Arctostaphylos manzanita
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Shrub-like habit of Arctostaphylos manzanita |
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Arctostaphylos manzanita is a plant from the genus of bearberry ( arctostaphylos ) within the family of Ericaceae (Ericaceae). It isnativeto the Pacific coast of the USA and is sometimes called manzanita there, like many other species of this genus, in English it is called "shrubbery".
description
Arctostaphylos manzanita is an evergreen , mostly shrub , seldom a tree that branches out from below and grows with multiple stems from below, twisting upwards and reaching heights of up to 3 meters. The bark on the long, curved branches is reddish, a typical characteristic of Arctostaphylos manzanita . The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple , dark green, glossy leaf blades are ovate, with entire margins .
From January to February, Arctostaphylos manzanita produces panicles of white, jar-like flowers that hang down. In summer, ornamental white stone fruits appear , which remain on the plant well into winter.
Occurrence
Arctostaphylos manzanita is widespread in western California and Oregon , especially in central California, where Arctostaphylos manzanita grows primarily on the Pacific coast and at the foot of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada , especially in the Mendocino Range .
There Manzanita often grows in the plant formation of the Chapparal slopes and in lower lying coniferous forests. The trees do best in sunny to partially shaded locations. They like moist soil, but once ingrown they can cope well with temporarily dry soil. The soil should be sandy, sandy-gritty, sandy-loamy or gritty-loamy. They need a topsoil of at least 50 centimeters for the roots to develop. They need comparatively few nutrients. A soil pH value between 5.5 and 7.3 is ideal for Manzanita . Salty, oxygen-poor soil is unsuitable for Manzanita. The trees are frost tolerant up to temperatures of -12 ° C (USDA zone 8) . The frost-free period should last at least 17 weeks.
Systematics
The first description of Arctostaphylos manzanita was made in 1887 by Charles Christopher Parry in the Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences , Volume 2, 8C, pp 491-492.
There are six accepted subspecies of Arctostaphylos manzanita :
- Arctostaphylos manzanita subsp. elegans (Jepson) PVWells (Syn .: Arctostaphylos elegans Jepson )
- Arctostaphylos manzanita subsp. glaucescens P.V. Wells
- Arctostaphylos manzanita subsp. laevigata (Eastwood) Munz (Syn .: Arctostaphylos laevigata Eastwood )
- Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry subsp. manzanita (Syn .: Arctostaphylos bowermaniae Roof ): The number of chromosomes is 2n = 52.
- Arctostaphylos manzanita subsp. roofii (Gankin) PVWells (Syn .: Arctostaphylos roofii Gankin )
- Arctostaphylos manzanita subsp. wieslanderi P.V.Wells (you can with, occurring in the same area, type Arctostaphylos patula be confused.)
use
Use as an ornamental plant
Arctostaphylos manzanita is used as an ornamental wood , it is propagated by sowing. Since these are cold germs , the seeds are stratified before sowing . In California they are increasingly being offered as attractive garden trees. Since they grow very slowly and do not get too big, they are considered ideal trees for the front yard. Individual dry twigs are often used in floristry as an accessory for decorative purposes. The subspecies differ in habit and foliage color and are reproduced in tree nurseries and are often planted in gardens in the dry summer climate of California, but also increasingly in public parks and green areas.
Ethnobotany
For the Indians who originally lived in the regions overgrown by Manzanita , the Manzanita trees were an important raw material. They used the plants in many ways, the wood, the bark, the leaves, the flowers and the fruits.
Wood
Manzanita wood is hard and was once mainly used as fuel and for simple tools. According to tradition, the simplest use of the gnarled branches of Manzanita was practiced by the tribe of the Yokia Indians. The Indians used the branches fixed in a V-shape as a carrying aid on their backs for transporting wood. The Karoke Indians intertwined thin strips of twigs and branches into strips. It is said of the Mendocino Indians that they carved spoons and digging sticks out of wood to use in their Acorn soup.
leaves
The leaves of Manzanita were used by the Indians for cosmetic purposes and as a medicine .
The yellowish extract they obtained from cooked leaves was processed into soap for personal hygiene. They poured the leaves on and drank the brew as tea or herbal medicine, which should help against explanatory diseases, but also against diarrhea. They used the pulp from crushed and mashed leaves for external inflammation and also used it to treat rashes.
fruit
There is a great deal of traditional knowledge about the use of the Manzanita fruits from the Indians in the Mendocino region. They ate the fruits raw and cooked. Dried fruits, stowed in baskets and stored in a dry place, served as food in the cold season. They also used the Manzanita berries for fermentation and produced alcoholic beverages from them. The Miwoki Indians chopped up the fruits and used them for sweets and additives for fruit juices. They drank fermented manzanita cider as an appetizer before eating. But be careful: Consuming large quantities of the Manzanita fruits can easily lead to stomach problems.
etymology
The generic name Arctostaphylos comes from the Greek words arctos , which means something like bear and staphyle , in English grape. Manzanita is derived from the Spanish word for apple, manzana , small apple. This points to the pink and white colored urn-shaped flowers of Manzanita, similar to the apple blossoms. It is also assumed that Manzinata comes from the Spanish manzanilla , botanically anthemis , German dye or dog chamomile. This could also have something to do with the fact that the leaves of Manzanita can be used as a diuretic remedy, similar to the green of the dog chamomile.
Mycorrhiza
Some fungi can be in symbiosis with manzanita, especially its roots, known as mycorrhiza . Many fungi are non-specific symbionts; they can also form mycorrhiza with other bearberries and strawberry trees or with other trees (such as daffodil yellow amanita ).
swell
- V. Thomas Parker, Michael C. Vasey, Jon E. Keeley: Arctostaphylos. : Arctostaphylos manzanita , p. 437 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h V. Thomas Parker, Michael C. Vasey, Jon E. Keeley: Arctostaphylos. : Arctostaphylos manzanita , p. 437 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6
- ^ A b Thomas R. Horton, Thomas D. Bruns, V. Thomas Parker: Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment. In: Canadian Journal of Botany , Volume 77, Issue 1, 1999, pp. 93-102, doi: 10.1139 / b98-208 .
- ↑ The PLANTS Database from USDA: Everything about A.manzanita
- ^ Parry scanned in 1887 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Arctostaphylos manzanita at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 29, 2014.
- ↑ Arctostaphylos manzanita in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
- ^ Frances Densmore: How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine & Crafts. Courier Dover Publications, March 7, 2012.
- ^ A b c d e f V. K. Chestnut: Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. In: Contributions from the US National Herbarium 7, 1902, p. 375. Reproduced in: Native American Ethnobotany Database of the University of Michigan – Dearborn ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Wayne Suttles: (Review of) Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations . In: American Anthropologist . tape 66 , no. 3 , 1964, pp. 676 , doi : 10.1525 / aa.1964.66.3.02a00360 .
- ^ SA Barrett, EW Gifford: Miwok Material Culture. In: Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2 (4): 11, 1933, p. 161. Reproduced in: Native American Ethnobotany Database of the University of Michigan – Dearborn ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
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↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
- Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 19th updated edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-8001-7953-4 , p. 123.
- Walter Erhardt et al .: The big zander . Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pp. 464-465 (Vol. 1); P. 1215 (vol. 2) . - ↑ Jan Acsai, David L. Largent: Fungi associated with Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos manzanita, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in central and northern California. In: Mycologia 75, 3, 1983, pp. 544-547.
- ↑ J. Acsai, DL Largent: Mycorrhizae of Arbutus menziesii Pursh. and Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry in northern California. In: Mycotaxon 16, 1983, pp. 519-536.
- ↑ David L. Largent, Neil Sugihara, Ann Brinitzer: Amanita gemmata, a non-host-specific mycorrhizal fungus of Arctostaphylos manzanita. In: Mycologia 72, 2, 1980, pp. 435-439.
- ↑ JM Davidson, S. Werres, M. Garbelotto, EM Hansen, DM Rizzo: Sudden oak death and associated diseases caused by Phytophthora ramorum. In: Plant Health Progress 7, July 2003.
literature
- Christopher Brickell (Ed.): A – Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants . tape 1 . Dorling Kindersley, London 1996, ISBN 0-7513-0436-0 , pp. 131-132 .
- Thomas H. Everett: The New York Botanical Garden Encyclopedia of Horticulture . Vol. 1, Garland Publishing, London, 2nd Edition, 1981, ISBN 0-8240-7231-6 .
