Common ormennig

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Common ormennig
Common ormennig (Agrimonia eupatoria)

Common ormennig ( Agrimonia eupatoria )

Systematics
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Rosoideae
Tribe : Sanguisorbeae
Sub tribus : Agrimoniinae
Genre : Ormennige ( Agrimonia )
Type : Common ormennig
Scientific name
Agrimonia eupatoria
L.

The Common agrimony ( Agrimonia eupatoria ), also Common Agrimony , arable weed , field flower and Agrimony called, is a plant species in the subfamily of Rosoideae within the family of the rose family (Rosaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia .

description

Stem with indument and pinnate leaves
illustration
Young fruits
Ripe Velcro fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The common ormennig grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of usually 15 to 150, rarely up to 180 centimeters. It has rhizomes deeply rooted in the ground from which the stems arise. Both the stem axis and the leaves are hairy ( indument ). The upper part of the stem is covered with both short and long outer hairs.

The alternately arranged leaves are unpaired, typically interrupted pinnate . At the base, the leaves are close together like a rosette. The distance from one another increases towards the top. The sessile leaflets are arranged alternately to form larger and smaller elliptical-rhombic pairs of leaflets, with their size increasing towards the end of the leaf. The relatively large leaflet is petiolate. On the underside they are gray-green in color, usually densely gray-tomentose. There are few sedentary glandular hairs hidden in the felt. The leaf margin shows six to twelve roughly blunt pairs of teeth. The leaves halfway up the stem are 10 to 30 centimeters long and have 5 to 9, rarely up to 13 larger and 6 to 10 smaller leaflets.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to September. The short-stalked flowers are arranged in an elongated, racemose inflorescence .

The flower has a bowl-shaped, arched flower cup, the upper edge of which is covered with several rows of soft, hook-shaped curved bristles. The length of the bristles varies between 1 and 4 millimeters. The hermaphrodite flower is radially symmetrical and five-fold. There is no outer chalice. The flowering is initiated by 5 sepals. To these are 5 yellow, rounded petals in gaps. The petals and the five to 20 stamens arise from the edge of the flower cup. The two free carpels are - typical for the middle-sized ovary - sunk into the flower cup, but not grown together with it.

The obscured common nut fruits are deeply and closely grooved almost to the bottom. The upper spines are hooked, the lowest upright to just sticking out.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28 with a basic chromosome number of 7. It is therefore a tetraploid plant.

ecology

The Kleiner Odermennig is a hemicryptophyte .

From an ecological point of view, it has simply designed disc flowers, which attract hoverflies , flies and western honey bees for pollination with their abundant supply of pollen .

The Velcro fruits get stuck on the fur of passing animals and are spread over a large distance , since they are mainly cattle , sheep , fallow deer and wild boar due to the size of the plant . This spreading strategy is known as epichory .

Occurrence

The Kleine Odermennig is widespread in Europe and northern Asia with the exception of the Arctic zone ., It is hardy in Central Europe . It likes to grow on sunny meadows and forest edges from the plains to the middle mountain ranges, up to altitudes of around 1600 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part on the ascent from Elbigenalp to Bernhardseck up to an altitude of 1200 meters. The common ormennig does not tolerate acidic soils and only little shade.

In Central Europe it is a character species of the Klee-Odermennig- Saum ( Trifolio-Agrimonietum ), which belongs to the association of the mesophilic herb edges ( Trifolion medii ). This is named after the association's characteristic medium clover ( Trifolium medium ). Other typical types are oregano , common vertebrate , bear pods , narrow-leaved medicinal valerian and sickle clover . The border occurs mainly in the low mountain ranges on limestone soils. The Kleine Odermennig has other occurrences in societies of the associations Mesobromion , Cirsio-Brachypodion as well as in the order Prunetalia (hedges and bushes).

Systematics

The first publication of Agrimonia eupatoria was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, p 448. synonyms for Agrimonia eupatoria L. are Agrimonia bracteosa E.Mey. and Agrimonia nepalensis D.Don .

The genus name Agrimonia is from the Greek -derived Latinized name for Field residents. The specific epithet eupatoria probably goes back to the king of Ponthus Mithridates Eupator .

gallery

  • The stem is covered with loosely standing longer hair and shorter hair in between.

  • The leaves are dense gray-tomentose underneath.

use

Use as a medicinal plant

The effective ingredients are contained in the flowering shoot tips and in the leaves. The important ingredients are tannins of the catechin type and corilagin (gallotannin), bitter substances , essential oils , flavonoids (especially quercetin and apigenin ), triterpenes , plant acids and silicas . The sprouts ( Agrimoniae herba) collected and dried during flowering serve as a drug .

Due to its tannin content, the drug has a mild astringent and anti-inflammatory effect. Internally, the plant is used for the therapy of diarrheal diseases, for the treatment of inflammation in the mouth and throat, as well as for stomach, intestinal and gallbladder diseases in general. Externally, compresses are used for inflammation of the skin. The plant is also popularly used to treat bed-wetting, kidney and bladder infections and diabetes, without the effectiveness of these applications being scientifically proven. Homeopathic preparations are used for bronchitis.

The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published a monograph on scotweed. It confirms traditional indications for various preparations, for example mild diarrhea, inflammation in the mouth and throat and on the skin as well as superficial wounds.

Use as a dye plant

With the subterranean parts of the plant or the whole plant of the common Odermennig a yellow color is achieved on wool pre-stained with alum . The lightfastness and washfastness of this shade on wool and cotton are said to be mediocre. The later the plant is harvested in autumn, the darker the yellow color obtained.

The main group of dyes are the flavonoids and the main dyes are quercetin , catechin tannin and ellagen tannin .

More common names

The German name Odermennig (via Middle High German or menie or Middle Dutch or Menighe and Old High German avermonia / avarmonia ) is a distortion from Latin agrimonia from Greek argemōnion . In addition to the distorted form, the derivation agrimony is also documented.

Some common names are: liver clover, burdock, nipple root, sheep's burdock, gastric herb, royal herb, herb of life, stone herb, church tower, spleen flower. The common name “church tower” owes its popular parlance to its long plant stem. The terms Leberklee or Milzblüh are used in the southern German-speaking area and reflect the healing uses there for liver , gall bladder or spleen .

Other names are or were, some of them only regional: Acher Blum , Acherkrut , Achermeng , Achermennig , arable Blum ( Silesia , Middle High German ), Ackerkrut (Silesia, Middle High German), Ackermeng (Silesia, Middle High German), Ackermennig (Silesia, Middle High German), Ackermüntz , Acker root , Adermeng (medium high German), wire amount (medium high German), Adermenig (medium high German), Adermeyng (medium high German), Adermonie , Adexen , Agermenig , Aggermenig , Agraminien , Agramlini , Agramoi (medium high German), Agramüni (medium high German), Agremomen , Amündenkraut ( Rendsburgerstrasse pharmacy ) Argemündli ( Bern ), Beer herb (Silesia), Borwort ( middle Low German ), Borwurz (medium high German), Brachfan (medium high German), fallow flag (medium high German), Brachkrut (middle Low German), Brochkrut (middle Low German), Rupturewort (Silesia), fracture root , Bruck root , Brustkrut (Rendsburg pharmacy), Chaldamändle ( Swabia ), Denicléta (Middle High German), Eisenkra ut , Grensig (Middle High German), Grent (Middle High German), Greyn (Middle High German), Hagamundiskraut , Hagenmöndli (Bern), Haldenmändle (Swabia), Heil aller Welt (Silesia), Hulpe , Kaisertee ( Eifel ), Klettenkraut (Silesia), Liver Burdock ( Prussia ), liver herb , Menig , Oddermünich ( Transylvania ), Odermenig , Odermeny , Odermynge , Otermännig (Bern), Verwort (middle Low German) and foreword (middle Low German).

History as a medicinal plant

  • Antiquity. The plant names listed in the herbal books of antiquity, late antiquity and the Middle Ages can only be assigned very uncertainly to the plant species known to us. A medicinal plant with the name eupatorion (later mostly interpreted as Common Odermennig, less often as Ordinary Water Dost) was listed in the works of Dioscurides , Pliny and Galen . Dioscurides attributed the following effects to him: “His leaves, ground with old pork fat, applied to ulcers that are difficult to heal, lead to healing; Seeds and herbs washed down with wine help intestinal and liver patients and those bitten by snakes. " Pliny wrote similarly about the eupatorium :" The roots are useless. The seed, when drunk in wine, is a unique remedy for dysentery. " Galen classified the plant in the sap theory :" The herb eupatorium has thinning, incisive, wiping properties when it is exposed to a distinct heat. "
  • Late antiquity. A medicinal plant with the name agrimonia (later interpreted as Common Odermennig) was used in the herbal book Pseudo-Apuleius, written in the 4th century, against eye complaints, against stomach pain, for poorly healing wounds, for dislocations, after snake bites, for piercing with iron and wood, Recommended for removing warts, spleen pain and things that need to be cut open.
  • Arab Middle Ages. The doctors of the Arab Middle Ages quoted the statements of Dioscurides, Pliny and Galen about the eupatorium and they judged it as "warm in the first degree and dry in the second degree" according to the doctrine of the humours .
  • Latin Middle Ages. In the Latin Middle Ages the common Odermennig is mentioned as agrimonia in the following works: in the didactic poem Liber de cultura hortorum by the Reichenau monk Walahfrid Strabo , in the Physica attributed to Hildegard von Bingen , in the galangal spice tract , in the Herbarius Moguntinus , in the Garden of Health , in the Hortus sanitatis and in the small distilling book of Hieronymus Brunschwig . The Mainz herb book incunabula Herbarius Moguntinus , Gart der Gesundheit and Hortus sanitatis contain an agrimonia chapter as well as a eupatorium chapter. Hieronymus Brunschwig has adopted another healing application for the common Odermennig from southern German manuscripts of the 15th century: "Is gůt for the hůſten."
  • 16th Century. In the 16th century, the fathers of botany freed it from its close association with medicine and made it an independent science. They interpreted the agrimonia of the ancients as common ormennig and the eupatorium of the ancients as ordinary water dost .
  • 17th to 20th century. To this day, the common Odermennig is recommended, albeit rarely, for the treatment of "liver and spleen diseases", against diarrhea and as a "astringent" gargle. In 1986, a (positive) monograph by Commission E of the former Federal Health Office was published in the Federal Gazette on Odermennigkraut.

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The new handbook of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2004, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .
  • K. Hiller, MF Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-2053-4 .
  • Little ormennig. In: FloraWeb.de.
  • Petro Andrea Matthioli: Kreutterbuch des highly learned and well-known. 1590.

Web links

Commons : Gemeiner Odermennig ( Agrimonia eupatoria )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Kleiner Odermennig. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice: Volume 2: Drugs AK , edited by Wolfgang Blaschek, Rudolf Hansel, Konstantin Keller, Jürgen Reichling, Horst Rimpler, Georg Schneider. Springer-Verlag 2013, page 45. ISBN 978-3-642-63794-0
  3. ↑ a b c d e Angelika Lüttich, Juliane Kasten: Rosehip & Co .: Flowers, fruits and spread of European plants. 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 , p. 244 f.
  4. ↑ a b c Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline. Founded by Werner Rothmaler . 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, p. 413. ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3
  5. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 546. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  6. ↑ a b c d e Pierre Delaveau et al .: Secrets and healing powers of plants. THE BEST, 1980, ISBN 3-7166-0026-1 .
  7. ↑ a b c Julian Barnard, Martine Barnard: The Bach flower miracle. Heyne, 1989, ISBN 3-453-03765-0 .
  8. ^ A b c Siegrid Hirsch, Felix Grünberger: The herbs in my garden. Weltbild, 2006, ISBN 3-8289-2128-0 .
  9. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 59.
  10. ↑ Trifolio medii-Agrimonietum Th. Müller 1962 at Florwaweb, www.floraweb.de, data and information on wild plants and vegetation in Germany
  11. ↑ Mesophilic Krautsaum, at www.infoflora.ch, national data and information center for the Swiss flora
  12. ↑ Joachim Schmitz: Entry Klee-Odermennig-Saum on Schmitzens botany page - Rhenish plant communities , accessed on March 4, 2018
  13. ^ Agrimonia eupatoria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  14. ↑ Gunter Steinbach (ed.), Bruno P. Kremer u. a .: wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4 , p. 70.
  15. ↑ European Union monograph on Agrimonia eupatoria L., herba
  16. ↑ Eberhard Prinz: Dye Plants; Instructions for staining use in culture and medicine. 2nd revised and corrected edition, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-510-65291-4 .
  17. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka , De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 520.
  18. ↑ See for example Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 155.
  19. ↑ Friederike Maschmann-Rings: The bouquet of flowers of Edward Bach. Droemer Knaur, 1995, ISBN 3-426-76120-3 .
  20. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Publisher by Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882; Reprint in 2 volumes, Amsterdam 1967, p. 13.
  21. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Strasbourg 1532, foreword, chapter 19 (digitized version) - Henry E. Sigerist : Studies and texts on early medieval recipe literature. Barth, Leipzig 1923, foreword, SV - Charles Singer : The herbal in antiquity . In: The journal of hellenistic studies. Volume 47 (1927), pp. 1-52. - Brigitte Hoppe: Hieronymus Bock's book of herbs. Scientific historical investigation. With a list of all plants in the work, the literary sources of the medicinal indications and the uses of the plants. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1969 - Gundolf Keil : Phytotherapy and medical history. In: Journal of Phytotherapy. Volume 6, 1985, pp. 172-178, et al
  22. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides : 1st century, De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation: Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioscurides pharmacology in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book IV, Chapter 41: eupatorion (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Pliny : 1st century, Naturalis historia , Book XXV, Chapter 29 (§ 65): eupatoria . Online edition Chicago ; Translation Külb, 1855, p. 2774 (digitized version )
  24. ^ Galen : 2nd century, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , lib. VI, cap. V / 23: eupatorium . (Kühn 1826, Vol. XI, p. 879)
  25. ↑ Pseudo-Apuleius , print Rome 1481/82 , chapter 32: Herba agrimonia (digitized version )
  26. ^ Ernst Howald and Henry E. Sigerist : Antonii Musae De herba vettonica, Liber Pseudo-Apulei herbarius, Anonymi De taxone liber, Sexti Placiti Liber medicinae ex animalibus. , Teubner, Leipzig 1927, Chapter 31 (= Corpus medicorum latinorum , Vol. IV)
  27. ↑ Kai Brodersen : Apuleius, Heilkräuterbuch / Herbarius , Latin and German. Marix, Wiesbaden 2015, pp. 86-89 ISBN 978-3-7374-0999-5
  28. ↑ Avicenna : 11th century, Canon of Medicine . Translation from Arabic by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova , revised by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 244: De eupatorio (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Constantine the African : Liber de gradibus simplicium = translation of the Arabic Liber de gradibus simplicium by Ibn al-Jazzar . 10th century printing. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 346: Eupatorium (digitized version)
  30. ↑ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century print. Venice 1497, chapter 57: De eupatorio (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar : 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart, Volume II 1842, p. 227 (digitized version)
  32. ↑ Walahfrid Strabo : 9th century, Liber de cultura hortorum . Printed in: Basel 1527, No. 21: agrimonia (digitized version ) . Edition: Ludwig Choulant : Macer floridus des virtutibus herbarum una cum Walafridi Strabonis… Carminibus… Leipzig 1832 (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Hildegard von Bingen : 12th century, Physika , Book I, Chapter 114: Agrimonia Edition. Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810-1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1176–1177 (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Irmgard Müller: The herbal remedies with Hildegard von Bingen. Salzburg 1982, p. 28 ISBN 3-7013-0630-3
  35. ^ Galangal spice treatise 13th / 14th century: agrimonia . 15th century manuscripts: Latin Clm 4374 Clm 1426, sheet 133v Clm 7755, sheet 148r . Alemannic: Cpg 620, sheet 94v
  36. ^ Karl Sudhoff . Alexander Hispanus and the written work under his name. A first word about him and announcement of his medical writings. In: Sudhoff's archive. 29 (1936), pp. 289-312; 30 (1937), pp. 1-25
  37. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1484; Chapter 6: agrimonia (digitized version )
  38. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485, Chapter 5: agrimonia (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Chapter 9: agrimonia [ https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00027846/images/index.html?id=00027846&groesser=&fip=xsyztsxdsydewqsdasfsdrqrsyztsqrs&no=18&seite=15 (digitized version ))
  40. ^ Arnold C. Klebs : Herbal facts and thoughts. L'art ancien SA, Lugano 1925.
  41. ↑ Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann : The Mainz herb book incunabula - "Herbarius Moguntinus" (1484) - "Gart der Gesundheit" (1485) - "Hortus Sanitatis" (1491). Scientific historical investigation of the three prototypes of botanical-medical literature of the late Middle Ages. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010 ISBN 978-3-7772-1020-9
  42. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 18r – 18v (digitized version )
  43. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1484; Chapter 53: eupatorium (digitized version )
  44. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485, Chapter 157: eupatorium (digitized version )
  45. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Chapter 166: eupatorium (digitized version )
  46. ↑ Frankfurt, ms. germ. Qu. 17, Alsace, 1st quarter of the 15th century, sheet 340va: Agrimonigen water is good for coughing, it is pressure-relieving and is well drunk for the dz water . (= Brunschwig A, B, C) Frankfurt qu17 (digitized version) . Heidelberg, Cpg 226, Alsace 1459 - 1469, sheet 104r: Agrimonia water is good before coughing and before swelling of water addiction and the milcz (= Brunschwig A, C, B) prints Cpg 226 (digitalisat) . Heidelberg, Cpg 545 Nürnberg (?) 1474, sheet 97v-98r: Agrimonia agker plum or broch kraut water for the cough Item Agrimonia water is good for the cough and truckent also the milk searches for water and is good for the water addicting drink and drives away the worm ym body for the rur The same water mixed in red wine adjusts the plut or an der rur vnd is good for poisoning vnd poes eytter ym body (= Brunschwig A, B, C, H, E) Cpg 545 (digitalisat)
  47. ^ Ferdinand Wilhelm Emil Roth : Otto Brunfels 1489–1534. A German botanist. In: Botanische Zeitung. Volume 58, 1900, pp. 191-232. (Digitized version) . Hieronymus Bock, called Tragus, (1498–1554) . In: Botanisches Centralblatt . Volume 74, 1898, pp. 265-271, 313-318 and 344-347 (digitized version ) . Leonhard Fuchs, a German botanist, 1501–1566. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt. Issue 8, 1898/99, pp. 161–191 (digitized version )
  48. ^ Wilhelm Ludwig Schreiber: The herbal books of the XV. and XVI. Century. Commentary on the reprint of the Hortus sanitatis. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1924. (pp. XXX-XLII Brunfels, Bock, Fuchs)
  49. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe: Hieronymus Bock's book of herbs. Scientific historical investigation. With a list of all plants in the work, the literary sources of the medicinal indications and the uses of the plants. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1969.
  50. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch. Strasbourg 1532, p. 86: Agrimonia (digitized version )
  51. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 165: Hirtzklee (Eupatorium cannabinum) (digitized version ) ; Part I, Chapter 175: Odermeng (Agrimonia eupatoria) (digitized version )
  52. ^ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch. Basel 1543, chapter 90: Odermenig (digitized version ) ; Chapter 100: Künigundkraut (Eupatorium cannabinum) (digitized)
  53. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, p. 17: Agrimoine (digitized) . Translation: Complete Lexicon of Materials . Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, column 25 (digitized version)
  54. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Cours de chymie. Paris 1713, p. 653: Eau vulnerere appellée Eau d'arquebusade. ... Agrimonia ou Eupatoria (digitized version) . Johann Christian Zimmermann (translator). Nicolas Lemery: Nicolai Lemeri cursus chymicus. Walther, Dresden 1754, p. 708 (Part II, Cap. 17, § 12): Odermennig as a component of wound water (= rifle-shot water - eau d'arquebusade) (digitized version )
  55. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, column 41: Agrimonia (digitized version ) ; Sp. 618: Eupatorium cannabinum (digital copy)
  56. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh, Volume II, p. 31: Agrimonia (digitized) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, pp. 38–39: Odermennig (digitized version)
  57. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert . Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris, 2nd edition 1808, Volume I, pp. 172-174: Aigremoine (digitized) ; 3rd edition 1814, Volume I, pp. 307–309: Eupatoire (Eupatorium cannabinum) (digital copy )
  58. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I (1814), p. 359 (digitized version )
  59. ↑ Monograph of Commission E of the former Federal Health Office. Federal Gazette of March 13, 1986 (digitized version)