Christopher herbs

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Christopher herbs
Actaea erythrocarpa

Actaea erythrocarpa

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Actaeeae
Genre : Christopher herbs
Scientific name
Actaea
L.

The Christopher herbs ( Actaea ) are a genus of plants from the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The approximately 30 species occur in the northern temperate and boreal zone (circumarctic). Some species are used as ornamental plants , others are used in phytotherapy , for example Actaea racemosa (silver grape candle) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms .

description

Illustration of the spiked St. Christopher's herb ( Actaea spicata ).

The Actaea species are perennial herbaceous plants . These hemicryptophytes form rhizomes as persistence organs. The alternate leaves are pinnate . Stipules are missing.

The inflorescences are often branched and composed of racemose partial inflorescences . There are usually four sepals available. The inconspicuous, small (one to six) petals fall off in many species when they open up. The optical effect of the hermaphrodite flowers is mainly due to the often yellowish white stamens . There is often only one carpel (sometimes up to eight).

Depending on the section, berries or follicles are formed. The numerous seeds are light brown to black.

Systematics

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Actaea cordifolia
White-fruited Christopher's herb ( Actaea pachypoda )
Fruits of Actaea spicata var. Acuminata

Some botanists classify the species of silver candles ( Cimicifuga ) in the genus Actaea (see Compton et al. 1998 and GRIN).

Breakdown

The genus is divided into seven sections (selection of species):

Sorts alphabetically (selection)

There are about 30 species in the genus:

  • Actaea arizonica (S.Watson) J. Compton (Syn .: Cimicifuga arizonica S.Watson ), (Section Oligocarpae ): It occurs in Arizona .
  • Asiatic Christopher herb ( Actaea asiatica H.Hara ), (Section Actaea ): It occurs in Japan , Korea and the People's Republic of China and thrives in China in deciduous forests at altitudes of up to 2000 meters.
  • Bugwort ( Actaea cimicifuga L. , Syn .: Cimicifuga foetida L. ), (Section Cimicifuga ): It is widespread in Europe, Siberia and East Asia.
  • Actaea bifida (Nakai) J. Compton
  • Actaea brachycarpa (PKHsiao) J. Compton : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Henan, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Actaea cordifolia DC. (Syn .: Cimicifuga cordifolia (DC.) Torr. & A.Gray , Cimicifuga rubifolia Kearney ), (Section Oligocarpae ): The home is the northern and eastern USA.
  • August silver candle ( Actaea dahurica (Turcz. Ex Fisch. & CA Mey.) Franch. ), (Syn .: Actinospora dahurica Turcz. Ex Fisch. & CAMey. , Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz. Ex Fisch. & CAMey.) Maxim. ), (Section Dichanthera ): It is widespread in Eastern Siberia, the Amur region , Mongolia , China and Japan.
  • Actaea europaea (Schipcz.) J. Compton : It occurs in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, East Prussia, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania.
  • Hogweed silver candle ( Actaea heracleifolia (Kom.) J. Compton , Syn .: Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom. ), (Section Actaea ): It is widespread in northern China, Korea and the Amur region.
  • Late autumn silver candle or September silver candle ( Actaea japonica Thunb. ), (Section Pityrosperma ), (Syn .: Cimicifuga acerina (Siebold & Zucc.) Tanaka , Pityrosperma acerinum Siebold & Zucc. ): It is in China, Korea and on the Japanese island of Honshū .
  • Actaea kashmiriana (J. Compton & Hedd.) J. Compton
  • Actaea laciniata (S. Watson) J. Compton
  • Actaea mairei (H.Lév.) J. Compton
  • Actaea matsumurae (Nakai) J. Compton & Hedd.
  • White-fruited St. Christopher's herb or thick- stalked St. Christopher's herb ( Actaea pachypoda Elliott ), (Section Actaea ): It thrives in forests and bushes at altitudes of up to 500 meters in Canada and the USA.
  • American silver candle ( Actaea podocarpa DC. , Syn .: Cimicifuga americana Michx. , Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh , Cimicifuga podocarpa (DC.) Elliott ), (Section Podocarpae ): The home is the USA.
  • Actaea purpurea (PKHsiao) J. Compton
  • Grape silver candle or July silver candle ( Actaea racemosa L. , Syn .: Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. ), (Section Actaea ): The home is the USA.
  • Red-fruited St. Christopher's herb or Red St. Christopher's herb ( Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. , Syn .: Actaea neglecta Gillman , Actaea rubra f. Neglecta (Gillman) BLRob. , Actaea spicata var. Erythrocarpa fish. , Actaea spicata var. Rubra Aiton ), (Section Actaea ): It is common in Asia, North America, northern and northeastern Europe.
  • October silver candle ( Actaea simplex (DC.) Wormsk. Ex Prantl , Syn .: Actaea cimicifuga var. Simplex DC. , Cimicifuga simplex (DC.) Wormsk. Ex Turcz. ), ( Dichanthera section ): She is in Japan, Sakhalin , Kamchatka and Manchuria.
  • Spiked St. Christopher's herb or black fruited St. Christopher's herb ( Actaea spicata L. ), (Section Actaea ): It is widespread in almost all of Europe, in the Caucasus and Altai .
  • Actaea taiwanensis J. Compton, Hedd. & TYYang : It occurs in Taiwan .
  • Actaea vaginata (Maxim.) J. Compton (Syn .: Isopyrum vaginatum Maxim. , Souliea vaginata (Maxim.) Franch. ), (Only species in the Souliea section)
  • Actaea yesoensis (Nakai) J. Compton & Hedd.
  • Actaea yunnanensis (PKHsiao) J. Compton : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan at altitudes between 2900 and 4100 meters above sea level.

swell

  • James A. Compton, Alastair Culham, Stephen L. Jury: Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F sequence variation. In: Taxon. Volume 47, No. 3, 1998, pp. 593-634, JSTOR 1223580 .
  • Matthias H. Hoffmann: The Phylogeny of Actaea (Ranunculaceae): a Biogeographical Approach. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 216, No. 3-4, 1999, pp. 251-263, doi: 10.1007 / BF01084402 .
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  • Bruce A. Ford: Actaea. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 181-183 (English, online ).
  • Gwynn W. Ramsey: Cimicifuga. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 177-181 (English, online ).
  • Li Liangqian, Michio Tamura: Actaea. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 147 (English, online - PDF file ).
  • Li Liangqian, Anthony R. Brach: Cimicifuga. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 144–147 (English, online - PDF file ).
  • Thomas Gaskell Tutin: Actaea. and Cimicifuga. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 254 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c James A. Compton, Alastair Culham, Stephen L. Jury: Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F sequence variation. In: Taxon. Volume 47, No. 3, 1998, pp. 593-634, JSTOR 1223580 .
  2. ↑ a b c d The genus Actaea including the earlier genera Cimicifuga and Souliea at GRIN.

Web links

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