Bearberry

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bearberry
Real bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), with fruits

Real bearberry ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ), with fruits

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Heather family (Ericaceae)
Subfamily : Arbutoideae
Genre : Bearberry
Scientific name
Arctostaphylos
Adans.

The bearberry ( Arctostaphylos ) are a genus within the family of the heather family (Ericaceae). Most of the approximately 66 species are common in western North America .

description

Habit and bark of Arctostaphylos glauca
Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants of the real bearberry ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi )
Inflorescence of Arctostaphylos pallida with flowers in detail
Branch with leaves and fruits of Arctostaphylos pungens

Appearance and leaves

The Arctostaphylos species are evergreen, woody plants and grow as dwarf shrubs , shrubs or small trees . For example, Arctostaphylos manzanita , Arctostaphylos hooveri and Arctostaphylos glauca reach heights of growth of 1 to 8 meters as a shrub to small tree, which should be the maximum height in the genus Arctostaphylos . The two species occurring in Central Europe form only recumbent espalier bushes . Depending on the species, they survive bush fires or are killed in the process (see under ecology). The above-ground parts of the plant can have multicellular trichomes . The branches are prostrate or independently upright. The bark is reddish depending on the type, relatively thin and peels off quickly or (with Arctostaphylos morroensis , Arctostaphylos nissenana , Arctostaphylos nummularia , Arctostaphylos osoensis , Arctostaphylos pajaroensis , Arctostaphylos rudis , Arctostaphylos tomentosa ) it is durable, gray, rough and cracked. The bark of the branches is bare or hairy, sometimes glandular ( indument ).

The alternate, usually spread, sometimes upright on the branches arranged leaves are in short petiole and leaf blade divided; in some species no petiole is recognizable. In the few species where the petiole is relatively short, the leaves overlap. The leaves are mostly isofacial (both surfaces the same), sometimes bifacial (leaf surfaces different), with regard to the arrangement of the stomata , color and hairiness (trichomes). The simple, leathery, flat to convex leaf blades are ovate to elliptical. The leaf margin is usually entire or finely serrated (for example in Arctostaphylos pacifica ) or is rarely ciliated; it is mostly flat, rarely curved back. The smooth to papillary or rough leaf surface can be bald or hairy.

Inflorescences and flowers

In most species, an inflorescence remains for four to six months from late spring to winter until the beginning of flowering (with Arctostaphylos pringlei subsp. Drupacea it is different). In terminal simple and traubigen or branched and rispigen (the panicle are similar grapes) inflorescences are usually 5 to 20, rarely up to 50 nodding flowers more or less close together. The tan to light brown bracts are mostly durable (with Arctostaphylos pringlei they fall off after anthesis ) and either scale-shaped, triangular or ovoid and sometimes keeled or they are leaf-like, narrow-lanceolate and flat. The bracts are much shorter than the sepals and in the bud stage are usually densely overlapping like roof tiles, but sometimes they are spread out and do not overlap. In Arctostaphylos and Arctous never bracts present in the other genera of the subfamily Arbutoideae however, they are present.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold (in Arctostaphylos nummularia , Arctostaphylos sensitiva four-fold) with a double flower envelope . The mostly five (with Arctostaphylos nummularia , Arctostaphylos sensitiva four) free and durable sepals are ovate to triangular. The mostly five (in Arctostaphylos nummularia , Arctostaphylos sensitiva four) petals are fused almost over their entire length to form a conical to jug or urn-shaped, early-sloping corolla, which ends in usually five, rarely four short corolla lobes. The colors of the petals range from white to pink. An intrastaminal nectar disc is present. There are two circles with rarely four or usually five free, fertile stamens each, which do not protrude above the corolla. The free, widened stamens are usually hairy at their base. Each mostly dark red anther has two, mostly bent back, thread-like appendages in the upper area and opens with a pore at the upper end. The upper permanent ovary is two to zehnkammerig and placentation is central angle constantly with only one ovule per ovary chamber. The straight stylus ends in a cephalic scar.

Fruits and seeds

The red, reddish-brown or brown drupes when ripe are spherical or indented spherical. The exocarp leathery or rarely thin and smooth. The mesocarp is mostly dry, floury or rarely absent. The endocarp contains several seeds. The one to ten stone cores can be fused. The one to ten seeds are free or in twos or threes along the radial surfaces of the stony endocarp, sometimes fused into a single sphere and sometimes triangular-ovoid.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 13.

ecology

The Arctostaphylos species and the conifers occurring in these vegetation areas as well as other tree species that possess ectomycorrhiza form a highly diverse mycorrhizal community. Mycorrhizal communities with the trees and bushes and the relatively frequent bush fires are the main causes of the main limited range of the genus Arctostaphylos . About a third of the Arctostaphylos species have a thickened, woody area at the base of the trunk, which forms dormant buds, or there are growth nodes on the creeping trunks in root-forming areas; With both morphological adaptations, a new shoot takes place after a bush fire, when the crown has been destroyed. In the case of the other species, the entire specimen is destroyed in bush fires and the populations regenerate from the diaspore bank in the soil.

Branch with leaves and inflorescence of Arctostaphylos catalinae
Inflorescence of Arctostaphylos glauca
Branch with leaves and fruits of Arctostaphylos montaraensis
Shrub-like habit of Arctostaphylos morroensis
Branch with foliage leaves and inflorescences of Arctostaphylos nummularia with flowers in detail
Branch with leaves and inflorescence of Arctostaphylos patula
Branch with leaves and inflorescence of Arctostaphylos pringlei subsp. drupacea
Branch with leaves and fruits of Arctostaphylos rainbowensis

Occurrence

Of the approximately 66 species, 62 occur in North America. The distribution area ranges from North America to Mexico to Central America and a few species occur in Eurasia. No species are naturally common on the other continents. In Central Europe , only the two species of real bearberry ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ) and Alpine bearberry ( Arctostaphylos alpina ) are native.

Almost all Arctostaphylos species thrive in the so-called California Floral Province from southern Oregon to northern Baja California to Mexico. The focus of the species diversity of the genus Arctostaphylos lies with about half of all species along the central California coast. Many of the Arctostaphylos species found in North to Central America are named in their manzanita .

Along the central California coast, most of the Arctostaphylos species thrive in vegetation formations that are heavily influenced by summer mist; this applies to the species that grow in the maritime chaparral , on the edges of forests or in wooded areas, such as the bishop's pine ( Pinus muricata ) and forests occurrence. Arctostaphylos species not found in the Pacific Coast area thrive on the edges of the desert in chaparral woodlands and forests.

Most Arctostaphylos species thrive in nutrient-poor and acidic soils .

Systematics

The genus Arctostaphylos was established by Michel Adanson in 1763 . Type species is Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Synonyms for Arctostaphylos Adans. are: Daphnidostaphylis Klotzsch , Xerobotrys Nutt. , Mairania Neck. , Schizococcus Eastw. , Uva-ursi Duhamel , Uva-ursi Mill. , Uva-ursi Moench . The genus name Arctostaphylos is derived from Greek words arktos for bear and staphyle for "bunch of grapes" and refers to the name of bearberry (bearberry) the nature Arctostaphylos uva-ursi .

The genus Arctostaphylos belongs to the subfamily Arbutoideae within the family of Ericaceae .

There are around 66 species of Arctostaphylos :

swell

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn V. Thomas Parker, Michael C. Vasey, Jon E. Keeley: Arctostaphylos. , P. 406 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6
  2. a b c d Gordon C. Tucker: Ericaceae Jussieu subfam. Arbutoideae Niedenzu. , P. 406 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o V. Thomas Parker, Michael C. Vasey, Jon E. Keeley: Description and identification key of Arctostaphylos at Jepson eFlora .
  4. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  5. ^ Arctostaphylos at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  7. ^ Adanson scanned in 1763 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  8. ^ Arctostaphylos at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 29, 2014.
  9. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Arctostaphylos in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 11, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Bearberries ( Arctostaphylos )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files