Pear green

Pear green
	Pear green ( Orthilia secunda )
Systematics
	Asterids
Order :	Heather-like (Ericales)
Family :	Heather family (Ericaceae)
Subfamily :	Monotropoideae
Genre :	Pear green
Type :	Pear green
Scientific name of the genus
	Orthilia
	Raf.
Scientific name of the species
	Orthilia secunda
	( L. ) House

The pear green ( Orthilia secunda ), also called nodding pear green , nodding wintergreen or one -sided wintergreen , is the only species of the monotypical plant genus Orthilia in the subfamily of wintergreen and spruce asparagus plants ( Monotropoideae ) within the heather family (Ericaceae). It is widespread in the northern hemisphere .

description

illustration

Habit, leaves and inflorescence

Illustration from Atlas of Alpine Flora

Habit, leaves and inflorescence

Inflorescence with stalked flowers in detail

Infructescence shortly after anthesis

ripe fruits

Vegetative characteristics

The pear green is an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant , or it is woody and is a subshrub . It reaches heights of growth of 7 to 15, rarely up to 25 centimeters. It forms a branched, 12 to 27, rarely up to 33 centimeter long rhizome usually a clonal group-wise growing population. The lying, ascending or independently upright stem is bare or papillary , especially in the upper area.

The foliage leaves are not arranged in rosettes at the bottom - as with the Pyrola species - but somewhat distant, but close together, alternate and spiral or pseudo-whorled in rarely one, usually two to four leaf whorls on the stem. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The bald petiole is furrowed on the top and with a length of 4 to 20 millimeters shorter than the leaf blade. The simple, somewhat leathery leaf blade is usually 2 to 4.7 (1 to 5.8) centimeters in length and 0.7 to 2.8 in width, rarely up to 3.5 centimeters once or twice as long such as broad, lanceolate, eilanceolate to ± broadly ovate or elliptical to circular with a rounded to pointed blade base and a rounded to pointed upper end. So they are reminiscent of the leaves of pear trees, hence the common German name pear green. The leaf margin is smooth, wavy or weakly to finely serrate. The flat or seldom bent back leaf surfaces are bare. The underside of the leaf is matt and light green. The upper side of the leaf is shiny and green.

Generative characteristics

Depending on the location, the flowering period extends from June to July or August. There are no or two to seven bracts on the 10 to 20, rarely up to 25 centimeter long inflorescence stem . The membranous bracts are 3 to 9 millimeters in length and 1 to 2 millimeters wide, subphrate to ± broadly lanceolate with a smooth or dented edge. Usually many (2 to 29) initially nodding flower buds and later protruding flowers are often loosely together in a one-sided, racemose inflorescence . The herbaceous bracts are 4 to 9 millimeters long and 0.4 to 1.8 millimeters wide sub-sub to lanceolate-ovate or narrow-ovoid; they are each about as long as the flower stalk under which they stand and with which they are not fused. The flower stalks are usually 3 to 7 (1 to 9) millimeters long. Cover sheets are missing.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are only fused at their base. The five calyx lobes are 0.5 to 1.5 millimeters long and 0.5 to 1.3 millimeters wide, triangular to ovoid with a rounded to blunt upper end; they are completely green or the edge is translucent, white or pink in color. The five free petals are 4.5 to 6 millimeters long and 3 to 4 millimeters wide and ovoid with a bitten-toothed or irregularly serrated edge. The greenish-white to light-yellow-green or white corolla is narrow, bell-shaped to hemispherical with a length of 3 to 4 millimeters and the upper ends of the petals bend together. With a length of 4 to 8 millimeters, the ten upright stamens protrude at most slightly from the corolla. The bare stamens are relatively wide in the lower area with a width of 0.1 to 0.3 millimeters, narrow continuously in the middle and are slender in the upper area. The elongated with a length of 1.2 to 1.8 millimeters dust bag open with two with a length of 0.2 to 0.5 millimeters and a width of 0.2 to 0.4 mm round or elliptical pores. The counters are tan or light brown. Most five carpels are incomplete at a fünfkammerigen, Upper continuous, smooth ovary grown. The ± straight stylus can be widened in the upper area, is 3 to 5, rarely up to 7 millimeters longer than the ovary and protrudes clearly from the corolla. The shield-shaped, five-lobed scar has a diameter of 1.4 to 2 millimeters and five furrows.

The fruit stalks are curved back. The durable sepals lie against the fruit or stick out. The pendulous capsule fruit , which is 3 to 5 millimeters high and 4 to 6 millimeters in diameter, is almost round and opens in a way-fissured manner (loculicidal) with usually five fruit flaps and contains around 1000 seeds. The spindle-shaped seeds are winged.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 19, there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 38.

Young root

ecology

The pear green is a scleromorphic Chamaephyte .

Like all wintergreen plants, Orthilia secunda lives in symbiosis with a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ). This surrounds the roots with a dense mycelium coat and supplies the plant with water and mineral salts, while the fungus receives carbohydrates . The mycorrhiza also seems to be of decisive importance for the development of the seedlings.

With pear green, insect pollination or self-pollination takes place .

Occurrence

Orthilia secunda is widespread in the northern hemisphere , circumboreal, and its range extends to Mexico and Guatemala . It is a Nordic-Eurasian-continental floral element .

For Europe, the western border of your area runs in Germany. Pear green is largely absent in the northwestern German lowlands; the northeastern German lowlands are sporadically populated. In the south of Central Europe, the occurrences are more concentrated in mountain regions (in Austria up to altitudes of 2300 m ). As a result of anthropogenic changes in the landscape, primarily due to extensive eutrophication by air, but also due to forestry measures, the populations of pear green have declined sharply. The excessive nutrient input causes the plant communities to succession . The lichen and Hagermoss pine forests, which are particularly typical of Orthilia and other wintergreen plants, are transformed into wiry Schmielen pine forests. The pyrolacea are evidently gradually being displaced by the spreading wire smear ( Deschampsia flexuosa ), a forest grass. Other nutrient-displaying species appear later. In the Allgäu Alps, the pear green only rises on the southern slope of the Schlicke in the Tyrolean part up to an altitude of 1950 meters.

The pear green grows in Central Europe in spruce, fir and pine forests rich in moss and lichen, in beech-beech forests and in beech-oak forests, in clay pits and in quarries. It thrives best on moderately dry to fresh, nutrient-poor, acidic to base-rich, musty-humus sandy and loamy soils and shady locations. A socialization with other, but in some cases even rarer, wintergreen plants, for example the green-flowered wintergreen ( Pyrola chlorantha ), the moss-eye ( Moneses uniflora ), the cone-winter love ( Chimaphila umbellata ) or with the spruce asparagus ( Monotropa hypopitys ) can be observed. The pear green occurs in Central Europe mainly in the Pyrolo Pinetum and in Piceieon plant communities .

The pointer values according to Ellenberg are: light number 4 = shade to penumbra plant, temperature number indifferent, continental number 3 = showing sea to moderate maritime climate, humidity number 5 = freshness indicator, humidity change: showing no change in humidity, reaction number indifferent, nitrogen number 2 = pronounced nitrogen poverty to nitrogen poverty showing, salt number 0 = not salt bearing, heavy metal resistance: not heavy metal resistant.

Herbarium evidence

Systematics

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Pyrola secunda L. by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, page 396. The genus Orthilia was set up in 1840 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in Autikon Botanikon , page 103-104. The new combination to Orthilia secunda (L.) House was published in 1921 by Homer Doliver House in American Midland Naturalist , Volume 7 (4-5), page 134. The lectotype was established in 1993 by Laurence Joseph Dorr and Fred Rogers Barrie in Brittonia , Volume 45, Page 178. The genus name Orthilia refers to the straight stylus). The specific epithet secunda means one-sided. Synonyms for Orthilia secunda (L.) House are: Actinocyclus secundus (L.) Klotzsch , Orthilia elatior (Lange) House , Orthilia parvifolia Raf. , Pyrola elatior (Lange) Lundell , Ramischia elatior (Lange) Rydb. , Ramischia obtusata (Turcz.) Freyn , Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke , Ramischia secundiflora Opiz , Orthilia secunda subsp. obtusata (Turcz.) Böcher , Orthilia secunda var. obtusata (Turcz.) House .

Orthilia secunda is the only species of the monotypical genus Orthilia Raf. in the subfamily of the wintergreen and spruce asparagus plants ( Monotropoideae ) within the family of the heather plants (Ericaceae).

Populations have been described as a variety, subspecies or even as a separate species, but the differences in the characteristics continuously merge into one another, so that no delimitation is possible.

literature

Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
Werner Rothmaler (greeting), Rudolf Schubert, Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel: Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG, volume 2. Vascular plants. 12th edition. People and Knowledge, Berlin 1984.
Qin Haining (覃海宁), Peter F. Stevens: Orthilia Rafinesque , p. 248 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis. 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 .
Craig C. Freeman: Orthilia Rafinesque , p. 388 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 .
Zaffar Ali: Flora of West Pakistan. 5. Ericaceae. Stewart Herbarium, Gordon College (et al.), Rawalpindi 1971. online at Tropicos.org. of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Orthilia secunda (L.) House In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 19, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Orthilia secunda (L.) House, Nickendes Pear Green. In: FloraWeb.de.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Craig C. Freeman: Orthilia Rafinesque , p. 388 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-534026-6 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Qin Haining (覃海宁), Peter F. Stevens: Orthilia Rafinesque , p. 248 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis. 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 .
↑ ^a ^b Orthilia secunda at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 726 .
^ Orthilia secunda at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ Orthilia secunda in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2. IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich, 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 .
↑ Heinz Ellenberg : Pointer values of the vascular plants of Central Europe. 2nd edition, Goltze, Göttingen 1979, ISBN 3-88452-518-2 (Scripta Geobotanica 9).
^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
^ House scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1921 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Orthilia secunda at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 19, 2018.
↑ Günther Blaich: data sheet with photos.

Web links

Commons : Pear Green ( Orthilia secunda ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
Pear green . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
Orthilia secunda at Plants For A Future
Distribution in the northern hemisphere of the two subspecies Orthilia secunda subsp. secunda and O. s. subsp. obtusa from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants , 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0
Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
Gerhard Nitter: Profile with photos.
Datasheet with photos and distribution in France at Tela Botanica .
Datasheet with photo and distribution in the British Isles at Online Atlas of the British and Irish flora .
Datasheet with photo at Ecological Atlas of Denali's Flora .
Gary D. Wallace, Erich Haber, 2012: Data sheet distributed in California at Jepson eFlora .
Ericaceae / Orthilia secunda (Pyrola secunda / Ramischia secunda) - pear green / Einseitswendiges Wintergrün / Nickendes W. , data sheet with photos at Botanik im Bild / Flora von Österreich, Liechtenstein and Südtirol , last edited May 18, 2009.