Cytotoxicity

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Cytotoxicity (derived from ancient Greek κύτος kytos , German 'cell' and ancient Greek τοξικότητα toxikón , German '(arrow) poison' ), also cytotoxicity , is the ability of some chemical substances ( drugs , viruses ) to damage cells and tissue ( toxicity ) . This damage can also be mediated by cells of the immune system in the course of an immune reaction , e.g. B. by cytotoxic T cells , natural killer cells , macrophages or neutrophils . This damage often leads to cell death; the term cytotoxicity describes the general damage, cell death does not necessarily have to occur for this definition.

properties

The cytotoxicity of a substance can be determined by determining the cell viability when the toxin is added in comparison to a negative control without toxin (cytotoxicity test), e.g. B. with the neutral red test , the MTT test or the trypan blue test.

A cytotoxicity test of cytotoxic T cells is carried out in transplantation and tumor immunology as in vitro evidence of a cellular immune reaction on MHCI -bearing target cells (all cell nucleus -containing cells of vertebrates), e.g. B. the 53 Chromium Release Test.

In the case of natural killer cells, the determination of the antibody-dependent cell-mediating cytotoxicity (ADCC) is carried out in a similar manner, but the cytotoxicity test is only carried out after the addition of antibodies. A positive reaction in comparison with the negative control without specific antibodies indicates an ADCC.

Cytotoxicity scale

The determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity is described in EN ISO 10993-5: 2009. A scale is used to evaluate:

  • 0: Acceptance (100 to 81% cell proliferation ): The material is not cytotoxic.
  • 1: Slight inhibition (80 to 71% cell proliferation): The material is slightly toxic.
  • 2: Significant inhibition (70 to 61% cell proliferation): the material is moderately toxic.
  • 3: Toxicity (60 to 0% cell proliferation): The material is highly toxic.

If stimulation occurs (> 100% cell proliferation), the material is considered carcinogenic .

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: cytotoxicity  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Racaniello, VR, Rall, Glenn F., Skalka, Anna Marie, Enquist, LW: Principles of virology . 4th edition. Washington, DC, ISBN 978-1-55581-933-0 , pp. 37 .
  2. ^ Z. Fan, Q. Zhang: Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. In: Cell Mol Immunol. (2005), Volume 2, Issue 4, pp. 259-264. PMID 16274623 .
  3. ^ SY Wang, G. Weiner: Complement and cellular cytotoxicity in antibody therapy of cancer. In: Expert Opin Biol Ther. (2008), Volume 8, Issue 6, pp. 759-768. doi : 10.1517 / 14712598.8.6.759 . PMID 18476787 .
  4. ↑ https://www.igb.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/igb/de/documents/broschueren/zte/Biologische_Beurteilung_von_Medizinprodukte__Pruefungen_auf_in_vitro_zytotoxizitaet_nach_din_iso_10993_5.pdf Sibylle Thude: Biological assessment of medical devices according to DIN-ISO 10993- Cytotoxicity - tests for in vitro-ISO 10993 5 , communication from the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfaces and Bioprocess Engineering IGB, accessed on May 29, 2020