Heather family

Heather family
Corn heather ( Erica spiculifolia )
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Order : Heather-like (Ericales) Family : Heather family
Scientific name
Ericaceae
Yuss.

Illustration of Epacris longiflora

The heather plants (Ericaceae) form a family in the order of the heather-like (Ericales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). With about 126 genera and about 4000 species they have a worldwide distribution. Species from this family are used as ornamental plants , food, and medicines.

description

In the broad scope of the Ericaceae family based on molecular genetic studies today. l. there are few morphological characteristics common to all subfamilies. The Monotropoideae in particular differ from the more general characteristics of the family.

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly woody plants: often evergreen or, more rarely, deciduous, small trees , (often heather-like = ericoid) shrubs , rarely lianas or epiphytes . Herbaceous plants are less common. The species of the subfamily Monotropoideae are fleshy, chlorophyllless, mycotrophic plants. Some species form rhizomes , stolons or lignifying tubers from the hypocotyl , which can be up to 1 meter in diameter. Parts of the plant are often hairy with single to multicellular trichomes or scales, which can sometimes be glandular . The shoot axes are more or less pencil-shaped or sometimes clearly winged.

The leaves are alternate and spiral or two-lined, rarely opposite or whorled. Petioles are different or absent. The simple leaf blade is tiny to very large, leathery or herbaceous. The leaf margin is usually smooth or curled, less often toothed or notched. Young leaves are often red in color. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

Flower diagram of Vaccinium

The flowers are rare individually, usually several in axillary or terminal, racemose , ährigen , capitate, schirmtraubigen or rispigen inflorescences , which are often long droopy. There are durable or perishable bracts and often two bracts per flower. Extra-floral nectaries are rarely present. There is usually a flower stalk.

The mostly odorless flowers are mostly hermaphroditic or, more rarely, functionally unisexual. Only the genus Epigaea is dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The small to large flowers are usually fünfzählig (three to siebenzählig) and radial symmetry or rare something zygomorph mostly double perianth (perianth). In the tribe Rhodoreae the flowers are zygomorphic (for example some species of the genus Rhododendron ). There are usually five (four to seven), free or mostly overgrown sepals . The mostly five (three to seven) petals are mostly fused. Often there is a prominent, nectar-forming discus. There are usually two circles with four to five free, fertile stamens each. For example, Loiseleuria has only one circle with five haplostemonic stamens; in the Styphelioideae there are five, four or only two stamens. The same to unequal stamens are mostly straight or rarely S-shaped, free or fused together and spurs can be formed. The anthers have pores. The pollen grains are usually grouped in tetrahedral tetrads, rarely individually. Most four or five (two to ten) carpels are above a syncarp up from constant ovary grown. There are usually many, rarely just one anatropic to campylotropic ovules per ovary compartment. The stylus usually ends in a cephalic, rarely slightly lobed scar.

Loculicidal or septicidal capsule fruits , berries , stone fruits or, rarely, nut fruits are formed. Sometimes there are still fleshy sepals on the fruit. Usually there are many seeds in each fruit, with Gaylussacia only one per fruit compartment. The small, about 1 to 1.5 mm long seeds have wings or, in Bejaria, appendages. The endosperm is fleshy and the straight embryo is usually white or sometimes green.

The basic chromosome numbers are n = 6, 8, 11, 13, 19 or 23.

ingredients

Many taxa contain polyphenols : tannins , flavonoids and phenolic heterosides (phenol glycosides, iridoids), e.g. arbutin, pyroside, rhododendrin. Often there are poisonous diterpenes, for example acetylandromedol, which makes " rhododendron honey " poisonous.

An ericoid mycorrhizal fungus isolated from Woollsia pungens

ecology

Plant species of this family are often found on acidic soil that is poor in minerals, where they receive the necessary nutrients with the help of endomycorrhiza ( symbiosis with soil fungi).

The pollination is done with a few exceptions taxa with upper ovary by insects (often bees , Entomophilie ) and the taxa with inferior ovary by hummingbirds ( ornithophily ).

Systematics and distribution

Plant species of this family occur almost worldwide. All climatic zones and altitudes are populated except for the permafrost zone, so it is only missing on the Antarctic continent. Few species thrive in the tropical lowlands.

The Ericaceae family was founded in 1789 as "Ericae" by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum. Pp. 159-160 first published. Type genus is Erica L. Only synonyms for Ericaceae Juss. are: Vacciniaceae Lindl. Nuttall , Monotropaceae , Pyrolaceae Dum. , Siphonandraceae Klotzsch .

The Ericaceae have long been in the order of the Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl , which has been expanded to include a few families over the past decade. Within the Ericales, the Ericaceae form a clade with the Clethraceae and Cyrillaceae .

The Ericaceae family is divided into eight subfamilies and a total of 24 tribe. There are about 126 genera with about 4000 species in the family .

Here is the complete breakdown of the family into subfamilies and tribe:

• Subfamily Arbutoideae (Meisn.) Nied. : It differs from the other subfamilies mainly in the reduced number of ovules, here there are only a few to one per ovary chamber. The alternate leaves are not needle-like (not "erikoid") reduced. Berries or stone fruits are formed. It contains only one tribe:
  • Tribe Arbuteae Meisn. : It contains about six genera ( Arbutus L. , Arctostaphylos Adans. , Arctous (A.Gray) Nied. , Comarostaphylis Zucc. , Ornithostaphylos Small , Xylococcus Nutt. )
• Subfamily Cassiopoideae Kron & Judd :
  • Tribe Cassiopeae HTCox ex Stevens : It contains only one genus:
    • Scale heather ( Cassiope D. Don )
• Subfamily Enkianthoideae Kron, Judd & Anderb. : The alternate or pseudo-whorled leaves are not needle-like (not "erikoid") reduced. It contains only one tribe:
  • Tribe Enkiantheae Stevens : It contains only one genus:
    • Magnificent bells ( Enkianthus Lour. )
• Subfamily Ericoideae Link (including Rhododendroideae (Juss.) Sweet) : With five tribe:
  • Tribus Bejarieae Copeland : The petals are free. The anthers have no horns (appendages). It contains about three genera ( Bejaria Mutis , Bryanthus J.G. Gmel. , Ledothamnus Meisn. ).
  • Tribus Empetreae D.Don : There are only two or three stamens and only two carpels . The anthers have no horns (appendages). Stone fruits are formed. With three to four genera ( Ceratiola Michx. , Corema D. Don , Diplarche Hook. F. & Thomson , Empetrum L. )
  • Tribe Ericeae DC. ex Duby : anthers with or without two horns (appendages). It contains about three genera ( Calluna Salisb. , Daboecia D. Don , Erica L. )
  • Tribus Phyllodoceae Drude : There are five to ten stamens. The anthers have no horns (appendages). Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about seven genera ( Elliottia Muhl. Ex Elliott , Epigaea L. , Kalmia L. , Kalmiopsis Rehder , Loiseleuria Desv. , Phyllodoce Salisb. , Rhodothamnus Rchb. )
  • Tribus Rhodoreae DC. ex Duby : There are 5 to 15 stamens present. The anthers have no horns (appendages). Capsule fruits are formed. It contains - if you put Diplarche and Menziesia to Rhododendron - only two genera ( Rhododendron L. , Therorhodion (Maxim.) Small ).
• Subfamily Harrimanelloideae Kron & Judd : It contains only one genus:
  • Harrimanella Coville : It includes only two types:
    • Moosheide ( Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Coville ): It is found in Siberia, Finland, Iceland, Svalbard, Jan Mayen , Greenland, eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.
    • Harrimanella stelleriana (Pall.) Coville : It occurs in Siberia, Japan and Alaska.
• Subfamily Monotropoideae Kostel. (including Pyroloideae): They are mycotrophic plants. It contains three tribes:
  • Tribus Monotropeae Dum. : Chlorophyll is absent. It contains about eight genera ( Allotropa Torr. & A. Gray , Cheilotheca Hook. F. , Hemitomes A. Gray , Monotropa L. , Monotropastrum Andres , Monotropsis Schwein. Ex Elliott , Pityopus Small , Pleuricospora A. Gray ).
  • Tribus Pterosporeae Baillon : chlorophyll is absent. It contains about two genera ( Pterospora Nutt. , Sarcodes Torr. )
  • Tribus Pyroleae Dum. : There is chlorophyll. It contains about four genera ( Chimaphila Pursh , Moneses Salisb. Ex Gray , Orthilia Raf. , Pyrola L. )
• Subfamily Styphelioideae Sweet (Syn .: Epacridoideae Link ): The alternate leaves are not needle-like (not "erikoid") reduced. It contains about seven tribe with about 35 genera and about 420 species:
  • Tribus Archerieae Crayn & Quinn : There are only five stamens with short, straight stamens. It contains only one genus ( Archeria Hook. F.)
  • Tribus Cosmelieae Crayn & Quinn : There are only five stamens. Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about three genera ( Andersonia R. Br. , Cosmelia R. Br. , Sprengelia Sm. )
  • Tribe Epacrideae Dum. : There are only five stamens. Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about five genera ( Budawangia I. Telford , Epacris Cav. , Lysinema R. Br. , Rupicola Maiden & Betche , Woollsia F. Muell. )
  • Tribus Oligarrheneae Crayn & Quinn : There are only two or four stamens. The stylus is very short. Stone fruits are formed. It contains about two genera ( Needhamiella L. Watson , Oligarrhena R. Br. )
  • Tribus Prionoteae Drude : There are only five stamens with long stamens. It contains about two genera ( Lebetanthus Endl. , Prionotes R. Br. )
  • Tribe Richeeae Crayn & Quinn : There are only five stamens. The heady scar is small. Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about three genera ( Dracophyllum Labill. , Richea R. Br. , Sphenotoma (R. Br.) Sweet ).
  • Tribe Styphelieae Bartl. : There are only five stamens. Brightly colored drupes are formed. It contains about 19 genera ( Acrotriche R. Br. , Androstoma Hook. F. , Astroloma R. Br. , Brachyloma Sond. , Coleanthera Stschegl. , Conostephium Benth. , Croninia J. M. Powell , Cyathodes Labill. , Cyathopsis Brongn. & Gris , Decatoca F. Muell. , Leptecophylla C. M. Weiller , Leucopogon R. Br. , Lissanthe R. Br. , Melichrus R. Br. , Monotoca R. Br. , Pentachondra R. Br. , Planocarpa C. M. Weiller , Styphelia Sol. Ex Sm. , Trochocarpa R. Br. )
• Subfamily Vaccinioideae Am. : They are epigynous and there are stamen appendages. With five tribes:
  • Tribe Andromedeae Klotzsch : Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about two genera ( Andromeda L. , Zenobia D. Don ).
  • Tribus Gaultherieae Nied. : Capsule fruits or berries are formed. It contains about ten genera ( Chamaedaphne Moench , Diplycosia Blume , Eubotryoides (Nakai) H. Hara , Eubotrys Nutt. , × Gaulnettya Marchant , Gaultheria L. , Leucothoe D. Don , Pernettya Gaudich. , Pernettyopsis King & Gamble , Tepuia Camp ).
  • Tribus Lyonieae Kron & Judd : Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about four genera ( Agarista D. Don ex G. Don , Craibiodendron W. W. Sm. , Lyonia Nutt. , Pieris D. Don ).
  • Tribus Oxydendreae Cox : It contains only one genus:
    • Oxydendrum DC. : With the only kind of sour tree ( Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. ). It is a deciduous tree that produces capsule fruits.
  • Tribe Vaccinieae Rchb. : Berries or stone fruits are formed. Most generic tribe with about 32 genera ( Agapetes D. Don ex G. Don , Anthopteropsis A.C. Sm. , Anthopterus Hook. , Cavendishia Lindl. , Ceratostema Juss. , Costera J.J. Sm. , Demosthenesia A.C. Sm. , Didonica Luteyn & Wilbur , Dimorphanthera ( F. Muell. Ex Drude) F. Muell. , Diogenesia Sleumer , Disterigma (Klotzsch) Nied. , Gaylussacia Kunth , Gonocalyx Planch. & Linden , Macleania Hook. , Mycerinus A.C. Sm. , Notopora Hook. F. , Oreanthes Benth. , Orthaea Klotzsch , Pellegrinia Sleumer , Plutarchia A.C. Sm. , Polyclita A.C. Sm. , Psammisia Klotzsch , Rusbya Britton , Satyria Klotzsch , Semiramisia Klotzsch , Siphonandra Klotzsch , Sphyrospermum Poepp. & Endl. , Symphysia C. Presl , Themistoclesia Klotzsch , Thibaudia Ruiz & Pav . ex J. St.-Hil. , Utleya Wilbur & Luteyn , Vaccinium L. )

.

The following table shows the complete list of genres according to GRIN with details of the subfamily and tribe; also the approximate number of species and their range:

German and scientific name	Remarks	Subfamily and tribe	photos
Acrotriche R.Br.	about 15 species in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Agapetes D.Don ex G.Don	about 80 species from the eastern Himalayas through southwest China and Indochina to Southeast Asia	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Agapetes.serpens
Agarista D.Don ex G.Don	about 31 species most in America	Vaccinioideae tribe Lyonieae	Agarista buxifolia
Allotropa Torr. & A.Gray	with only one species of Allotropa virgata	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae	Allotropa virgata
Andersonia R.Br.	with about 35 species in western Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Cosmelieae
Rosemary heather ( Andromeda L.)	with 1 to 2 species in the northern temperate zone	Vaccinioideae tribe Andromedeae	Rosemary heather ( Andromeda polifolia )
Androstoma Hook. f.	with only one species in New Zealand Androstoma empetrifolia Hook. f.	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Anthopteropsis A.C.Sm.	only one species Anthopteropsis insignis A.C.Sm. in central Panama	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Anthopterus Hook.	about 12 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Strawberry trees ( Arbutus L.)	about 10 species in North America, Western Europe, and the Mediterranean	Arbutoideae tribe Arbuteae	Arbutus unedo
Archeria Hook. f.	with seven species in Australia and New Zealand	Styphelioideae tribe Archerieae
Bearberry ( Arctostaphylos adans.)	50–65 species	Arbutoideae tribe Arbuteae	Arctostaphylos pungens
Astroloma R.Br.	about 28 species in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Astroloma foliosum
Andes roses ( Bejaria Mutis )	about 15 species in America	Ericoideae tribe Bejarieae	Bejaria imthurnii
Brachyloma Sond.	with seven species in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Brachyloma daphnoides
Moosheiden ( Bryanthus J.G. Gmel . )	only one species, Bryanthus gmelinii D.Don in Japan and Kamchatka	Ericoideae tribe Bejarieae	Bryanthus gmelinii
Budawangia I. Telford	with only one species in Australia Budawangia gnidioides (Summerh.) I. Telford	Styphelioideae tribe Epacrideae
Common heather ( Calluna Salisb. )	with only one species, Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull it occurs in Europe and Asia Minor and is naturalized in North America	Ericoideae tribe Ericeae	Common heather ( Calluna vulgaris )
Scale heather ( Cassiope D.Don )	around 17 species circumboreal , as far as China, the Himalayan region, Japan, Russia and western North America	Cassiopoideae	Cassiope mertensiana
Cavendishia Lindl.	about 150 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Cavendishia allenii
Ceratiola Michx.	with only one species in the USA Ceratiola ericoides Michx.	Ericoideae tribe Empetreae	Ceratiola ericoides
Ceratostema Juss.	about 33 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Ceratostema alatum
Torfgränke ( Chamaedaphne Moench )	only one species, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench found in China, northern Japan , Mongolia , Siberia , northeastern Europe, and North America	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae	Peat sear ( Chamaedaphne calyculata )
Cheilotheca Hook. f.	with two kinds they occur between Assam and western Malesia	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae
Winterlieb ( Chimaphila Pursh )	5 kinds in Bhutan , China, Japan, Korea , Russia , Europe, North America and Mexico	Monotropoideae tribe Pyroleae	Winter lovers ( Chimaphila umbellata subsp. Umbellata )
Choristemon H.B.Will.	with only one species, Choristemon humilis H.B. Want. it occurs in Australia	Styphelioideae
Coleanthera Stschegl.	with three kinds they occur in western Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Comarostaphylis Zucc.	with 10 kinds they occur in Mexico	Arbutoideae	Comarostaphylis arbutoides
Conostephium Benth.	with six species they occur in southern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Corema D.Don	with two species, one species in Europe and one species in North America	Ericoideae tribe Empetreae	Corema album
Cosmelia R.Br.	with only one species, Cosmelia rubra R.Br. it occurs in southwestern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Cosmelieae
Costera J.J.Sm.	with about nine species they occur in western Malesia	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Craibiodendron W.W.Sm.	5 species in Cambodia , China, India , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand and Vietnam	Vaccinioideae tribe Lyonieae
Croninia J.M. Powell	with only one species, Croninia kingiana (F. Muell.) J. Powell it occurs in Western Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Cyathodes Labill.	with three kinds they occur in Tasmania	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Cyathopsis Brongn. & Gris	with only one species, Cyathopsis floribunda Brongn. & Gris it occurs in New Caledonia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Gloss heather ( Daboecia D.Don )	with only two species they occur from Ireland to Spain and the Azores	Ericoideae tribe Ericeae	Daboecia cantabrica
Decatoca F. Muell.	with only one species, Decatoca spenceri F. Muell. it occurs in New Guinea	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Demosthenesia A.C.Sm.	about 11 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Didonica Luteyn & Wilbur	with 4 kinds in Central America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Dimorphanthera (F.Muell. Ex Drude) F.Muell.	with about 75 kinds they occur in Malesia, especially on New Guinea	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Diogenesia Sleumer	about 13 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Diplycosia flower	with about 111 species	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae
Disterigma (Klotzsch) Nied.	35–40 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Dragon leaves ( Dracophyllum Labill. )	with about 48 kinds they occur in Australia, New Caledonia and especially in New Zealand	Styphelioideae tribe Richeeae	Dracophyllum secundum
Elliottia Muhl. ex Elliott	with four kinds they occur in Japan, North America and Alaska	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Elliottia pyroliflora
Crowberries ( Empetrum L. )	3–18 species with disjoint area in North America, southern South America, northern Eurasia and on southern Atlantic islands; circumboreal, subarctic, alpine, bipolar	Ericoideae tribe Empetreae	Black crowberry ( Empetrum nigrum )
Magnificent bells ( Enkianthus Lour. )	about 12 species from the eastern Himalayas to China to Japan and Indochina	Enkianthoideae	Enkianthus perulatus
Australheide ( Epacris Cav. )	with about 40 species they occur in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia	Styphelioideae tribe Epacrideae	Pink shape of Epacris impressa
Soil Laurel ( Epigaea L. )	with three species of a species in Japan, one in the Middle East and one in eastern North America	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Epigaea asiatica
Heather ( Erica L .; Syn .: Bruckenthalia Rchb. , Philippia Klotzsch )	with about 860 species they occur mainly in southern Africa, but also in the mountains of tropical Africa, in Madagascar, in the Mediterranean region, in Macaronesia and in Europe	Ericoideae tribe Ericeae	Erica scabriuscula on site
× Gaulnettya Marchant	Hybrid genus Gaultheria × Pernettya	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae
Mock berries ( Gaultheria L. )	about 115 species in eastern and southern Asia, southeastern Australia , Tasmania , Pacific Islands (New Zealand), North and South America	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae	Gaultheria miqueliana
Humpbackberries ( Gaylussacia Kunth )	about 50 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Gaylussacia brachycera
Gonocalyx planch . & Linden	about nine species in Central America and on Caribbean islands	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Harrimanella Coville	with only two species they occur in the Arctic and Subarctic	Harrimanelloideae	Harrimanella hypnoides
Hemitomes A. Gray	with only one species, Hemitomes congestum A. Gray, it occurs in the western USA	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae	Hemitomes congestum
Laurel roses ( Kalmia L. )	7 species in the New World	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Kalmia latifolia 'Olympic Wedding'
Kalmiopsis Rehder	with only one species, Kalmiopsis leachiana (L. Henderson) Rehder, it occurs only in Oregon	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Kalmiopsis leachiana
Lebetanthus Endl.	with only one species, Lebetanthus myrsinites (Lam.) Dusén it occurs in southern South America	Styphelioideae tribe Prionoteae
Ledothamnus Meisn.	7 species only in the Guiana highlands	Ericoideae tribe Bejarieae	Ledfothamnus sessilifolius
Leptecophylla C.M.Weiller	with about 13 species they come from New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand to Hawaii	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Leptecophylla juniperina
Leucopogon R.Br.	with about 23 species they come from Malesia and Australia to New Caledonia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Leucopogon verticillatus
Grape heather ( Leucothoe D.Don )	about 6 species in eastern Asia and the southeastern USA	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae	Leucothoe fontanesiana
Lissanthe R.Br.	with nine kinds they occur in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Lissanthe strigosa subsp. subulata
Gämsheide ( Loiseleuria Desv. )	with only one species, Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. it occurs in Europe, Asia and North America	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Gämsheide ( Loiseleuria procumbens )
Lyons ( Lyonia Nutt. )	about 36 species in eastern Asia and North America	Vaccinioideae tribe Lyonieae	Lyonia ovalifolia
Lysinema R.Br.	with about five species they occur in southwestern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Epacrideae
Macleania Hook.	about 38 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Macleania rupestris
Malea Lundell	with only one species, Malea pilosa Lundell it occurs in Mexico
Melichrus R.Br.	with four kinds they occur in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Melichrus urceolatus
Mitrastylus Alm & TCEFr.	with a maximum of two species they occur in Madagascar	Ericoideae tribe Ericeae
Moneses Salisb. ex Gray	one or two species in Eurasia and North America	Monotropoideae tribe Pyroleae	Moss eye ( Moneses uniflora )
Monotoca R.Br.	with about 17 kinds they occur in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Spruce asparagus ( Monotropa L. )	only two species in cool to temperate areas mainly in the northern hemisphere, but also in South America	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae	Monotropa hypopitys
Monotropastrum Andres	only two species in Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia ( Sumatra ), Japan (including the Ryūkyū Islands), Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal , Sakhalin , Sikkim, Thailand and Vietnam	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae	Monotropastrum humile
Monotropsis pig. ex Elliott	with only one species, Monotropsis odorata pig. it occurs in the southeastern United States	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae	Monotropsis odorata
Mycerinus A.C.Sm.	3 species only in the Guiana Hichland	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Needhamiella L. Watson	with only one species, Needhamiella pumilio (R. Br.) L. Watson, it occurs in southwestern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Oligarrheneae
Notopora Hook. f.	5 species only in the Guiana Hichland	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Oligarrhena R.Br.	with only one species, Oligarrhena micrantha R. Br. it occurs in Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Oligarrheneae
Oreanthes Benth.	7 species in mountainous regions of South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Ornithostaphylos Small	with only one species, Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia (C. Parry) Small it occurs in Southern California and Baja California	Arbutoideae
Orthaea Klotzsch	about 32 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Pear green ( Orthilia Raf. )	only one or two species circumboreal	Monotropoideae tribe Pyroleae	Orthilia secunda
Sauerbaum ( Oxydendrum DC. )	only one species, Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. it occurs in the USA	Vaccinioideae tribe Oxydendreae	Sauerbaum ( Oxydendron arboreum )
Pellegrinia Sleumer	5 species only in central Peru	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Pentachondra R.Br.	with about four kinds they occur in South Australia to New Zealand	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Pernettya Gaudich.	about 14 species	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae	Pernettya mucronata
Pernettyopsis King & Gamble	with a maximum of four species	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae
Moosheiden ( Phyllodoce Salisb. )	about 7 species widespread in temperate areas of the northern hemisphere	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Phyllodoce empetriformis
Lavender heather ( Pieris D.Don )	about 7 species with disjoint area (East Asia and North America)	Vaccinioideae tribe Lyonieae	Pieris japonica 'Mountain Fire'
Pityopus Small	with only one species, Pityopus californica (Eastw.) H. Copel. it occurs in western North America	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae
Planocarpa C.M.Weiller	with three kinds they occur in Tasmania	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae
Pleuricospora A. Gray	with only one species, Pleuricospora fimbriolata A. Gray, it occurs in western North America	Monotropoideae Tribus Monotropeae	Pleuricospora fimbriolata
Plutarchia A.C.Sm.	about 10 species at higher altitudes in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Polyclita A.C.Sm.	only one kind of Polyclita turbinata (O.Ktze.) ACSm. in northern Bolivia	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Prionotes R.Br.	with only one species, Prionotes cerinthoides R.Br. it occurs in Tasmania	Styphelioideae tribe Prionoteae
Psammisia Klotzsch	about 70 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Pterospora Nutt.	only one species, Pterospora andromedea Nutt. it occurs in western North America	Monotropoideae tribe Pterosporeae	Pterospora andromedea
Wintergreen ( Pyrola L. )	20–40 species mainly in the northern hemisphere	Monotropoideae tribe Pyroleae	Pyrola grandiflora
Rhododendrons ( Rhododendron L. )	Since 2011 including Diplarche Hook. f. & Thomson , Menziesia Sm. About 850–1000 species in Eurasia and North America	Ericoideae tribe Rhodoreae	Rhododendron concinnum
Pygmy gall rose ( Rhodothamnus rchb. )	with only two species they occur in the eastern Alps and in northeastern Turkey, including Rhodothamnus chamaecistus	Ericoideae tribe Phyllodoceae	Rhodothamnus chamaecistus
Richea R.Br.	with eleven species they occur in southeastern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Richeeae	Richea scoparia
Rupicola Maiden & Betche	with up to five types	Styphelioideae tribe Epacrideae
Rusbya Britton	only one species, Rusbya taxifolia Britton in northern Bolivia	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Sarcodes Torr.	with only one species, Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. it occurs in the western United States and Mexico	Monotropoideae tribe Pterosporeae	Sarcodes sanguinea
Satyria Klotzsch	about 23 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Satyria warszewiczii
Semiramisia Klotzsch	4 species in mountainous regions of South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Siphonandra Klotzsch	3 types in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Sphenotoma (R.Br.) Sweet	with six species they occur in southwestern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Richeeae
Sphyrospermum Poepp. & Endl.	about 21 species in the Neotropic	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Sphyrospermum cordifolium
Sprengelia Sm.	with five kinds, four kinds in Australia and one kind in New Zealand	Styphelioideae tribe Cosmelieae	Sprengelia incarnata
Styphelia Sol. ex Sm.	with 15 species they occur in southern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Styphelia tameiameiae
Symphysia C. Presl	with 15 kinds they occur in Central America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Tepuia Camp	7 species only in the Guiana highlands	Vaccinioideae Tribus Gaultherieae
Themistoclesia Klotzsch	about 25 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Therorhodion (Maxim.) Small	with two kinds they occur in Northeast Asia and in western Alaska	Ericoideae tribe Rhodoreae	Therorhodion camtschaticum
Thibaudia Ruiz & Pav. Ex J.St.-Hil. (Syn .: Calopteryx A.C.Sm. )	about 60 species in South America	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Wheel fruits ( Trochocarpa R.Br. )	with about 12 kinds they occur in Malesia and in eastern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Styphelieae	Trochocarpa laurina
Utleya Wilbur & Luteyn	only one species Utleya costaricensis Wilbur & Luteyn in central Costa Rica	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae
Blueberries ( Vaccinium L. )	about 100–300 species with a wide distribution with a focus on the northern hemisphere	Vaccinioideae tribe Vaccinieae	Flowers of Vaccinium ashei 'Homebell'
Woollsia F. Muell.	with only one species, Woollsia pungens (Cav.) F.Muell. it occurs in northeastern Australia	Styphelioideae tribe Epacrideae	Woollsia pungens
Xylococcus Nutt.	with only one species, Xylococcus bicolor Nutt.	Arbutoideae tribe Arbuteae	Xylococcus bicolor
Zenobia ( Zenobia D.Don )	only one species, Zenobia pulverulenta (Willd.) Pollard , occurs in the southeastern USA	Vaccinioideae tribe Andromedeae	Zenobia pulverulenta

The fruits of different types of Vaccinium (from top right): " Cranberry ", red huckleberry ( Vaccinium parvifolium ), blueberry and lingonberry

use

Many species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and buildings.

The fruits of some species are eaten.

The medicinal effects of many species have been studied. For example, drugs from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Uvae-ursi folium - bearberry leaves), Vaccinium myrtillus (Myrtilli fructus - blueberry fruits) and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Vitis ideae folium - cranberry leaves) are used.

swell

• Description, systematics and distribution maps of the Ericaceae family and all subfamilies on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
• Mingyuan Fang, Ruizheng Fang, Mingyou He, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter F. Stevens, Gary D. Wallace, Arne A. Anderberg: Ericaceae. , from p. 242 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis. 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• Gordon C. Tucker: Ericaceae. , from p. 370 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• The Ericaceae family without the Monotropoideae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (engl.)
• James L. Luteyn, Paola Pedraza-Peñalosa: Neotropical Blueberries - The Plant Family Ericaceae : Website of the New York Botanical Garden .
• Kathleen A. Kron, James L. Luteyn: Origins and biogeographic patterns in Ericaceae: New insights from recent phylogenetic analyzes. In: Biologiske Skrifter. Volume 55, 2005, pp. 479-500.
• James L. Luteyn, Robert L. Wilbur: Flora Costaricensis: Family # 172 Ericaceae. In: Fieldiana Botany. Volume 45, 2005, pp. 1–104: doi : 10.3158 / 0015-0746 (2005) 45 [1: FCFE] 2.0.CO; 2
• Kathleen A. Kron, WS Judd, Peter F. Stevens, DM Crayn, Arne A. Anderberg, PA Gadek, CJ Quinn, James L. Luteyn: A phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: Molecular and morphological evidence. In: Botanical Review. Volume 68, 2002, pp. 335-423. doi : 10.1663 / 0006-8101 (2002) 068 [0335: PCOEMA] 2.0.CO; 2
• Ericaceae homepage from Kathleen A. Kron. (English speaking)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ JWG Cairney, AA Meharg: ericoid mycorrhiza: a partnership did exploits harsh edaphic conditions. In: European Journal of Soil Science. Volume 54, 2003, pp. 735-740.
2. ↑ LC Hileman u. a .: Phylogeny and biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): implications for the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. In: Syst. Bot. 26, 2001, pp. 131-143.
3. ↑ ^{a b} L. A. Craven: Diplarche and Menziesia transferred to Rhododendron (Ericaceae). In: Blumea. Volume 56, 2011, p. 34 doi: 10.3767 / 000651911X568594
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Ericaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
5. ↑ CM Bush, L. Lu, PW Fritsch, D.-Z. Li, KA Kron: Phylogeny of Gaultherieae (Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae) based on DNA sequence data from matK, ndhF, and nrITS. In: Internat. J. Plant Sci. 170, 2009, pp. 355-364.
6. ↑ Kathleen A. Kron, E. Ann Powell, James L. Luteyn: Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of Satyria. In: American Journal of Botany. 89, 2002, pp. 327-336.
7. ^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .
8. ↑ ^{a b} Entries on Ericaceae in Plants For A Future . Retrieved October 15, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Heather Family (Ericaceae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files