Common whirlwind

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Common whirlwind
Common vertebrate (Clinopodium vulgare)

Common vertebrate ( Clinopodium vulgare )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Genre : Mountain Mints ( Clinopodium )
Type : Common whirlwind
Scientific name
Clinopodium vulgare
L.

The Common Wirbeldost ( Clinopodium vulgare ), also Common Wirbeldost called, is a species of the genus Calamint in the family of Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae).

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 11
Mock whorls with long ciliate bracts
Habit, leaves and inflorescences
Inflorescence with last flowers before withering
Single flowers frontal view

Vegetative characteristics

The common vortex grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to, mostly 30 to 60 centimeters. Go from woody "rootstock" foothills of. The vortex is weakly aromatic. The ascending stem is more or less knotty and hairy. The leaves are cross-opposite, with short stalk, ovate and slightly notched to entire. The one to four phantom whorls are surrounded by a cover consisting of long-lashed, bristly leaves and surmounted by the supporting leaves.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from July to October. 10 to 20 flowers stand together in dense pseudo whorls . Usually only a few flowers of a whorl bloom at the same time. In addition to hermaphrodite flowers, there are also smaller female flowers or purely female plant specimens.

The flowers are zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The purple or occasionally white petals are 10 to 15 millimeters long, with downy hairs on the outside, with a slightly curved corolla tube.

The Klaus fruits disintegrate into Klausen. The chestnut brown Klausen are spherical and about 1 millimeter long.

Possibility of confusion

Non-flowering plants are similar to oregano ( Origanum vulgare ). In contrast to oregano, the leaves on the underside of the Vertebralost are not dotted.

Adult rust-colored thick-headed butterfly on the common vertebrate on the high plateau Bijela gora , Montenegro

ecology

The common vertebrate host is a hemicryptophyte (stem plant).

From an ecological point of view, it is "real lip flowers". Their scars and anthers are only covered from above. Nectar is abundant, but because of the long corolla tube it is only accessible to bumblebees (genus Bombus ) and butterflies; also self-pollination is successful.

The diaspores are the Klausen , which are spread as wind spreaders and sticky.

Host plant

The caterpillars of the grass miner moth Stephensia brunnichella live (only) on the vertebral east .

The vertebrate host is sometimes attacked by the peppermint rust Puccinia menthae .

Occurrence

The common eddy-easter occurs all over Europe (in Norway up to the 66th parallel), in North Africa, in temperate Asia and in North America. According to Gustav Hegi , the circumpolar distribution of this species is related to its low demands for location and its strong vegetative dispersal capacity.

The eddy easter grows in herbaceous vegetation and on the edges of dry locations ( class Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei) from sea level to subalpine altitude . It occurs at altitudes of up to, for example, 2000 meters in Valais , 2500 meters in Turkey and in the Allgäu Alps it rises at the Ochsenhofen Heads in Vorarlberg to an altitude of 1900 meters. In Central Europe it is a character species of the order Origanetalia.

Systematics

Clinopodium vulgare was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Important synonyms for Clinopodium vulgare L. are Calamintha clinopodium Spenner and Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch .

About three subspecies are recognized by Clinopodium vulgare :

  • Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare : The calyx is 7 to 9.5 mm long, the lower calyx teeth are up to 4.0 mm, the upper calyx teeth up to 2.5 mm long. The length ratio of the lower to the upper calyx teeth is around 2.0. The sheets are up to 40 mm long and have a length-width ratio of about 1.5. This subspecies is native to temperate and sub-Mediterranean Europe and extends eastward to India and Siberia. It also occurs as a neophyte in the eastern half of North America.
  • Clinopodium vulgare subsp. arundanum (Boiss.) Nyman (Syn .: Clinopodium vulgare subsp. villosum (De Noé) Bothmer ): The cup is 9.5 to 12 mm long, the lower cup teeth are 4.0 mm to 5.5, the upper cup teeth 2 , 5 to 4.0 mm long. The length ratio of the lower to the upper calyx teeth is around 1.5. The plant is very hairy. The sheets are 40 to 65 mm long and have an aspect ratio of about 2.0. This subspecies colonizes the southern Iberian Peninsula, the Maghreb, the Azores and Madeira.
  • Clinopodium vulgare subsp. orientale Bothmer : The calyx is like subsp. arundanum . With up to 45 mm, the leaves are only slightly longer than those of subsp. vulgare and have a similar length-width ratio of about 1.5. This subspecies is distributed in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean and extends from southern France to Iran.

The chromosome number of all three subspecies is 2n = 20.

Common names

For the Common Wirbeldost there are or existed, partly only regionally, the other German-language trivial names : Wild Basilien, Hauptdost ( Silesia ), Wilde Nessel ( Eifel near Kerpen ), Werbeldost, Wilddost (Silesia), Wirbeldost and Klein Wohlgemut.

use

History and etymology

Pedanios Dioscurides. Portrait of the author in the Codex Medicina antiqua (around 1250)

A plant Clinopodium is already in the 1st century AD by the Roman doctor and most famous pharmacologist of antiquity Pedanios Dioscurides in the 99th (109th) chapter Περὶ κλινοπόδιου ("About Clinopodium") of the III. Described in the book. Dioscurides writes:

“The clinopodium ... has leaves similar to those of the Quendels and flowers that resemble bed feet in a certain way. ... The herb and the decoction of it are used against the bites of poisonous animals, against cramps, internal ruptures and urination. Taken for a few days, it promotes menstrual bleeding, drives the embryo out and also drives away pedunculated warts. "

The name Clinopodium is derived from the Greek κλίνη “the bed,” and πούς-ποδός “foot”: the shape of the flowers of the whirlwind is similar to the knobs of ancient bed feet.

Medical use

The whirlwind is used in folk medicine as a constipating, heart-strengthening, wind and sweat-inducing, expectorant agent. In Bulgarian folk medicine, the vertebral ost was used for wound healing. Opalchenova and Opreshkova studied its antibacterial effects. Another Bulgarian team, Dzhambazov, Daskalova, Monteva, and Popov, studied the effects of a Clinopodium vulgare extract to inhibit tumor growth. Young shoots from the vertebrate host contain betulin . Betulin is anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, hepatoprotective and anti-tumor. This makes the whirlwind an interesting medicinal plant .

Other uses

The fresh or dried leaves can be added to food as a spice, they help with digestion. The fresh leaves can be added to salads. The herb can also be used as a tar substitute and to produce yellow and brown colorings.

literature

  • David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora Alpina . Volume 2. Haupt, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 4 : Nightshade plants to daisy plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 256-257 .
  • Pedanios Dioscurides: De materia medica. (ed. M. Wellmann) 3 volumes, Berlin 1906/14 (reprint 1958).
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 794 .
  • Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 4: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3 (4) (Labiatae - Solanaceae) . Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1964, ISBN 3-489-78021-3 , pp. 2295–2297, 2628 (unchanged reprint from 1927 with addendum).
  • PW Ball, F. Getliffe: Clinopodium. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 167 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Aichele & Schwegler 2000, pp. 256-257.
  2. ↑ a b c d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 227-228 .
  3. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 794 .
  4. ↑ Grass miner moth Stephensia brunnichella
  5. ↑ a b Hegi, Volume V / 4, p. 2297.
  6. ↑ Flora Alpina , Volume 2, p. 142.
  7. ↑ E. Leblebici: Clinopodium. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7 (Orobanchaceae to Rubiaceae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1982, ISBN 0-85224-396-0 , pp. 329 .
  8. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 409.
  9. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  811 .
  10. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 587 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D587%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  11. ↑ a b c d e Roland von Bothmer: Intraspecific variation in Clinopodium vulgare L. (Labiatae). In: Botaniska Notiser. Volume 120, No. 2, pp. 202-208.
  12. ^ A b c R. Govaerts, A. Paton, Y. Harvey, T. Navarro, M. del Rosario García Peña: World Checklist of Lamiaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2011, Clinopodium (online) , accessed February 24, 2016.
  13. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 72 ( online ).
  14. ^ Clinopodium vulgare at Plants For A Future
  15. ↑ G. Opralchenova, D. Opreshkova: Antibacterial action of extracts of Clinopodium vulgare L. curative plant . In: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy . Volume 25, No. 3, 1999, pp. 323-328, ISSN  0363-9045 , DOI: 10.1081 / DDC-100102177 .
  16. ↑ B. Dzhambazov, S. Daskalova, A. Monteva, N. Popov: In vitro screening for antitumor activity of Clinopodium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) Extracts. In: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin . Volume 25, No. 4, 2002, pp. 499-504 DOI: 10.1248 / bpb.25.499 .
  17. ↑ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases at GRIN ( Memento of the original dated November 16, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sun.ars-grin.gov

Web links

Commons : Common Wirbeldost ( Clinopodium vulgare )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files