Swamp porst

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Swamp porst
Swamp porst (Rhododendron tomentosum)

Swamp porst ( Rhododendron tomentosum )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Heather family (Ericaceae)
Genre : rhododendron
Type : Swamp porst
Scientific name
Rhododendron tomentosum
Harmaja

The swamp porst ( Rhododendron tomentosum ) is a species of the genus Rhododendron within the family of the heather plants (Ericaceae).

description

illustration
Habit and inflorescences
Inflorescence with five-fold flowers in detail
Open capsule fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The swamp porst is an evergreen shrub that reaches heights of 0.5 to 1.5 meters. The swamp porst reaches a maximum age of 30 years. The spreading branches are rusty brown and tomentose. The swamp porst spreads a peculiar resinous to camphor-like smell due to its essential oils . The wood is also fragrant. The leaves have a strong aromatic smell and an intense taste that is vaguely reminiscent of rosemary and turpentine .

The coarse, leathery leaves are lanceolate, curled at the edge and dense rust-colored or red-brown tomentose hair on the underside.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to July. The flowers sit in a terminal, golden inflorescence . The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold. The five white to pink petals are 5 to 25 mm long and only fused at their base. There are ten stamens .

The hanging, inconspicuous, egg-shaped capsule fruits are 3.5 to 4 millimeters in size, open from their upper end and release numerous elongated seeds . The fruits are ripe between July and August .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 52.

ecology

It is a mycorrhizal from ericaceous against type. The wintering leaves serve as reserve storage for budding in the following spring. If you remove it, the plant dies.

In terms of flower biology, it is a feminine, aromatic-numbing scented "nectar-bearing disc flowers of the Veronica type". The pollen forms tetrads. The pollination is carried out by Fly . Spontaneous self-pollination occurs by bending the stamens.

The capsule fruits of the swamp porst are winter birds . The seeds, which are light due to the inclusion of air, are spread out by the wind as granular flyers. The germination takes place until next year.

Popular names

There are numerous popular names for the swamp porst or Porst, such as: Altseim, Baganz, Bagen, Bagulnik, Bienenheide, Borse, Brauerkraut , Flea herb , Flea shrimp, Gichttanne, Gränze, Gruitkraut, Gruiz, Grund, Gruut, Hartheide, Heidenbienenkraut, Kein-Porst pine Porst, Kühn Porst, Kühn rust, Morose, moth herb feverfew , Pors, Porsch, Porst, Porst herb post, herb Purst, noise , rosemary herb Ross herb Sautanne, pigs Posse, fir Porst, forest rosemary, cohosh , White Heath, Wild rosemary, time Heath or Zeitheil.
The authors of old herbal and pharmacopoeia often used the names: Herba Rosmarini sylvestris, Led. pal. Ledo and Rosemary Sylvestre.
In Scandinavia the names: Getpors, Getpores, Ledumpors, Lunner, Sqvattram and Suatram were common.

Because of the many common names used for Porst and Gagelstrauch , there was often confusion and confusion in the historical specialist literature.

Habitus in the habitat

Occurrence, hazard and protection

The swamp porst can be shown to be found mainly in Scandinavia , the Baltic States , North America and North Asia. The swamp porst is, for example, a typical plant species in Bohemian-Saxon Switzerland and is one of the protected species in the Czech Republic .

The marsh pore grows preferentially in raised bogs, on wet and lime-free peat soils . In northeastern Europe it is a character species of the Ledo-Sphagnetum from the association Sphagnion magellanici. Due to the influence of humans with the draining of moors and wet meadows , peat digging, etc., which began in many places early in the history of settlement , the swamp porosity is now almost extinct in Germany, especially in the south and west (Vollrath 1964: “der Sumpfporst probably not… lost until around 1935 ”.). Small stocks have still been preserved in northern and eastern Germany. There were also large-scale plantings in the 1990s.

The only occurrence in Baden-Württemberg in the Wildseemoor nature reserve near Kaltenbronn in the northern Black Forest at around 900 meters above sea level was discovered around 1800, later questioned again, then rediscovered and confirmed by evidence. It apparently died out soon after 1900. Then the place of growth was replanted in 1907, but it was extinguished again in 1917. A new planting around 1960 could still be observed until 1986.

The swamp porst is on the red list of endangered plant species in many countries. It is on the red list of Lower Saxony as Ledum palustre L. in hazard category 2, but it is only specified for the lowlands and is therefore absent both on the coast and in the hills and mountains of Lower Saxony. The clan is therefore endangered and rarely to very rarely in Lower Saxony, a sharp decline can be seen.

Systematics

The name Rhododendron tomentosum was first published in 1990 by Harmaja in Annales Botanici Fennici . Synonyms for Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja are: Ledum palustre L. , Rhododendron palustre (L.) Kron & Judd , Ledum palustre var. Dilatatum Wahlenb. , Ledum tomentosum Stokes , Rhododendron tomentosum subsp. tomentosum Harmaja .

The original genus name Ledum comes from the ancient Greek name of this plant species "ledon".

Depending on the author, there are some subspecies (but only synonyms):

  • European Sumpfporst ( Rhododendron palustre L. subsp. Palustre )
  • Siberian marsh tea ( Rhododendron palustre subsp. Sibiricum )
  • In the North American Arctic the subspecies Narrow-leaved Swamp Porst ( Rhododendron palustre subsp. Decumbens Aiton , English common name "Labrador tea") grows
  • Ledum palustre var. Dilatatum Wahlenberg grows in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin, in northern Korea, in Russia, in northeast Asia and in northern Europe.

Toxicity

The leaves, but also other parts of the plant, are slightly poisonous. The leaves of the Porst contain up to 2.5% poisonous essential oils, the main components of which are ledol and palustrol (both sesquiterpenes ). The parts of the plant also contain other oils such as myrcene , ericolin and quercetin . It also contains various tannins , bitter substances , flavone glycosides , arbutin and traces of alkaloids . Possible symptoms of intoxication are vomiting, stomach and intestinal inflammation with diarrhea, damage to the kidneys and urinary tract, urge to sleep, sweating, muscle pain and abortions. Noise-like states are caused, which sometimes turn out to be aggressive. No deaths were observed. Even a long stay in porst stocks can lead to dizziness and intoxicating states.

Healing effects

In the past, swamp porcelain was used in medicine for dental problems and, because of its intoxicating effect, as an incense and magic plant. At present, swamp porosity is still important in folk medicine , where it is used for insect bites (including tick bites ), rheumatism , arthritis and gout as well as for whooping cough , rashes and some skin diseases such as scabies. In North America , a tea ( Labrador Tea ) was made from the narrow-leaved swamp porst ( Rhododendron palustre subsp. Decumbens ) by Eskimos and Athabascans , which also gave the plant its popular name. Multiple medicinal effects have been attributed to this tea.

use

Swamp porst leaves were used to brew beer . The active ingredients in the marsh porst gave the beer an intoxicating, alcohol-enhancing and preserving property. One of the earliest records of the use of Porst as a brewing additive was found in a Bronze Age burial from the 15th century BC. Chr. In Egtved , Denmark. Until the early modern times, swamp porst, sometimes mixed with the aromatic gel , was used to brew so-called grut beers .

It is also used against clothes moths , human lice and scabies by rubbing it off, which also resulted in slight poisoning.

literature

  • Harri Harmaja: New names and nomenclatural combinations in Rhododendron (Ericaceae). In: Annales Botanici Fennici , Volume 27, Issue 2, 1990, pp. 203-204. (Section systematics)
  • Harri Harmaja: Taxonomic notes on Rhododendron subsection Ledum (Ledum, Ericaceae), with a key to its species. In: Annales Botanici Fennici , Volume 28, 1991, p. 173 (section systematics)
  • Gerhard Madaus : Textbook of biological remedies . (New edition Olms Verlag 1999, ISBN 3-487-05889-8 ). Leipzig 1938.
  • Christian Rätsch : Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants . Aarau / Switzerland 2007, p. 317-319 .
  • Peter Lietz : The raw materials and additives in the history of beer production. In: GGB-Jahrbuch 2004. Gesellschaft für Geschichte des Brauwesens eV (GGB), Berlin 2004, ISSN  0072-422X , p. 156.
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 . (Section ecology)

Web links

Commons : Sumpfporst ( Rhododendron tomentosum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Porst  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  729-730 .
  2. ^ Christian Rätsch: Urbock - beer beyond hops and malt . AT Verlag, Arau 1996, ISBN 3-85502-553-3 .
  3. ^ Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd expanded edition. tape 2 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3323-7 , pp. 353 .
  4. ↑ Rhododendron tomentosum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  5. ^ Gerhard Madaus : Textbook of Biological Remedies , Thieme, Leipzig 1938: Excerpt
  6. ^ G. Wiegelmann: Beer. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde .