Rowanberry

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Rowanberry
Rowan or mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), illustration

Rowan or mountain ash ( Sorbus aucuparia ), illustration

Systematics
Family : Rose family (Rosaceae)
Subfamily : Spiraeoideae
Tribe : Pyreae
Sub tribus : Pome fruit family (Pyrinae)
Genre : White berries ( sorbus )
Type : Rowanberry
Scientific name
Sorbus aucuparia
L.

The rowan , commonly known as the mountain ash or rowan tree ( Sorbus aucuparia ), is a species of the whitebeam genus ( Sorbus ) within the rose family (Rosaceae). The affiliation to the pome fruit family (Pyrinae) can be seen on closer inspection of the fruits; they look like little apples.

Other German-language common names are Drosselbeere , Quitsche or Krametsbeere . The designation as a service tree is misleading, as this is the common name of another, much rarer type of Sorbus . The rowanberry is widespread in large parts of Europe and, as a pioneer species, has a wide range of soils. It is a valuable forage plant for insects, birds and mammals. The diverse uses by humans are reflected in numerous regional names. It plays an important role in superstition and custom. In Germany, rowan berries were named Tree of the Year in 1997 . Contrary to popular belief, its fruits are non-toxic.

etymology

The name mountain ash is derived from late mhd. eberboum and from ash and stems from the fact that the leaves resemble those of ash , although there is no closer relationship between these tree species. The first component is made from gall. eburos 'yew' borrowed, which goes back to idg. * erebʰ - 'dark reddish, brownish', which denotes the reddish-brown berry color. Folk etymological reinterpretation with but in the sense of 'false, inferior ash' (as in "superstition" and "absurdity") cannot be represented linguistically or in terms of the matter. It is more likely that the name refers to the boar, as the fruits were previously used for fattening pigs. The scientific name aucuparia is formed from 'au' (avis = the bird) and 'cuparia' ( capere = to catch) and stems from the fact that the red berries were often used as bait when catching birds. The term rowan (which is commonly used only for the fruit, not for the tree) comes from the fact that the "berries" (fruits) were used as bait for birds.

The mountain ash - as a common tree species - has always been a popular, tasty food and remedy for people. For this reason, there are many regionally very different word creations for this tree species. That would be: bird bear , flowery ash, ebony berry, dwarf ash, oak tree, squeeze (s), mercury, quitsberry, crown weather berry, blackberry, rowanberry, quitschberry, couch grass boom.

description

Sorbus aucuparia

Habitus

Bark with lenticels

The deciduous rowan tree reaches a normal age of 80, in rare cases, especially as a mountain tree, up to 120 years. With an average height of 15 meters, the mountain ash is a rather small tree . Standing alone, without shading from competing woody species, it can also reach heights of up to 25 meters. Mountain ash stems usually grow with multiple stems as a much smaller shrub . It grows relatively quickly in the first 20 years, after which growth stagnates. The mountain ash has a far-reaching and deep sinker root system and the ability to reproduce vegetatively via stick rashes and root spawn. On the other hand, it has relatively shallow roots on pseudogley soils .

Characteristic of the mountain ash is its graceful shape and the oval to rounded, irregularly structured and loosely held crown. The trunk of the mountain ash is characterized by a slim, cylindrical shape. The branches protrude from the trunk or are directed diagonally upwards. The smooth, shiny bark of younger trees is yellowish to greenish-gray in color and shows elongated lenticels placed across the direction of growth , which ensure gas exchange with the environment. As the tree ages, the bark takes on a dull gray color and a fine-cracked structure. Only a few specimens develop a blackish, longitudinally fissured bark in the lower trunk area in old age . Young shoots usually develop soft, felty hairs and are ash gray in color. The chlorophyll , which is located under the smooth bark of the branches, is a specialty . This enables the tree to photosynthesize before the leaves shoot . This supports its occurrence at higher altitudes.

Bud and leaf

bud

The winter buds of rowan berries are usually dark purple in color and hairy white tomentose. This is an important distinguishing feature from the service tree, whose green and sticky buds develop fine hairs at most on the edges of the scales. The terminal bud at the branch tips is usually curved.

Unpinnate leaves in autumn colors

The alternate leaves arranged on the twigs are divided into petioles and leaf blades and are up to 17-20 cm long and 8 to 11 cm wide. The 3–5 cm long petiole and the rachis are more or less reddish. The imparipinnate leaf blade is usually composed of 9 to 19 elongated-elliptical leaf pinna. The 4 to 6 cm long and about 2 cm wide leaflets are almost sessile, only the terminal leaflet is more or less petiolate. They are pointed towards the front and asymmetrically rounded towards the base. The edge of the leaf forms a sharp, uneven perforation that is aligned towards the tip of the leaf. The hairless upper side of the leaf shows a summer green color, whereas the lower side of the leaf is more gray-green in color and can develop light hairiness. The rotating leaf spindle has slight grooves between the individual leaflets. The leaflets of the mountain ash have no toothed glands at the tip.

Inflorescence and flower

Umbrella-like inflorescence
blossoms

Rowan berries are able to flower at the age of five to six years. In the northern hemisphere it blooms from May to July. The floriferous inflorescence corresponds to a spread umbrella panicle in which 200 to 300 flowers are united. Depending on the subspecies, the inflorescence axes are hairy ( ssp. Aucuparia ) or almost to completely bald ( ssp. Glabrata )

The hermaphrodite, somewhat unpleasantly scented and stalked flower is about 10 millimeters in diameter, radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals have triangular sepals that are rounded to blunt towards the tip. The base of the sepals is about 1.5 millimeters wide, the side lines about 1.3 to 1 millimeter. They are ciliate, more or less hairy or bald. Even while the fruit is ripe, they retain a fleshy consistency.

The five white, spreading petals develop a length of (three) four to five millimeters. Their shape is either rounded or broadly ovoid. They are nailed briefly and have woolly hair towards the base a little above the nail. The length of the 20 stamens corresponds roughly to that of the petals. The flower has two to five free styles , which are hairy in the lower half. The inferior standing unfused carpels are in the base of the flower sunken and overgrown with this. The fleshy flower axis connects them with each other.

Fruit and seeds

The fruits ripen from August to September. When ripe, the bright red, smooth and broadly round or egg-shaped fruits are about (6-) 9-10 (-14) × 8-9 millimeters in size. In the botanical sense they are apple fruits . In the vernacular they are sometimes referred to as "berries". The calyx tips still cling to the fruit. The quadruple ovules with two plants each are usually formed. They usually contain about 3.5-4.5 millimeters long, flattened and red-brown, roughly egg-shaped, relatively smooth seeds . As hibernators, the fruits often hang in dense "clusters" on the tree well into winter.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 17, there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 34.

ecology

Way of life

The rowanberry is a mesomorphic macro phanerophyte or nanophanerophyte.

Typically for Sorbus species, their roots are surrounded by an ectotrophic mycorrhiza , which supports the supply of nutrients. The fungus Glomus intraradices was found to be the arbuscular mycorrhizal partner of the mountain ash.

Pollination ecology

In the flowers of the mountain ash, the stigmas ripen in front of the anthers , which is botanically known as proterogyny and promotes cross- pollination . Nectar is offered face down. The relatively unpleasant smell of the flowers is reminiscent of herring brine and is based on the active ingredient methylamine . In particular, it attracts beetles and flies to pollinate . But bees also appreciate the nectar.

Propagation ecology

The production of seeds in the mountain ash takes place amphimetically, i.e. sexually.

The fruits, apple fruits, are mainly collected after the frost by various birds and mammals (such as squirrels). The still fresh fruits, bright red due to carotenoids, are less popular. The fruits are spread via storage and hiding spread, digestive spread and processing spread. Birds play a special role (bird spread = ornithochory ). As the seeds are excreted undigested, the mountain ash is effectively guaranteed to spread ( endochory ). Human spread occurs through its use as an ornamental wood . The seeds can only germinate after a long period of storage in a moist environment.

Synecology

The mountain ash is an important fodder for animals. This has so far been verified for 31 mammal and 72 insect species, including 41 small butterflies and twelve weevils . A total of 63 bird and 20 mammal species were identified as users of the fruit. Song thrush , mistletoe , robin , blackcap , nuthatch and bullfinch in particular appreciate the fruits of the mountain ash and use the tree, like the green woodpecker , as a nesting wood. The fruits play an important role in the diet of the red owl and waxwing , which, in some years from Northern Europe to us, then spend part of the winter in our latitudes. But red fox and badger do not disdain the fruits either.

Jay and various rodents such as dormouse , dormouse , yellow-necked vole and field vole - hidden in the ground - build up winter supplies of the fruit. Since these are often forgotten, they also make an important contribution to the expansion of the mountain ash. Cloven-hoofed animals such as roe deer and red deer feed on the leaves, shoots and buds of the trees, while the hawthorn beetle and the common black weevil ( Otiorhynchus niger ) prefer shoots and leaves.

The mountain ash is an important food plant, especially for the caterpillars of the rare venusia cambrica and the endangered yellow ermine ( Trichosea ludifica ). The caterpillars of the tree whitefly ( Aporia crataegi ) also enjoy the mountain ash.

Diseases

Since 1960, strong symptoms of illness have been observed in the mountain ash in Central Europe, including chlorotic rings and piebalds . Reduced growth and slow decay were also observed. Studies ( Lit .: Benthack et al. 2005) indicate that it is probably a virus that is related to the Bunyaviridae family.

The leaves of rowan berries are attacked by rust fungi of the genus Gymnosporangium (species Gymnosporangium cornutum or Gymnosporangium tremelloides ) as well as Ochropsora ariae and powdery mildew of the species Podosphaera aucupariae .

Pests

Pests that occur on rowan berries are mountain ash fruit moth ( Argyresthia conjugella ), mountain ash seed wasp and mountain ash pox mite . Mountain ash are not mistletoe-proof .

Distribution area

Occurrence

distribution

The rowanberry has a Europe-wide distribution. In the typical subspecies, it colonizes almost all of Europe. In the east the deposits extend to western Siberia, to the south they reach northern Spain, Corsica, Sicily, northern Greece and Bulgaria. In southern Europe, populations are only found in the mountains and comparatively rarely there. Rowan berries are not found in the Azores, Balearic Islands and Faroe Islands, in Crete, Sardinia and Svalbard or in the European part of Turkey. Experts understand Southwest Asian occurrences partly as a separate species ( Sorbus boissieri Schneider), partly as belonging to Sorbus aucuparia . Specified occurrences in North Africa are not considered to be definitely proven. Rowan berries are widespread in Central Europe. The main area of ​​distribution here is in the Alps , in the Alpine foothills , in the south and central German low mountain ranges and in the North German Plain . The mountain ash is seldom found on marshes , in arid areas and probably also on alluvial soils , or it can be completely absent. For example, it has only scattered occurrences in the central German dry area . Stocks on the North Sea coast and on the Frisian Islands are considered to have been introduced. In Austria rowan berries are found scattered or often in all federal states, but are absent in the easternmost part of Austria. It is widespread in Switzerland, but is considered unoccupied in southern Switzerland in large parts of the Valais and in parts of Graubünden .

Location and socialization

Mountain ash on the Zervreilasee in Graubünden (1900 m above sea level)

The undemanding rowan is a rapid colonizer of wasteland and comes on glades , in hedges or forest edges, in northern Germany, mainly in Knicks as over container before. Their soil spectrum ranges from lean to nutrient-rich, from dry to moist and from acidic to base-rich. It thrives in both deciduous and coniferous forests, on bog soils as well as on dry stone slopes. In the mountains you can find the tree up to the tree line , in Norway up to the Arctic coast . In the foothills of the mountains, it often replaces the birch as the predominant tree. It rises up to 2400 meters in Tyrol. In the Bavarian Forest stands up to 1,400 meters high and in the Ore Mountains up to 1,100 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part between Gumpenegg and Vorderer Mutte above Holzgau up to an altitude of 2000 meters.

It thrives optimally in Piceo-Sorbetum from the Sambuco-Salicion association, but also occurs in plant communities of the Quercion roboris associations or in the Epilobio-Salicetum of the Fagetalia order.

Systematics

Sorbus aucuparia was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, page 477. Meyer gives three synonyms for Sorbus aucuparia with reference to Kutzelnigg : Aucuparia sylvestris Medicus 1789, Pyrus aucuparia Gaertn. 1791 and Pyrenia aucuparia (Gaertn.) Clairv. 1811. The following synonyms are given: Crataegus aucuparia (L.) Salisb. , Mespilus aucuparia (L.) Scop. , Pyrus pohuashanensis Hance , Sorbus adscharica Gatch . , Sorbus amurensis Koehne , Sorbus bachmarensis Gatsch. , Sorbus boissieri C.K. Schneid. , Sorbus gorodkovii Pojark. , Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Rehder , Sorbus aucuparia subsp. pohuashanensis (Hance) McAll. , Sorbus aucuparia subsp. gorodkovii (Pojark.) ONKorovina .

Sorbus aucuparia belongs to the subgenus Sorbus of the genus Sorbus . In Europe, Sorbus aucuparia is the only representative of the subgenus.

There are some subspecies of Sorbus aucuparia : In Central Europe the typical subspecies are ssp. aucuparia and ssp. glabrata represented.

In addition to the typical subspecies ssp. aucuparia there are other subspecies in Europe, which some authors also regard as a separate species:

  • Alpine mountain ash ( Sorbus aucuparia subsp. Glabrata (Wimm. & Grab.) Hedl. ): Overall, this subspecies is significantly less hairy than subsp. aucuparia . The buds are often sticky. The texture of the leaflets is thinner. The leaflets gradually narrow towards the tip. You are almost bald. Only on the rachis of the underside of the leaf does sparse hair develop. The inflorescence axes are glabrous or almost glabrous. The rounded sepals are slightly hairy or glabrous. The false fruits are longer than wide. Its main area of ​​distribution is in Northern Europe and the higher elevations of Central Europe.
  • Sorbus aucuparia subsp. praemorsa (cast.) Nyman : It occurs only in Calabria , Sicily and Corsica .
  • Sorbus aucuparia subsp. fenenkiana T. Georgiev & Stoj. (Syn .: Pyrus aucuparia subsp. Fenenkiana (T.Georgiev & Stoj.) T.Georgiev & Stoj. ): This endemic occurs only in Bulgaria .
  • Sorbus aucuparia subsp. sibirica (Hedl.) Krylov : It occurs in Mongolia , Siberia and Russia's Far East .
  • Sorbus aucuparia subsp. maderensis (Lowe) McAll. : It only occurs in Madeira .

use

Ornamental tree

Avenue of rowan berries

In addition to its natural occurrence, the mountain ash is often used in gardening and landscaping. Due to the decorative fruit and inflorescences as well as their relatively high resistance to immissions, it can often be found on streets as an avenue or individual tree and in gardens and parks as an ornamental and bird protection tree. In the higher elevations of the low mountain ranges and the Alps, it is often the only ornamental wood plant. The mountain ash is a light to half shade tree species .

Engineering biology

The mountain ash is particularly characterized by its frost hardiness and wind resistance . It is also resistant to late frosts. Their far-reaching roots penetrate deep into the soil. Since it can also reproduce vegetatively through root brood and has a high ability to rash, it is often used for soil reinforcement in the context of biological torrent control and avalanche protection. The fallen leaves of the mountain ash decompose relatively quickly, releasing a relatively large amount of magnesium. On the one hand, this has a positive effect on humus formation ; on the other hand, the tree improves its own nutrient supply and is better able to withstand environmental pollution. These humus-improving properties led to the conscious planting of the tree in spruce forests.

Wood

Freshly sawn trunk of mountain ash with sapwood and heartwood

Mountain ash grows with scattered pores . The heartwood is beautifully grained and is suitable for turning in handicrafts. The heartwood of older rowan berries is very hard and durable, comparable to oak heartwood; it was used earlier in the wheelchair industry. The sapwood is elastic and fine-grained and is therefore very suitable for carving work.

medicine

Even if there is a persistent rumor in popular belief that the fruits are poisonous, this is not correct. However, the berries contain parasorbic acid , which can lead to stomach problems. Cooking breaks down the parasorbic acid into sorbic acid, which is well tolerated. Cooked berries can therefore also be eaten in larger quantities. In fact, rowan berries used to be an important remedy for scurvy because of their high vitamin C content (up to 100 mg per 100 g of berries, which is broken down by about a third when cooked) . They also contain provitamin A and sorbitol , a sugar substitute . Sorbitol, a sugar substitute for diabetics, was obtained from the sorbose of rowan berries. Today sorbitol is produced industrially by reducing grape sugar (glucose) with hydrogen.

The fruits are conditionally edible

The natural medicine attributes leaves and flowers, a special healing effect. Dried these u. a. Use in teas against coughs, bronchitis and upset stomach. They are also used for digestive complaints, hemorrhoids , rheumatism and gout . However, the effect has not been scientifically proven. Singers and speakers use the rowan berries z. B. also to keep your vocal cords supple. According to "herbal priest" Johann Künzle , rowan berries are supposed to loosen tough mucus from the vocal cords and thus provide valuable service in case of hoarseness.

In evidence-based medicine , an extract from Sorbus aucuparia , or sorbitol, is injected intravenously to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma .

jam

After the first frosts, the fruits lose their bitter taste caused by the parasorbic acid and become slightly sweet. The parasorbic acid is converted into sorbic acid. Regionally, for example in the Bavarian Forest and in Bohemia , the fruit is used to make jam , which, like cranberries, is served as a slightly sour jam with game dishes. The edible or Moravian rowanberry - Sorbus aucuparia var. Moravica , also called var. Edulis or var. Dulcis , is particularly suitable for this , as it has a higher sugar content and is free of parasorbic acid and can therefore also be consumed raw.

Two common cultivars of the Moravian rowanberry are Konzentra and Rosina, the selection of which began in 1946 at the Institute for Horticulture in Dresden-Pillnitz and which were put on sale in 1954. It is Konzentra suitable for juicing and Rosina for compote or carding. Other varieties that are low in bitter substances, similar to the Moravian rowanberry, are the cultivars Rossica and Rossica Major , which originate from southern Russia . Other edible varieties come from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria . There are hybrids with other fruit tree species that are suitable for consumption. These include Burka, Likjornaja, Dessertnaja, Granatnaja, Rubinovaja and Titan .

Alcoholic drinks

The liqueur Sechsämtertropfen , which has been distilled in the Fichtel Mountains since the end of the 19th century , and the Czech Jeřabinka also have rowan berries as their raw material.

Rowanberry schnapps has a long tradition in Tyrol , Salzburg and Styria . Due to the complex extraction and processing of the berries and the low yield from distilling the mash (approx. 2 liters of brandy per 100 liters of mash), the finished brandy is expensive.

Before the mashing process, the berries are separated from the umbels, which contain troublesome tannins. In order to break down substances that inhibit fermentation, fermentation is carried out at a higher temperature. Parasorbic acid is completely broken down by heating during distillation.

In Hesse , rowan berries (mountain ash) are used by some small pressers in cider production, similar to the service tree . Rowanberry wine is also offered less frequently.

Other uses

The bark can be used to dye wool brown and red.

Cultural

Tomb of Max Schreyer with a stylized rowanberry

The rowan tree was sacred to the Teutons as a tree consecrated to Thor . The Snorra Edda (Skáldskaparmál 18) describes how Thor pulled himself out of the Wimur River on a branch of the mountain ash. In poor forest areas, the wood was so popular that foresters used to have a hard time protecting the trees from the poor turners of toys, who did not like to buy their wood at a high price. In the Ore Mountains the rowan tree has the status of a national tree and is sung about in the folk song of the Vuglbärbaam , composed by Max Schreyer . In the album Baumlieder , Roland Zoss sings about the 'Vogelbeeriboum' in the Alpine region in Swiss German. In Scotland the Rowan tree belongs in front of every “good house” if witches are not supposed to be allowed in.

In Dalsland in Sweden, on a day before or after Ascension Day, the shepherd decorates his cattle on the horns with flowers and then drives them home at noon. He himself leads the flock with a decorated rowan tree in both hands. In the barn, the tree is planted on the gable and is supposed to protect the animals from evil spirits and disease during the grazing season. The young cattle are named by being hit three times on the back with a rod from the rowan tree when their name is announced.

According to the Celtic tree circle - an invention of Celtic neopaganism - the mountain ash - along with apple trees, walnuts and fir - is one of the trees of life. People who were born in your sign are said to have a zest for life, but also to be able to adapt to difficult circumstances. The Celts planted their holy places, especially oracles and places of execution, often with the plant. It is said that they made the mountain ash a symbol of awakening after the dark winter time. According to an Irish proverb, the rowan tree is considered a protective tree against lightning and witchcraft. Applied externally, the berries are said to heal wounds; if consumed, life is extended by another year.

The rowan berry was declared tree of the year 1997 in Germany .

literature

  • Ruprecht Düll : Our mountain ash and their bastards. (= The new Brehm library. Issue 226). 2nd, unchanged edition. Westarp-Wissenschaftliche-Verlags-Gesellschaft, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-667-0 .
  • Ev and Frank Löser: The mountain ash (rowan berry) - worth knowing - use - recipes. Rockstuhl Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86777-196-2 .
  • Klaus Hillebrand: Rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) in the Westphalian mountainous region. Growth, ecology, silviculture. (= Series of publications by the State Institute for Ecology, Land Management and Forests, State Office for Agricultural Regulation North Rhine-Westphalia. Volume 15). Dissertation. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 3-89174-028-X .
  • Nicole Mielke: Molecular characterization of a new plant virus associated with the blotchiness of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) . Dissertation. University of Hamburg, 2004. (pdf at the State and University Library Hamburg)
  • W. Benthack, N. Mielke, C. Büttner, H.-P. Mühlbach: Double-stranded RNA pattern and partial sequence data indicate plant virus infection associated with the ringspot disease of European mountain ash ( Sorbus aucuparia L.). In: Archives of virology. 150, 2005, ISSN  0304-8608 , pp. 37-52.
  • Gerhard KF Stinglwagner, Ilse Haseder, Reinhold Erlbeck: The Cosmos Forest and Forest Lexicon. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10375-7 , p. 194 f.
  • The mountain ash - description of the species on: amleto.de (accessed on May 23, 2008)
  • Portrait of the mountain ash and specialist articles on its ecological and forestry importance. on: lwf.bayern.de (accessed on November 1, 2010)
  • Caledonian Forest Information Center Trees for Life - the Rowan. detailed portrait of the mountain ash based on Scottish occurrences (accessed on 23 May 2008)
  • Werner Rothmaler (Greetings): Excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants. Grundband, Spektrum-Verlag, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The New Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Botany Medicinal Drugs, Active Ingredients Applications. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 .
  • L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kornmann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th revised edition. 2012, Nikol-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .

Web links

Wiktionary: mountain ash  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: rowan berry  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Rowanberry ( Sorbus aucuparia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Rowan in Duden: Rowan is not commonly used for the tree, only for the fruit.
  2. ↑ Rowan tree in the dictionary
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Pfeifer: Etymological Dictionary of German. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2005.
  4. ↑ Karen Görner: The rowanberry - character tree of the Fichtelgebirge. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, accessed on June 23, 2014
  5. ↑ Sorbus aucuparia L., Common rowan. In: FloraWeb.de.
  6. ^ Gerhard KF Stinglwagner, Ilse Haseder, Reinhold Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald und Forst Lexikon. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10375-7 , p. 194.
  7. ↑ a b c Reinhold Erlbeck: The rowan berry - a portrait of the tree of the year 1997.
  8. ↑ a b Karen Görner: Professorship for Forest Botany at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg: Forest Botanical Garden - Tree of the Year: The rowan - character tree of the Fichtelgebirge .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Frank Müller, Christiane M. Ritz, Erik Welk, Karsten Wesche (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. Vascular Plants: Critical Supplementary Volume , 11th, revised and expanded edition. Springer-Verlag, 2016, ISBN 3-827431-32-8 . In it: Sorbus from p. 113, mountain ash, rowanberry S. aucuparia L. , p. 117.
  10. ^ University of Connecticut Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines . (Archive version)
  11. ^ A b c d e f g h Norbert Meyer, Lenz Meierott, Herbert Schuwerk, Otto Angerer: Contributions to the genus Sorbus in Bavaria. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for the Research of Native Flora , special volume, 2005: pp. 5–216 ( Sorbus aucuparia : pp. 64 to 67).
  12. ↑ a b c Herfried Kutzelnigg: Sorbus. In: Hildemar Scholz (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd completely revised and expanded edition. Volume IV Part 2B: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (3) (Rosaceae, 2nd part) . Blackwell, Berlin / Vienna a. a. 1995, ISBN 3-8263-2533-8 , pp. 328-385; S. aucuparia : pp. 350-356 .
  13. ↑ Info at Amleto
  14. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 504.
  15. ↑ Sorbus aucuparia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  16. ↑ a b c Rowanberry . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  17. ^ Caledonian Forest Information Center Trees for Life .
  18. ↑ Wolfgang Helfer: Mushrooms on rowan berries. Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry (PDF; 25 kB)
  19. ↑ Reinhard Eder: The rowan berry - a fruit tree. Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry (PDF; 56 kB)
  20. ↑ M. Räty, G. Caudullo, D. de Rigo: Sorbus aucuparia in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: J. San-Miguel-Ayanz, D. de Rigo, G. Caudullo, T. Houston Durrant, A. Mauri (Eds.): European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publication Office of European Union, Luxembourg, 2016. therein Sorbus aucuparia , pp. 175–176: online , PDF.
  21. ↑ a b c H. Kutzelnigg: Sorbus. In: H. Scholz (Ed.): Volume IV. Part 2B. Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (3). In: HJ Conert, u. a. (Ed.): Gustav Hegi (short): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-8263-2533-8 , pp. 328-385.
  22. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 102.
  23. ↑ Sorbus aucuparia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  24. ↑ Linné 1753: scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h Sorbus aucuparia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  26. ↑ a b c d A. Kurtto, 2009: Rosaceae (pro parte majore). : Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  27. ↑ Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: In the kingdom of trees: Sorbus aucuparia , accessed on September 10, 2018
  28. ^ A b Klaus Storm: Pharmacy and Medicine, Folk Medicine. Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry (PDF; 25 kB)
  29. ↑ a b br online from August 7th, 2009: Page no longer available , search in web archives: Kräuterlust - rowan berry@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.br-online.de
  30. ↑ J. Pelouze: About a new type of sugar from rowan berries. In: Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 83, 1852, p. 47, doi : 10.1002 / jlac.18520830104 .
  31. ^ W. Kempf: Properties, occurrence, presentation, commercial products and use of sorbitol. In: Starch - strength. 6, 1954, p. 303, doi : 10.1002 / star.19540061204 .
  32. ↑ Katja Eisel: La Dolce Vita - Enjoyment without regrets. Chemistry in school, experiment lecture. P. 35. (PDF file; 6.2 MB)
  33. ↑ Katja Eisel: La Dolce Vita - Enjoyment without regrets. Chemistry in school, experiment lecture. P. 42. (PDF file; 6.2 MB)
  34. ↑ Mountain ash or rowanberry (PDF; 179 kB)
  35. ↑ a b Gerhard Friedrich , Werner Schuricht : Rare pome, stone and berry fruit . Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen 1989, ISBN 3-7888-0562-5 , p. 41 .
  36. ^ Reto Neuweiler, Kurt Röthlisberger, Peter Rusterholz, Roland Terrettaz: Berries and special types of fruit . LmZ, Zollikofen 2000, ISBN 3-906679-75-6 , p. 214 .
  37. ↑ Celtus: What is your tree horoscope ? Accessed March 9, 2020 (German).