Rue

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Rue
Rue (Ruta graveolens)

Rue ( Ruta graveolens )

Systematics
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Rhombus family (Rutaceae)
Subfamily : Rutoideae
Tribe : Ruteae
Genre : Diamonds ( ruta )
Type : Rue
Scientific name
Ruta graveolens
L.

The Weinraute or garden diamond ( Ruta graveolens ) is a plant from the genus of diamonds ( Ruta ) within the family of the Rutaceae (Rutaceae). It is one of the aromatic plants as well as one of the traditional herbal remedies and is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant.

Word origin

The plant name "Raute" (short for rue ), borrowed from the Latin ruta in Middle High German rūte or (as in Dioscurides , who also referred to the diamond in his Materia medica as peganon ), Greek rute ( rue ), is possibly derived from Indo-European srū- ('Sour', 'tart') in connection with the bittersweet aroma of the plant. The botanical species name "graveolens" is composed of the Latin gravis ('strong') and olere ('smell'), referring to the strongly aromatic scent of the rue.

description

Foliage leaf
Single flower
blossoms
Capsule fruits and seeds

Vegetative characteristics

The rue is a subshrub with weakly woody lower branches at the base , which can grow to heights of up to 1 meter. The finely divided leaves stand out due to their spatulate leaves and their blue-green color, which is based on "frosting" with a layer of wax.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to August or November. The rich flowering, trugdoldige inflorescence is a rispiges Pleiochasium . The almost odorless flowers are hermaphroditic. The lateral flowers are fourfold and the terminal ones fivefold. The corolla is pale yellow to yellow. The spherical capsule fruits with a diameter of about 1 centimeter are four- to five-fold.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 72 or 81.

ecology

All parts of the rhombus plant have numerous oil glands that contain essential oils and produce the very intense smell of the plant. The somewhat coarse leaves taste slightly bitter, and you can see their oil glands in the translucent light.

From an ecological point of view, the strictly pre-male flowers are "nectar-bearing disc flowers". The nectar is freely accessible, it has a sugar content of 55% and is separated by a clearly visible discus . The rue is a pollen flower whose stamens perform conspicuous autonomous movements, they take up a position one after the other, where the stigmas are later , this is apparently supposed to support their viewing function. Pollinators are mainly two-winged and hymenoptera . Spontaneous self-pollination is also possible.

The capsule fruits act as dehydration spreaders.

Natural range

Occurrence

The natural distribution area of the rue is southern Europe , the eastern Mediterranean , the Balkan Peninsula and the Crimea . In Central Europe it is mostly only inconsistently overgrown in the wine-growing region ; on the southern Swabian Alb it is localized. The rue has been known as a cultivated plant in England (as in Germany and Switzerland) since the Middle Ages. At the foot of the Alps , the foothills of the Alps, it is naturalized and it was probably originally there.

The rue thrives best on dry, loosely stony, nitrogenous salt and lime-rich clay soils . It colonizes garigues , rock band and similar plant communities in hot and dry locations. They settled in Central Europe summer warm in winter and frost-protected documents .

After New England , an area in the northeastern United States, the plant probably came before 1669 by European settlers to Mexico with the conquistadors . The lozenge is also mentioned in the Libros del judio de Sotuta (a manuscript on Mayan medicine that was created in the 18th and 19th centuries and is also based on older sources ).

ingredients

In 1998, more than 200 ingredients were identified in the diamond. Since the 1960s, the active ingredients of rue have been investigated and isolated. The main ingredients of the diamond, which also explain the medicinal effects described since ancient times, can be divided into four groups:

Volatile oil

Rue leaves provide a leaf oil that is located in lysigenic oil containers and contains predominantly 2-oxygenated alkane derivatives and contains an essential oil (0.2 to 0.7 percent) with the main component 2-undecanone ( methyl nonyl ketone), an aliphatic ketone , which also makes up 90 percent of the fruit oil. that dominates the smell and is therefore also called diamond ketone. Other components are homologous ketones ( 2-nonanone , 2-decanone ) and their carbinols and carbinol acetates, 1,8-cineol , limonene and various esters ( 2-nonylacetate , 2-undecyl acetate , also propionates and isobutyrates). The rhombus root oils mainly contain hydrocarbons of terpenoid origin (especially Geijeren and Pregeijeren).

Furanocoumarins

The group of substances belonging to the benzopyrons, the coumarins, is typical of Rutaceans. The main coumarin was considered by Schneider and Müller to be the glycoside " rutarin " (C 20 H 24 O 10 ). In the rue, the coumarin group can be found with 30 individual substances and partly in the essential oil. The rue deposits various furanocoumarins of the psoralen type on the leaf surface , which depending on the type and dose have photosensitizing or phototoxic properties. In connection with sunlight (UVA radiation), these can lead to photodermatitis after touching (the fresh ragweed) , which manifests itself in reddening of the skin and the formation of blisters with subsequent brown pigmentation. Typical furanocoumarins of the Ruta graveolens are bergapten , isoimperatorin, psoralen and xanthotoxin .

The ingredient chalepensin (also, as could be shown in 1967, a furanocoumarin ), which is characteristic of the species Ruta chalepensis L. , has also been described for all plant parts of Ruta graveolens (especially in the roots).

Quinoline alkaloids

The rue also contains 0.4 to 1.4 percent alkaloids of various types, some of which are pharmacologically important, for example quinoline alkaloids ( quinoline type: graveolinine , graveolin ; furoquinoline type or furanoquinoline type: skimmianine , dictamnine , γ- fagarin , coconut aginine, Rutamarine; acridone type: arborinine ; dihydrofuroacridine type: rutacridone ) and quinazoline alkaloids ( arborine ). The alkaloids are mainly stored in the roots and in the shoot , but also in the leaves. Some of these classes of substances have been shown to have considerable toxic effects; so the acridon alkaloids are mutagenic .

Flavonoids

The rue also contains flavonol glycosides (see flavonoids ) such as rutin (as the main flavonoid ) and quercetin, as well as the yellow gossypetin glycosides in the petals.

Ruta graveolens, illustration

use

Similar species

Flower of Ruta chalepensis

Due to the appearance, especially in ancient texts, there was a possibility of confusion with similar rhombuses. So there are Ruta montana (L.) L. (occurring in the Mediterranean region), Ruta angustifolia Pers. and the fringed diamond (Ruta chalepensis L. or Ruta bracteosa DC. Prodr.) are very close and were possibly very often viewed as synonymous with the rue. The rhombus or ruta was and is mostly used to denote the wine rue (Ruta graveolens), but historical sources also include Ruta chalepensis L. in particular. Even in scientific studies (e.g. in Mexican field studies) the rue is referred to as Ruta chalepensis L. In the historical sources, an exact botanical differentiation of the similar species is hardly possible. Because of the small differences in their ingredients, a distinction is usually not necessary with regard to the medicinal or cultic use of both types.

Horticultural history

The diamond has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient Greece ( Hippocrates , Pedanios Dioscurides ). The diamond has been documented in Central Europe since Roman times . Charred diamond seeds were found in the Roman fort Praetorium Agrippinae near Valkenburg . In early medieval Europe, the diamond was also an important medicinal and garden plant north of the Alps . The country estate ordinance of Charlemagne recommended (in its 70th chapter) around 800 the cultivation of the rhombus as a garden plant. As a cultivated plant, the rhombus, which could have been Ruta chalepensis, is mentioned in the Bible (Luke 11:42). Dioscurides divided the diamonds ( peganon ) he described into three types: garden rue (the rue , "Ruta hortensis"), mountain rue (Ruta montana (L.) L.) and wild rue (the steppe rue , Peganum harmala). The rue was an integral part of cottage gardens until the 19th century.

Rue as a spice plant

The intensely spicy-bitter tasting or smelling leaves of the rue can be seen as a characteristic spice of ancient Greek and Roman cuisine . The rhombus in Columella is described as a culinary herb (for a traditional recipe, see the herbal cheese Moretum ). The rhombus, which is striking because of its bittersweet aroma, was also part of the garum or liquamen spice mixture in ancient Rome .

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The rue leaves are used in the production of grappa and similar schnapps, and the rue is the main component of the so-called four - robber vinegar . The seasoning is recommended for various meat dishes (game, mutton ), eggs, fish and cheese spread, salad, sauce, pastries and herb butter. In Ethiopia, rue fruits are also dried and used as a spice.

Rue as a fragrant plant

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The rue is used in the perfume industry because of the essential oils that give it a characteristic, strong odor (as has always been typical for plants that are considered to be highly effective and even used against poison, plague and calamity) . It is or was also used in food technology, where it creates the “coconut” flavor type. If you hold the leaves up to the light, you can see translucent, pinprick-like "holes" (there is no hole, the leaves with oil glands are only partially translucent) - the glands filled with essential oil . Rue, hung in the kitchen or pantry, is said to keep ants away.

Rue as a technically usable plant

Since the Middle Ages, the rhombus has been used primarily in monastic workshops in the manufacture of paint to achieve bright green tones in illumination. A corresponding color formulation can be found in Codex Forster II (sheet 64).

Rue in medicine and folk medicine

Garden rue without flowers in the Parisian Tacuinum sanitatis

The rhombus, which has been used therapeutically since antiquity , was a medicinal plant frequently represented in both scientific and popular scientific literature in the Middle Ages (as already in Pseudo-Apuleius editions, in the Lorsch Pharmacopoeia and in the Salernitan works Antidotarium Nicolai , Liber iste and Circa instans as well as in the health rules formulated also for medical laypeople such as Regimen sanitatis and Tacuinum sanitatis and then in herbal books of the 14th and 15th centuries). It was used for a variety of diseases, for example, should help with eye problems (especially to strengthen visual acuity), also with earache and worm infestation and (as part of the recipe mentioned in the Nicolai Trionfilon antidotarium ) four-day fever. It also had a reputation for being an effective antidote to poison (and should even allow a basilisk to be safely killed ).

In the 16th century, Conrad Gessner first demonstrably distilled the essential oil of the diamond. Rautenöl, which could also have referred to a fatty oil obtained by pressing, was mentioned as early as the end of the 15th century. The essential oil then became part of the medicine taxes (Berlin 1574; Frankfurt 1582).

The diamond, which was largely forgotten as a remedy in Germany in the 1940s, was, however, part of the supplementary book to the German Pharmacopoeia (EB 6) until 1954 and of the German Drug Codex 1986 (DAC 86) until 1988.

Hippocrates described rhombus as a diuretic , stool softening, spleen cleansing and uterine remedy (some rhombus ingredients have a uterine stimulating effect). The diuretic (diuretic) effect, as reported by the Hippocrats and later authors, is compatible with an assumed positive effect of essential oils (as they also occur in diamond oil) on kidney function.

In the 1st century Dioscurides (in De materia medica ) generally described the diamond as burning, warming, "making ulcers", diuretic, menstruating (and thus also as an abortion, aborting fruit) and relieving diarrhea. In particular, according to Dioskurides, diamond components are used as a remedy for inflammatory skin symptoms (e.g. inflammation and ulcers) and other skin conditions (vitiligo, genital warts and warts, lichen) and rashes, uterine cramps, edema ("water under the flesh"), joint pain, headache, earache , Eye pain and inadequate visual acuity, chest pain, shortness of breath and cough, periodic chills, testicular inflammation and nosebleeds, for distended stomach, uterus and rectum and as (tape) wormer, as an antidote for snake bites and other poisoning and prophylactic against deadly poisons.

The healing effect on skin disorders ( psoriasis , vitiligo , atopic eczema ), which was still discussed in the 20th century, was attributed to the phototoxic effects of the furanocoumarins dissolved in the essential oil, which react with the DNA to produce an antimitotic (photochemotherapeutic) effect. The anti-edematous effect recommended for "water formed under the meat" was associated with a normalizing effect of the flavonoids contained in the diamond, in particular rutin or the water-soluble rutoside, on capillary resistance. The menstruation-promoting (emmenagogic) property, which at high doses represents the active principle of the abortive "side effect" of the diamond as a well-known poison, was ascribed to the essential oil as well as coumarins and alkaloids in the plant. Studies have shown that the anthelmintic effect as a wormer was dependent on the undecanone-2 content of the rhombus oil. For antispasmodic (spasmolytic) effects, in addition to the essential diamond oil, the ingredients rutamarine and arborinine, which as pure substances are as effective as papaverine, are responsible.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Hildegard von Bingen recommended it for poor eyesight, kidney and lumbar pain.

At Paracelsus it is an anticonvulsant , abortive , emmenagogue , stomach remedy, antihelminthic and prophylaxis against infectious diseases and snakebites, acts externally on joint pain, eye spots, headache and earache, rash and ozaena . Indications for Lonicerus are stomachache, belching and flatulence, asthma , cough, lung abscess , hip and Gliederweh or -zittern, hydrops , eye weakness, dizziness , epilepsy , heavy births, externally for lichens , earache, warts , Grind , Zahnfleischfäule as antiobesity and Anaphrodisiac , especially epilepsy in the case of Matthiolus , to strengthen the eyes, as a wormer, anaphrodisiac, diuretic, emmenagogue, to accelerate childbirth and externally for skin problems ("flowing scab of the head").

The diamond also gained a reputation as an excellent remedy in the 17th century at the time of the great plague epidemics . It was contained in the famous vinegar of the four robbers , with which four French thieves rubbed themselves before they robbed the houses of plague sufferers in Toulouse without becoming infected. This vinegar also contained sage , thyme , lavender , rosemary and garlic .

According to von Haller , Ruta is a "main and nerve-strengthening, urine and poison-driving" medicine, especially for "maternal states", externally for fainting and for dividing compresses. Daily consumption of a loaf of bread covered with diamond leaves should protect against plague and contagious disease. Hecker names uterine affections, hysterical complaints, cramps, epilepsy, headaches, wind colic, dizziness, fainting, amenorrhea , typhoid , paralysis, weak eyes. He recommends compresses, steams and baths, the diamond vinegar especially for cold, indolent ulcers. Hufeland gave lozenge for very painful menstruation, Pitschaft for nervous weak eyes.

Madaus also mentions Clarus and Kneipp , who recommended them especially for headaches, and a treatise by Veleslavin on Czech folk medicine. Bohn describes them as a muscle and rheumatic drug, for nervous uterine, urinary and eye disorders.

The rue is also known for its abortive effect , which was "rediscovered" in the 1980s . In some regions of France it is therefore also called “ herbe à la belle fille ” - the herb of the beautiful girls. Allegedly, decades ago, the diamond plants in the Paris Botanical Garden had to be surrounded with a grid because young women plundered the stocks.

The rue, brought to Mexico by the conquistadors, was integrated into their traditional medicine by the Aztecs and gained increasing importance as a substitute for iztauhyatl (" Artemisia mexicana", Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ). In Mexican folk medicine, the rhombus is mainly used for gastrointestinal complaints and respiratory diseases, but also as a magical plant. Even in the 21st century, the diamond is still one of the most popular medicinal plants in South and Central America.

In today's herbal medicine outside of folk medicine (especially in the Mediterranean region and in Latin American and South American countries) rue is no longer used (also because of its many ingredients). In Germany, Commission E of the Federal Health Office had rejected the therapeutic use of lozenge preparations in 1989. The plant is phototoxic , which means that it can cause skin irritation (already known to Dioscorides in the 1st century) when touched and exposed to the sun (compare Hercules shrub ).

The Homeopathy knows Ruta which officinal last only in HAB appeared I, u. a. in case of damage to connective tissue, rheumatism with stiffness and eye problems.

Rue in popular belief

As a universal remedy or magical plant, the rue was said to protect against all poisons, against ghosts and devils (also in connection with practices of exorcism ) and against the evil eye. The enchanting diamond, which has long been used as an apotropaic (to protect against harm), has been integrated into many rituals and customs. In order for the plant to develop well and be medicinal, the seeds should be scattered with curses and curses; Young plants, on the other hand, had to be stolen.

In Italy the common people warded off the evil eye with diamond branches. They were also dipped in holy water and sprinkled with it on bedrooms in which evil spirits had disturbed a couple's love affairs. The rue was also credited with helping to preserve or protect chastity .

In the Swiss Simmental , rue was wrapped in a cloth together with pear bread or Hutzel bread , salt and oak coals, everything was placed in a hole in the doorstep and this hole was plugged with a calculating tooth. With this feeding one reconciled all ghosts and witches who had to dwell as worms in the threshold wood.

Especially in the English-speaking world, the rhombus plant is also symbolic of remorse and penance. This is the case in Shakespeare's work, where the word play with English rue can be found in the meaning of both “diamond” and “regret” / “regret”. In addition, Shakespeare also calls the diamond Herb of Grace . Leonardo da Vinci (in his notebooks ) and Joachim Camerarius the Younger (1595) mention the lozenge as a plant that gives the weasel wonderful power, overcomes evil forces and is a symbol of virtue.

The rue is not originally native to Lithuania, but it is so widespread that it can be considered a national plant. It was introduced in the late Middle Ages by Catholic missionaries who grew them in their gardens after the Catholic Church dedicated them to the Virgin Mary in the 9th century . As a symbol of youth and virginity, it is a frequent subject of Lithuanian folk songs and stories. “To lose the vine wreath” was a great shame. Girls traditionally adorned themselves with wreaths of vine wreaths when attending Holy Mass and especially at their wedding.

Examples of the christological symbolism of the rhombus as a Christ plant can be found in literature in Hrabanus Maurus and documented in Heinrich Marzell and (for symbolism in Lithuania) Stith Thompson and Jonas Balys .

In the Persian culture, the diamond seeds are used as lucky incense on festive occasions.

See also

swell

literature

  • Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X .
  • Christina Becela-Deller: The effect of Ruta graveolens L. on fertility. A comparison of medical sources and scientific study results. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 17, 1998, pp. 187-195.
  • Manfred Bocksch: The practical book of medicinal plants. Munich 1996
  • Anneliese Ott: Skin and Plants (allergies, phototoxic reactions and other harmful effects) 1991
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Udo Eilert: Ruta. In: Rudolf Hänsel, Konstantin Keller, Horst Rimpler, Georg Schneider (eds.): Hager's handbook of pharmaceutical practice . Volume 6: Drugs P-Z. With the special collaboration of S. Greiner, G. Heubl and Elisabeth Stahl-Biskup. Berlin / Heidelberg 1994, pp. 507-521.
  • Rainer Klosa, Alfred Zänglein: Ruta graveolens - The garden diamond. Portrait of a medicinal plant. In: Journal of Phytotherapy. Volume 8, 1987, pp. 202-206.
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 4: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Rosidae): Haloragaceae to Apiaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-8001-3315-6 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Bruno Wolters, Udo Eilert: Antimicrobia substances in callus cultures of Ruta graveolens. In: Planta medica. Volume 43, No. 2, 1981, pp. 166-174.

Web links

Commons : Rue ( Ruta graveolens )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 16, 20, 24, note 41, and p. 112.
  2. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 644.
  3. ↑ Karl-Heinz Kubeczka: The essential oils of different types of Ruta. In: Herba hung. Volume 10, No. 2-3, 1971, pp. 109-118.
  4. ^ M. Taylor, C. Hill: Hardy plants introduced to Britain by 1799. 2nd edition. Cranborne Garden Center, Cranborne Dorset undated, p. 70.
  5. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 159 f.
  6. ^ Charles Pickering : Chronological history of plants. Boston 1879, pp. 271 and 969.
  7. ^ Ralph L. Roys: The ethno-botany of the Maya. New Orleans / Los Angeles 1931 (= The Tulane University of Louisiana Middle American Research Series. Volume 2).
  8. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 25 f.
  9. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: Investigations of the active substances of the ruta graveolens. I-IV. In: Planta medica. Volume 13, No. 2, 1965, pp. 226-233, Volume 14, No. 1, 1966, pp. 57-61, No. 1, 1966, pp. 151-156, Volume 15, No. 2, 1967 , Pp. 132-139.
  10. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: The isolation of some active ingredients from Ruta graveolens L. In: O. Hanc, J. Hubik (eds.): "Scientiae pharmaceuticae I." Proceedings of the 25th Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences […] 1965. London 1965, pp. 331–336.
  11. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: Isolation of some effective substance from the herb of Ruta graveolens L. In: Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica. Volume 37, No. 3, 1967, pp. 131-142.
  12. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: Contributions to the knowledge of the active ingredients of Ruta graveolens L. In: Pharmazie. Volume 20, No. 11, 1965, p. 738.
  13. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: Investigations of the active ingredients of the ruta graveolens I. In: Planta medica. Volume 13, No. 2, 1965, pp. 226-233.
  14. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 61 f.
  15. ↑ a b c Ernst Steinegger, Rudolf Hansel : Textbook of Pharmacognosie and Phytopharmacy. 4th edition. Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1988, p. 702.
  16. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 23.
  17. ↑ Vincenzo De Feo, Francesco De Simone, Felice Senatore: Potential allelochemicals from the essential oil of Ruta graveolens . In: Phytochemistry . tape 61 , no. 5 , November 1, 2002, pp. 573-578 , doi : 10.1016 / S0031-9422 (02) 00284-4 ( sciencedirect.com ).
  18. ↑ Karl-Heinz Kubeczka: Pregeijeren, main component of the essential root oil of Ruta graveolens. In: Phytochemistry. Volume 13, No. 9, 1974, p. 2017 f.
  19. ↑ See also Karl-Heinz Kubeczka: Comparative Investigations on the Biogenesis of Volatile Products of Secondary Metabolism , I .: Investigations on Ruta graveolens L. In: Flora, Abt. A. Volume 158, No. 5, 1967, pp. 519-544.
  20. ↑ NB Piller: Variatins in acid and neutral protease activity of rats with thermal edema together with the influence of various benzopyrones. In: drug research. Volume 21, No. 1, 1977, pp. 1069-1073.
  21. ↑ Alexander I. Gray: Structural diversity and distribution of coumarines and chromones in the Rutales. In: Peter G. Waterman, Michael F. Grundon (Eds.): Chemistry and chemical taxonomy of the Rutales. London / New York 1983 (= Annu. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. Eur. Volume 22), pp. 97-146.
  22. ↑ Alexander I. Gray, Peter G. Waterman: Coumarins in the Rutaceae. In: Phytochemistry. Volume 17, No. 5, 1978, pp. 845-864.
  23. ↑ External identifiers or database links for rutarin : CAS number: 20320-81-4, PubChem : 70697716 , ChemSpider : 35518518 , Wikidata : Q27104967 .
  24. ↑ G. Schneider, H. Müller: The main coumarin of the rue. In: Pharmacy. Volume 21, 1966, pp. 707 f.
  25. ↑ G. Schneider, H. Müller: About the furocoumarin glucoside "rutarin" from rue. In: Arch. Pharm. Volume 300, No. 11, 1967, pp. 913-916.
  26. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 21.
  27. ^ Bernice Knowlton, Phyllis Ockert: Dermatitis caused by Rue. In: The Herbarist. Volume 16, 1950, p. 32.
  28. ↑ NS Heskel, RB Amon, FJ Storrs, CR White: Phytophotodermatitis due to rue. In: Contact Dermatitis. Volume 9, No. 4, 1983, pp. 278-280.
  29. ↑ GHN Towers, Z. Abramowski: UV-mediated genotoxicity of furanoquinoline and of certain tryptophan-derived alkaloids. In: Lloydia. Volume 46, No. 4, 1983, pp. 576-581.
  30. ^ Karl-Hermann Neumann, Ashwani Kumar, Sudhir K. Sopory: Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology and Its Applications: Prof. Dr. Karl-Hermann Neumann Commemorative Volume . IK International Pvt Ltd, 2008, ISBN 978-81-89866-09-9 , pp. 538 ( books.google.de ).
  31. ↑ External identifiers or database links for chalepensin : CAS number: 13164-03-9, PubChem : 128834 , ChemSpider : 114167 , Wikidata : Q27106137 .
  32. ↑ RM Brooker, JN Eble, NA Starkovsky: Chalepensin, chalepin and chalepin acetate, three novel furocoumarins from Ruta chalepensis. In: Lloydia. Volume 30, 1967, p. 73.
  33. ^ Rainer Klosa, Alfred Zänglein: Ruta graveolens - The garden diamond. Portrait of a medicinal plant. 1987, p. 206.
  34. ↑ Otto Nieschulz: Pharmacological findings on alkaloids from Ruta graveolens L. and some related compounds. In: O. Hanc , J. Hubik (eds.): "Scientiae Pharmaceuticae II.", Proc. 25th Congr. Pharm. Sci. 1965. London 1967, pp. 559-564.
  35. ↑ Otto Nieschulz, Georg Schneider: Pharmacological findings of alkaloids from Ruta graveolens L. In: natural sciences. Volume 52, No. 13, 1965, p. 394 f.
  36. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: Alkaloids from Ruta graveolens L. In: Pharmazie. Volume 20, 1965, pp. 654 f .; and the same: A new alkaloid from Ruta graveolens L. ibid, p. 655; and the same with J. Reisch: Quaternary alkaloids from Ruta graveolens L. In: Pharmazie. Volume 23, No. 9, 1968, p. 519 f.
  37. ↑ Cf. Bruno Wolters, Udo Eilert: Accumulation of acridone epoxides in callus cultures of Ruta graveolens increased by coculture with non-host-specific fungi. In: Z. Naturforsch., C: Bioscio. Volume 37C, No. 7-8, 1982, pp. 575-583.
  38. ↑ Rudolf Hänsel, Konstantin Keller, Horst Rimpler, Georg Schneider: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice: Drugs PZ follow-up volume 2 . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-57881-6 , pp. 512 ( books.google.de ).
  39. ↑ Cf. also JC Chenieux, P. Maupas, M. Rideau, C. Verchere, C. Viel: Inhibitory activity on the growth of vegetal an animal cells of furoquinoleic alkaloids from Rutaceae. In: Comptes rendues des Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D. Vol. 283, No. 1, 1976, pp. 101-104.
  40. ↑ Ewald spokesman: Contributions to the question of the biogenesis of secondary plant substances in rue (Ruta graveolens L.). In: Planta. Volume 14, 1956, pp. 323-358.
  41. ^ Rainer Klosa, Alfred Zänglein: Ruta graveolens - The garden diamond. Portrait of a medicinal plant. 1987.
  42. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 20-22.
  43. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 18-20.
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  45. ↑ JP Pals, V. Beemster, A. Noordam 1989: Plant remains from the Roman castellum Praetorium Agrippinae near Valkenburg (prov. Of Zuid-Holland) . In: Udelgard Korber-Grohne.
  46. ↑ H. Küster (Ed.): Archäobotanik . Dissertationes Botanicae 133, 117-133.
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  49. ^ Paul Heinz List, Ludwig Hörhammer (Ed.): Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice. 4th edition. Volume 3. Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1972 ( Folia Rutae ).
  50. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 233.
  51. ^ Alfred C. Andrews: The use of rue as a spice by the Greeks and Romans. In: Classica Journal. Volume 43, 1948, pp. 371-373.
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  53. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 112 f.
  54. ^ Johanna Maria van Winter: Cooking and Eating in the Middle Ages. In: Bernd Herrmann (Ed.): Man and the environment in the Middle Ages. Stuttgart 1986, p. 88 f.
  55. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 227 and more.
  56. ↑ James A. Duke: CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton (Florida) 1985; Reprinted ibid 1986, p. 416.
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  59. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 81–94, 112–139, 220 and 238–244.
  60. ↑ Christine Becela-Deller: The rue (Ruta graveolens L.) as an example of a medicinal plant at the time of the Salern school (10th – 13th centuries). In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 12, 1994, pp. 143-152.
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  64. ↑ Eduard Gildemeister, Friedrich Hoffmann: The essential oils. Volume 5. Berlin 1959, p. 414.
  65. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , p. 23.
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  67. ^ Jean Renaux in: A. Int. Pharmacodyn. 66, 463 (1941).
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  69. ↑ Karl-Heinz Kubeczka, Franz-Christian Czygan: Ruta graveolens L. In: Gerhard Vogel (Ed.): Monographs of the cooperation Phytopharmaka. Cologne 1986, p. 58 f.
  70. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 217, 232 and more often.
  71. ↑ See, for example, Larissa Leibrock-Plehn: Hexenkräuter oder Arznei. The means of abortion in the 16th and 17th centuries. Stuttgart 1992 (= Heidelberger Schriften zur Pharmazie- und Naturwissenschaftsgeschichte. Volume 6); and John Marion Riddle: Contraception and abortion from the ancient world to renaissance. Boston 1992. On the contraceptive effect cf. also YC Kong, PG Waterman u. a .: Antifertility principle of Ruta graveolens. In: Planta med. Vol. 55, 1989, pp. 176-178.
  72. ↑ Des Pedanios Dioskurides from Anazarbos Medicines Theory in five books. Translated and provided with explanations by Julius Berendes . Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1902 ( full text ; digitized digitized version ); Reprint Sendet, Wiesbaden 1970 (and more often), p. 293.
  73. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 230-234 and 236.
  74. ↑ Fr. Meyer, E. Meyer: Percutaneous absorption of essential oils and their ingredients. In: Drug Research. Volume 9, No. 8, 1959, pp. 516-519.
  75. ↑ See also AG Gonzalez, V. Darias, G. Alonso, JN Boada, F. Rodriguez-Luis: Cytostatic Activity of some Canary Islands species of Rutaceae. In: Planta med. Volume 31, No. 4, 1977, pp. 351-356.
  76. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 232 f. (with further literature on photochemotherapeutic, cytostatic, antibiotic and mutagenic effects).
  77. ↑ Elke Wolf: Compression and edema protectors as pillars of vein therapy. In: Pharmaceutical newspaper. (April 20, 1998)
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  80. ↑ See also JB Bennet, BD Gomperts, Eckhard Wollenweber : Inhibitory effects of natural flavonoids on secretion from mast cells and neutrophils. In: drug research. Volume 31, No. 3, 1981, pp. 433-437.
  81. ↑ André Patoir et al. a .: Étude expérimentale compartive de quelques abortifs (Apiol, Rue, Sabine, Armoise). In: Gynéc. et Obstétr. Volume 39, 1939, pp. 201-209.
  82. ^ Marie J. Papavassiliou, C. Eliakis: De la rue comme abortif et poison. In: Ann. med. legal criminol. police sci. Volume 17, 1937, pp. 993-999.
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  84. ^ Emil Minker, C. Bartha, Z. Rosza, Kálmán Szendrei, J. Reisch: Antispasmogenic effect of Rutamarin and Arborinine on isolated smooth muscle organs. In: Planta med. Volume 37, No. 2, 1979, pp. 156-160.
  85. ↑ István Novák, Géza Buzás, Emil Minker, Mátyás Koltai, Kálmán Szendrei: The isolation of further spasmolytic substances from the Ruta graveolens L. In: Naturwisenschaften. Volume 52, No. 10, 1965, p. 263.
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  87. ^ Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Volume 3. Olms, Hildesheim / New York 1976, ISBN 3-487-05892-8 , pp. 2372-2379 (reprint of the Leipzig 1938 edition) ( online ).
  88. ↑ Dieter Beckmann , Barbara Beckmann: Mandrake, mugwort and other witch herbs. Everyday knowledge of bygone times. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1990, ISBN 3-593-34336-3 , pp. 53 and 199-201.
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  91. ↑ Museum for Contraception and Abortion: Rue .
  92. ↑ iztauhyatl .
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