Field maple
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Field maple ( Acer campestre ) as a tree |
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The field maple ( Acer campestre ), also Maßholder called, is a plant of the genus of the maples ( Acer ) in the family of the soap tree plants (Sapindaceae). In botanical specialist publications, the hyphen spelling Feld-Ahorn is also used in German . The popular name Maßholder is derived from the earlier use of the plant as a food tree, Holder refers to the elderberry-like growth. The leaves were eaten like sauerkraut and also used as fodder.
The field maple was the tree of the year 2015 in Germany.
description
The field maple usually grows as a deciduous shrub and can only be found under favorable conditions as a second order tree with a height of 15 meters; In individual cases, however, it can also be higher than 20 meters and can reach a trunk circumference of over 1 m. The field maple can live between 150 and 200 years. The field maple has an intensive heart-root system , which is generally quite insensitive and only does not grow well on strongly acidic or clayey soils. The bark is brown-gray and fissured. The young twigs sometimes form cork strips , they are very easy to cut.
The constantly against arranged on the branches leaves are stalked. The leaf blade is three to five-lobed, with blunt leaf lobes. The bays between the lobes are always rounded. In October, the leaves turn yellow or, less often, orange before falling off. The foliage decomposes well.
The flowering period extends from May to June. The field maple is monoecious ( monoecious ), with both sexes (female: carpels, male: stamens) in the individual flower at an early stage of development, and only later does the sex differentiate. Male and female flowers appear on a plant, usually even in the same inflorescence. The flowers are arranged in upright paniculate or racemose inflorescences . The split fruits consist of two gray-felted nuts with two almost horizontally protruding wings.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26.
Occurrence
distribution
The field maple has the largest distribution area of all maple species, with a focus on the temperate zone. The warmth-loving tree can be found almost everywhere in Europe (in Scandinavia only in the extreme south), West Asia and North- West Africa, in the Mediterranean area it is limited to the higher altitudes. In Central Europe it is widespread from the plains to the hill country, rarely in the mountains. In the Northern Alps it reaches the 800 meter limit. Because of its low height, it is rarely planted in the forest, but it is often used in parks and gardens as a free-standing ornamental tree or as a hedge .
On behalf of the German Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE) , the occurrence of ten rare native tree species in German forests was determined as part of the project recording and documenting genetic resources of rare tree species in Germany from 2010 to 2013 . Around 600,000 trees were recorded from the field maple in Germany . Most of the field maples grow in Bavaria with 400,000 specimens , followed by Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania with 80,000 specimens and Thuringia with 70,000 specimens.
Location and socialization
The field maple, which often remains shrubby, prefers nutrient-rich, moist to alternately dry soils and occurs in herbaceous oak, hornbeam , beech and alluvial forests , on rainbows, forest edges and in field trees. Accompanying greening on roads, wind protection strips in the large plains and hedge planting have the field maple as an integral part. The field maple tolerates partial shade. Coppice and medium-sized forest management forms use the decisive power of the field maple. Its leaves are cut for fodder in some regions ( Schneitelwirtschaft ). The field maple grows on a variety of soils, copes with urban climates , industrial pollution and light exposure to road salt. Therefore it is often used in urban areas for greening. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Querco-Fagetea class and occurs particularly in the societies of the associations Carpinion , Alno-Ulmion , Tilio-Acerion , Berberidion, the sub-association Cephalanthero-Fagenion and the order Quercetalia pubescentis .
Diseases and pests
Often one finds plant galls on the leaves, which are caused by gall mites of the genus Aceria . Aceria macrocheluserinea causes tomentose , white or brown, mostly somewhat sunken turfs of hair, mostly on the underside of the leaf, Aceria macrochela yellow-brown to reddish, 2 to 4 millimeter large, rounded galls in the leaf nerve corners on the upper side of the leaf and Aceria aceriscampestris also round, up to 3 millimeters in size Galls on the upper side of the leaf, but these are randomly scattered over the leaf blade. The spherical, bald, mostly reddish-colored gall of the gall wasp Pediaspis aceris can be found on the leaf blade, more rarely on young shoots or on flower systems . The leaf blade often shows black, often yellow-lined “tar spots”, caused by the maple scab ( Rhytisma acerinum ). Occasionally, the caterpillar nests of the Goldafters ( Euproctis chrysorrhoea ), consisting of white webbing, sit in the branches . The leaf mines of dwarf leaf miners of the genus Stigmella , especially Stigmella aceris, are not uncommon in the leaves .
Cultivated forms
- 'Carnival' - leaves variegated in white, the white areas on shoots are pink.
- 'Elsrijk' (conical field maple) - With a compact, conical crown, less mildew infestation and good drought tolerance, standard variety for planting in urban areas. The tree is 6 to 12, exceptionally up to 15 m high and 4 to 6 m wide.
- 'Huibers Elegant', with regular, upright growth (favorable for the clearance profile in street space ).
- 'Nanum' (spherical field maple) (also known as compactum ) - weakly and spherically growing, mostly available as a refined standard trunk.
- 'Postelense' - this form, found in Silesia in 1896, is only found occasionally in old parks. Its young leaves (including those of the St. John's shoot ) are golden yellow and increasingly green in the course of summer. The growth is weaker than the type. The crown is round and 10 m wide and high.
The Zöschen maple ( Acer × zoeschense ) is a garden hybrid with the Colchian maple ( Acer cappadocicum ). There is, for example, the slightly red-leaved variety 'Annae'.
Common names
For the field maple there exist or existed various folk names, often only regionally used. The following names are or were also in use:
- Aepeldäörn ( Altmark ), Aepeldurn ( Mecklenburg ), Aehre, Agerl, Agerlbaum, Agerlbinnebaum, Ahorn ( Unterweser ), Amerle, Anbaum, Anbinnebaum, Anbinnebaum, Angerbinbaum, Apeldäörn (Altmark, Mecklenburg), Apelder ( Middle High German ), Apscheldern ), Apeldören ( Swabia ), Apeldorell, Apeller (Middle High German), Aplern (Swabia), Appeldören, Ascher ( Upper Engadine ),
- Sycamore maple, bees tree, bin tree, arch wood, Eipeltere ( Göttingen ),
- Angel's head, Epaler, Eparle (Mecklenburg), Epelern, Epeller, Eperle, Eperln, Eppeltürn (Göttingen), Alder, Erlebaum, Erlebinnebaum, Essdorn, Feldahorn, Feldmasholder (Swabia),
- Flader, Fladerbaum, Flaser, Flutter, Flederholz, Gelbaum ( Rhine ),
- Harbunken (Altmark), hardwood ( Eifel am Kellberg),
- Yours (Eifel near Bertrich ),
- Klein-Rüster, Kreuzbaum ( Silesia ),
- Deciduous tree , linseed tree (Silesia),
- Maaslieben, Maasweller, Malzbaum ( Transylvania ), Masalter (Middle High German), Mascel, Maschholder, Mascolera, Maseller (Göttingen), Masernholz, Mashaldern (Middle High German), Masholder (Middle High German), Masholter (Middle High German), Maslieten, Massalter (Middle High German), Massalter (Middle High German), Massalter (Middle High German), Masseller, Masseltrin (Middle High German), Masserle, Massern, Massheller, Masshöldris ( St. Gallen in the lake district), Massholder ( Alsace , Eifel), Massholler (Mecklenburg), Massholtarbaum, Masshülsen, Massudorenbaum (Middle High German), Maveller (Swabia ), Mavellern, Mazalter (Middle High German), Mazolter (Middle High German), Mazeldra (Middle High German), Mazzelder (Middle High German), Mazziltra (Old German), Meltzbaum, Memerle, Mepeldorne ( Middle Low German ), Mepelterne (Middle Low German), Messeller, Meschalernall , Messheller (Henneberg), Messholder, measuring sleeves, Meveller, Mewerle, Kleiner Milchahorn, Milchbaum (Silesia),
- Whipwood, Pynnenbaum (Middle High German),
- Rapelthän, Rappelthän (Silesia), Rappelthain, Repenstiel ( Graubünden ), Reidbaum (Middle High German), Rotrussel ( Austria ), Russel (Austria),
- Schmeile, Schreiberbaum, Schreiberholz, Schreiberlaub, Schwepstockholz, Loach, Smerle, Bush maple (Silesia), Strauchflader (Silesia), Tappeldorn, Wasseralben (Austria, Swabia),
- Wasseralmen (Austria), Wasserbaum (Austria am Traun ), water oak ( Bavaria around Eichstädt), water pods, Weißbaum, Weißeber, Weiseper, Weißepper, Weißfeger, Weißleber (Swabia), Weißlöbern, Weißneben (Swabia), Weißneper, Wittneben, Wittnebern.
Notable specimens
- Field maple at the forestry office in Ebrach ( Bamberg district ): One of the highest field maples in Europe with a height of 28 m.
- Field maple near Buckow ( Märkische Schweiz ): the highest field maple in Brandenburg with a height of 31.7 m.
- Field maple near Haindlfing ( Freising district ): On the road between Haindlfing and Erlau stands one of the strongest field maples in Germany with a trunk circumference of 357 centimeters.
use
medicine
In herbal medicine , the bark is used as an external infusion against reddened skin. Taken as a tea, it is said to have an astringent effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
literature
- Helmut Pirc: Maples . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8001-6554-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ The field maple is tree of the year 2015 . Tree of the Year, Dr Silvius Wodarz Foundation, accessed on May 27, 2020.
- ↑ Plant portrait field maple, Tree of the Year 2015, VM Dörken, Bochumer Botanischer Verein, 2015
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Pages 647–648.
- ^ Federal Institute for Food and Agriculture (BLE) . Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ↑ Frequent plant galls on the maple - Acer, by Alexandra Kehl. Open Naturführer.de accessed on September 30, 2015
- ↑ Pediaspis aceris (Gmelin, 1790) from Bladmineerders en plantengallen van Europa, by WN Ellis, Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam , accessed on May 27, 2020
- ^ Stigmella aceris (Frey, 1857). The leaf and stem mines of British flies and other insects, accessed September 30, 2015 by Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant, and Rob Edmunds
- ↑ a b German Garden Authority Conference e. V. (editor): GALK street tree list as of May 27, 2020. online
- ↑ Gerd Reidenbach: The big ones among the little ones - recommendable small trees for public greenery and house gardens download ( Memento of the original from January 6th 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 'Postelense' fact sheet
- ^ Ruhr-Uni Bochum Zöschener Ahorn
- ↑ Carl Jessen , the German people names of plants , published by Philip Cohen Hannover 1882, page 2 et seq. Digital online
- ^ Highest field maple in Brandenburg in Märkischer Schweiz Die Welt, September 30, 2015, accessed on January 5, 2015
- ↑ The Great Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants - Their Use and Their Natural Healing Power . Translation from Italian by Walter Wurzer. 1994, ISBN 3-7043-9002-X , pp. 35 .
Web links
- Field maple . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Acer campestre L., field maple. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Acer campestre L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved December 5, 2015.
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Kathrin Bendixen: Reproduction system of the field maple ( Acer campestre L.) - flowering phenology and genetic studies , dissertation of the Univ. Göttingen, 2001. (PDF file; 3 MB)
- Diseases, pathogens and common fungi on maple (Acer sp.), TU Munich
- Distribution map according to Hultén
- Video The Field Maple - Tree of the Year 2015 on www.forstcast.net
- The field maple: occurrence, use and importance as well as diseases and pests on www.waldwissen.net
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