Silver grape candle

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Silver grape candle
Silver grape candle (Actaea racemosa)

Silver grape candle ( Actaea racemosa )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Actaeae
Genre : Christopher herbs
Type : Silver grape candle
Scientific name
Actaea racemosa
L.

The silver grape candle ( Actaea racemosa ), also called American , black or wild snake root , American , high or perennial St. Christopher's herb , woman's root , rattlesnake herb , consumption root , grape- shaped black salsify and bugwort , is a species of the genus Actaea (formerly Cimicifuga ) in the family the Ranunculoideae within the family of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).

description

Illustration from American Medicinal Plants
Blossom in detail: the main visual effect comes from the stamens
Inflorescences
Fruit cluster

Vegetative characteristics

The grape silver candle is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 0.75 to 2.5 meters. The long-lived rhizome , but also the roots (generally botanically imprecise “rhizome”), serve as wintering organs . The upright, bare stem is leafy.

The relatively large leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The 15 to 60 centimeters long, bald petiole is angular to more or less petiolate in cross section. The leaf blade is double to triple pinnate with 20 to 70 leaflets. The leaflets are 4 to 12 inches long and 3 to 8 inches wide, pointed and deeply serrate . With a length of 6 to 15 centimeters and a width of 6 to 16.5 centimeters, the glabrous terminal leaflet of the central segment is ovate to obovate, three-lobed, with an approximately wedge-shaped to approximately heart-shaped base, a pointed to tapered upper end and serrated to toothed - sawn or incised edge; The three raised leaf veins are rarely hairy on the underside .

Generative characteristics

The flowering time is in summer between June and September. Numerous flowers stand together in an upright, paniculate entire inflorescence , composed of several cluster-like partial inflorescences, with fluffy hair at the top, 10 to 60 centimeters long, relatively narrow . The bracts are subphrate with a length of 3 to 4 millimeters. Cover sheets are missing. The 4 to 10 millimeter long peduncle is hairy downy.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and relatively small. The four sepals are greenish-white. The usually four (one to eight), with about 3 millimeters relatively small, white petals are elongated, nailed and fall off immediately after opening. Nectaries are at the base. In the flowers there are numerous (55 to 110) stamens with white, 5 to 10 millimeter long stamens and white anthers. There is only one, rarely two, sessile, more or less downy hairy ovaries . The short, thick stamp ends in a 0.5 millimeter wide scar.

The sitting, thick-walled follicle is egg-shaped with a length of 5 to 10 millimeters and more or less flattened laterally; it contains numerous seeds. The brown, smooth to more or less coarsely ribbed seeds are hemispherical with a diameter of about 3 millimeters.

The basic chromosome number is x = 8, there is diploidy of with a chromosome number of 2 n = 16.

Occurrence

The grape silver candle is widespread in eastern to central North America . Locations are given for the Canadian province of Ontario and the US states of Illinois , Missouri , Connecticut , Indiana , Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , West Virginia , Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , Georgia , Kentucky , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia and the District of Columbia .

It usually grows in shaded locations at altitudes from 0 to 1500 meters.

Taxonomy

Actaea racemosa was first published by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Actaea racemosa L. are: Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. , Actaea monogyna Walter .

Partial inflorescence of the reddish variety 'Atropurpurea'

Pharmaceutical importance

The subterranean parts of the plant, the rhizome ("Cimicifugae racemosae radix") and the roots ("Cimicifugae racemosae radix") are used medicinally. They contain various saponins (triterpene saponins / triterpene glycosides such as actein, also cimicifugic acid F), phenol carboxylic acids, flavonoids (isoflavone). The total extract is seen as the pharmacologically active substance.

effect

Originally the drug was ascribed estrogen-like properties (SERM = selective estrogen receptor modulators ). However, the phytohormone formononetin could only be detected in methanolic extracts. Today, an estrogen-like mechanism of action can be excluded. Central nervous activity is assumed.

Excerpts of the drug are components of pharmaceutical finished products, which as a stimulant in case of malfunctions of the female reproductive organs, especially in dysmenorrheic and climacteric -related neurovegetative be applied complaints. The last review by the Cochrane Society from 2012 is rather cautious about the previous knowledge and the effect of Cimcifuge preparations on menopausal complaints. For this Cochrane review, preparations of the most varied of quality, i.e. tested drugs , products without market approval as well as food supplements and their use in various indications, were included and compared with one another. In addition, studies with preparations of black cohosh species that were not clearly identified were also taken into account, while at the same time some studies published up to that point were not taken into account at all or were apparently excluded from consideration without justification.

A review from 2013, which takes into account all full publications from 2000 to 2012, differentiated the Cimicifuga preparations for the first time according to the type of extract, qualitative status and indication. According to this, only the standardized, tested and approved drugs show evidence ( rational phytotherapy ) and thus a positive benefit-risk profile. More recent studies with an ethanolic extract also show positive effects on medium and long-term consequences of menopause such as weight gain and metabolic disorders.

Side effects

Serious liver damage : Medicines containing Cimicifuga must carry a corresponding warning from September 1, 2009. The reason is the autoimmune hepatitis -like syndrome consisting zentrolobulärer hepatocellular - necrosis , which deals with corticosteroids can treat. Endometrial hyperplasias : After 5 years this occurred in 3.4% of the users, none in the placebo group .

literature

  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .
  • Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. 2nd Edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-2053-4 .
  • Gwynn W. Ramsey: Cimicifuga. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 178 (English). , Cimicifuga racemosa online , with distribution map.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Actaea racemosa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gwynn W. Ramsey: Cimicifuga. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 178 (English). , Cimicifuga racemosa online with the same text as the printed work.
  3. ↑ Hussein Al-Amier et al .: Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh ( Actaea racemosa L.). Journal of Medicinally Active Plants (1): 6-12. doi : 10.7275 / R5CR5R84
  4. ^ Heidi Fritz et al .: Black cohosh and breast cancer: A systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2014 Jan; 13 (1): 12-29. doi : 10.1177 / 1534735413477191
  5. ↑ Marcela Garita-Hernandez et al .: The growth inhibitory activity of the Cimicifuga racemosa extract Ze 450 is mediated through estrogen and progesterone receptors-independent pathways. Planta Med. 2006 Mar; 72 (4): 317-23. doi : 10.1055 / s-2005-916233
  6. ↑ F. Borrelli et al .: Pharmacological effects of Cimicifuga racemosa. Life Sci. 2003 Jul 25; 73 (10): 1215-29. doi : 10.1016 / s0024-3205 (03) 00378-3
  7. ^ MJ Leach, V. Moore: Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) For menopausal symptoms. In: The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Volume 9, 2012, pp. CD007244, doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD007244.pub2 , PMID 22972105 (Review).
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Blaschek : Menopausal symptoms: Evidence for black cohosh. In: Pharmazeutische Zeitung , November 28, 2017.
  9. ^ André-Michael Beer , Albert Neff: Differentiated Evaluation of Extract-Specific Evidence on Cimicifuga racemosa's Efficacy and Safety for Climacteric Complaints. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (3): 860602. doi : 10.1155 / 2013/860602
  10. ↑ Lena Friederichsen et al .: Effect of CIMicifuga racemosa on metaBOLIC parameters in women with menopausal symptoms: A retrospective observational study (CIMBOLIC). Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Edition 2/2020. doi : 10.1007 / s00404-019-05366-8
  11. ↑ C. Moser et al .: Antidiabetic effects of the Cimicifuga racemosa extract Ze 450 in vitro and in vivo in ob / ob mice. Phytomedicine Volume 21, Issue 11, September 25, 2014, pp. 1382-1389. doi : 10.1016 / j.phymed.2014.06.002
  12. ↑ graduated plan procedure for Cimicifuga-containing drugs ( Memento of 28 September 2009 at the Internet Archive ), BfArM .
  13. ↑ Grace Guzman, Eric R. Kallwitz, Christina Wojewoda, Rohini Chennuri, Jamie Berkes, Thomas J. Layden, Scott J. Cotler: Liver Injury with Features Mimicking Autoimmune Hepatitis following the Use of Black Cohosh . In: Case Reports in Medicine . tape 2009 , Article ID 918156, 2009, p. 1–8 , doi : 10.1155 / 2009/918156 , PMID 20130783 , PMC 2814377 (free full text).
  14. ↑ Influence of phytoestrogens on the endometrium. In: Arznei-Telegram 2004; 35: 115 - 6. ATI Medicines Information Berlin GmbH, October 8, 2004, accessed on August 31, 2010 .

Web links

Commons : Silver Grape Candle ( Actaea racemosa )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files