal Railway survived the Russian Civil War , but at the end of the 1950s the old line from Irkutsk to Port Baikal sank in the Angara, which was dammed up by a hydroelectric power station. A new route had to be laid through the mountains to the southern end of Lake Baikal. Today the city is the administrative seat of the East Siberian Regional Directorate of the Russian State Railways . The directorate not only operates all railway lines and the associated infrastructure in the greater Irkutsk area, but also a rail network over 3900 kilometers long.

There are direct flights from Irkutsk Airport . a. to Moscow, Novosibirsk and Yakutsk. On July 9, 2006, the worst accident in the history of the airport occurred. An Airbus A310 of the Russian airline S7 Airlines came off the runway on approach, broke through a concrete wall and burned out completely in an adjacent garage complex. 127 of the 201 passengers were killed. Since this was not the first serious accident at Irkutsk airport, the authorities reacted. Initially only a conversion of the existing airport was discussed - the runway should be extended by 400 meters, the garage complex demolished - the Ministry of Transport now also wants to build a new airport near the East Siberian city. The construction costs alone are estimated at up to USD 1.5 billion (EUR 1.2 billion). On top of that there is about 250 million USD (200 million euros) for building the infrastructure. While the Ministry of Transport bears the costs for the aerodrome (taxiways, signal systems) itself, the area administration and possible private investors are to finance the construction of the terminal and infrastructure. The new airport will be about halfway between Irkutsk and Angarsk . The airport is to be expanded into a hub in the region.

The city is located on the transcontinental road connection from Moscow to Vladivostok . The Russian trunk road R255 , which connects the city with Novosibirsk , ends here , and the R258 begins , which leads to Chita via Ulan-Ude .

The city's public transport is carried out , among other things, by the Irkutsk tram .

There is a monitoring station of the SDKM system on site.

education

• Irkutsk State University
• Irkutsk State Linguistic University
• Irkutsk State Medical University
• Irkutsk State Pedagogical University
• Irkutsk National Technical Research University
• Irkutsk State University of Transportation
• State University of Economics and Law of the Baikal Region
• Irkutsk State Agricultural Academy
• Baikal State University

Town twinning

Irkutsk has had partnerships with foreign cities and regions since 1967 .

• Kanazawa , Japan (since 1967)
• Eugene , United States (since 1988)
• Shenyang , People's Republic of China (since 1992)
• Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia (since 1998)
• Pforzheim , Germany (since 1999)
• Haute-Savoie , France (since 2001)
• Strömsund , Sweden (since 2001)
• (former) Province of Pordenone , Italy (since 2005)
• / Simferopol , Ukraine / Russia (since 2008)
• Gangneung , South Korea (since 2009)
• Vilnius , Lithuania (since 2010)
• Karlovarský kraj , Czech Republic (since 2011)
• Częstochowa , Poland (since 2012)

sons and daughters of the town

→ Main article : List of personalities of the city of Irkutsk

The most famous sons and daughters of the city of Irkutsk include the following personalities:

• Jelena Bolsun (* 1983), sprinter
• Darja Dmitrijewa (* 1993), rhythmic gymnast
• Alexei Fedtschenko (1844–1873), natural scientist and explorer
• Nikolai Kamow (1902–1973), helicopter designer
• Dmitri Kondratjew (* 1969), cosmonaut
• Vladimir Kornilov (1806-1854), Vice Admiral
• Nina Kraviz (* 1989), music producer
• Olga Kurban (* 1987), heptathlete
• Denis Mazujew (* 1975), pianist
• Vladimir Peskin (1906–1988), composer
• Ivan Petrow (born as Hans Krause) (1920–2003), opera singer
• Michail Romm (1901–1971), film director and screenwriter
• Genija Rykova (* 1986), actress and singer
• Anatoly Samozvetow (* 1932), hammer thrower
• Alexander Sibiryakov (1849–1933), patron and explorer
• Konstantin Volkov (* 1960), Soviet pole vaulter and politician
• Nikolai Wtorow (1866–1918), industrialist
• Konstantin Vyrupajew (1930–2012), wrestler (Olympic champion 1956)

Sports

The most popular sport in Irkutsk is bandy , a sport modified from ice hockey and, with the HK Baikal-Energija Irkutsk club, is one of the most successful clubs in the national league . Irkutsk hosted the 2014 World Bandy Championship .

From 1957 to 2008 the football club FK Zvezda Irkutsk existed in the city . His successor was the short-lived FK Baikal Irkutsk , who played their home games in the Lokomotive Stadium and played second-rate for one season . After relegation from the Russian lower house in 2016, the association disbanded. FK Senit Irkutsk , founded in 2001, will play in the Russian third division in 2019/20 .

Web links

Commons : Irkutsk  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• irkutsk.org (English)
• Official city portal (Russian)
• Historical center of Irkutsk (historical pictures)
• irkutsk-baikal.de
• Irkutsk Linguistic University (DaF contact pages)
• baikalinfo.com (German / English)
• irk.ru
• manus.baikal.ru
• Kultura.irkutsk.ru
• German Culture Days in Irkutsk (with Irkutsk pictures)
• irkutsker-deutsche-zeitung.ru (German)
• Extensive description of the city with numerous historical images (in Russian)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service of State Statistics of the Russian Federation); Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 g. po Irkutskoj oblasti (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010 for Irkutsk Oblast). on-line
2. ^ Baikal State University. Retrieved March 26, 2018 . 
3. ↑ International Relations ( Memento of the original from February 3, 2012 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on irkutsk.ru (Russian)