Antidotarium Magnum

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Antidotarium Magnum , Liber iste , Antidotarium Nicolai and Grabadin are the names of recipe books from the 11th to 13th centuries. They influenced the pharmaceutical theory and practice in Europe until the 19th century and can be considered the first " positive lists for drugs later" and progenitor pharmacopoeia and modern pharmacopoeia are called.

Antidotarium Magnum (Antidotarius Magnus)

Antidotarium Magnum or (Liber) Antidotarius Magnus is the name of a collection of medical prescriptions. This recipe collection was compiled in southern Italy around 1060 and contains up to 1300 medical prescriptions in alphabetical order. Typical for pre-Salernitan antidotaries was (in contrast to the short recipes of the so-called prescriptions) the full recipe. The collection of rules, which "disappeared" from the 16th century until it was rediscovered by Alfons Lutz, was written by several authors, including Johannes Afflacius, and is based on sources from late antiquity, early Byzantine and (e.g. via Constantinus Africanus ) Arabic and early medieval sources (including antidotaria as they were used in monastery medicine ). Possible sources of the Antidotarium Magnum are:

Liber iste (= Pseudo-Platearius glosses)

Between 1100 and 1200 a pharmacological commentary on the 70 most common recipes of the early Salernitan antidotarium Magnum was written in the school of Salerno and has been handwritten since 1170 at the latest. This commentary arrangement (with the title Glossulae , also called "Glossae Platearii") was named "Liber iste" after his first words and, contrary to earlier assumptions, was probably not written by a "Platearius". The oldest translation of the drug-related text, which has the characteristics of a pharmacopoeia as well as a herbal book , and which , in contrast to the compound drugs (Composita) of Antidotarium Magnum and Antidotarium Nicolai, mainly treats single substance drugs (Simplicia), was made in the German language in the 13th century.

Antidotarium Nicolai

In the second quarter of the 12th century (around 1140) at the latest, a doctor from Salerno ( Nicolaus Salernitanus , also known as Nicolaus von Salerno, a teacher at the school in Salerno ) selected the 136 most common recipes of the seldom handed down and because of its oversize and unsolved manufacturing problems The Magnum antidotarium, which did not prevail in practice , was supplemented by six further prescriptions from doctors from the Salerno school and added a foreword and part of the commentary text of the “Liber iste”. This compilation, which was also practical in terms of the shelf life of the selected drugs and their weight information, and introduced the standardization of drug preparation, was, even if the text criticized the pharmacy class at the time, in Europe as the "Antidotarium Nicolai" for the leading pharmaceutical, especially in Central High German and Central Netherlands from around 1300 Reference text, parts of which survived into the national official pharmacopoeias or pharmacopoeias of the 19th century. Nicolaus Salernitanus introduced the Gran unit to pharmaceuticals with the Nicolai antidotarium .

Grabadin of the Pseudo-Mesue (= Pseudo-Mesue-Filius)

In the 13th century , a "Grabadin" (Arabic qarābāḍīn , based on the then famous Johannes Mesue senior , based on the author's pseudonym "Mesue-Filius") appeared in northern Italy, probably written around 1250 in Lombardy or the German guilder zone from the Greek gráphiton ) called, compound drug containing recipe book, which soon asserted itself alongside the "Antidotarium Nicolai". The author created this pharmacopoeia, which became a standard pharmaceutical work at the beginning of the 16th century, from writings by Avicenna, Rhazes and Albucasis.

See also

literature

  • Alfons Lutz : The lost early Salernitan Antidotarius magnus in a Basel manuscript from the 12th century and the Antidotarium Nicolai. In: Publications of the International Society for the History of Pharmacy. New series, Volume 16, Stuttgart 1960, pp. 97-133. Abbreviated under the title Der Verschollene Antidotarius magnus in a Basel manuscript from the 12th century and the 'Antidotarium Nicolai'. also in: Acta Pharmaciae Historica. Volume 1, 1959, pp. 1-25.
  • Alfons Lutz: The Dynameron of the so-called Nikolaos Myrepsis and the Antidotarium Nicolai. In: Publications of the International Society for the History of Pharmacy. New series, Volume 21, Stuttgart 1961, pp. 57-73.
  • Alfons Lutz: Chronological connections of the alphabetically arranged medieval antidotaria. In: Robert Blaser, Heinrich Buess (Hrsg.): Current problems from the history of medicine. Negotiations of the XIX. International Congress of the History of Medicine. Basel (1964) 1966, pp. 253-258.
  • Antidotarium Nicolai. Edition princeps. Venice (Nicolaus Jenson) 1471.
  • Wouter S. van den Berg (ed.): Eene Middelnederlandsche vertaling van het Antidotarium Nicolaï (Ms. 15624–15641, Kon. Bibl. Te Brussel) with the Latin text der first printed uitgave van het Antidotarium Nicolaï. Edited by Sophie J. van den Berg, EJ Brill, Leiden 1917.
  • Paul Dorveaux: L'Antidotaire Nicolas. Deux traductions françaises de l'Antidotarium Nicolai. L'une di XIVe siècle suivie de quelques Recettes de la même epoche et d'un Glossaire, l'autre du XVe siècle, incomplète publiées d'après les manuscrits français 25.327 et 14.827 de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris 1896.
  • Dietlinde Goltz: Medieval pharmacy and medicine, presented in the history and content of the 'Antidotarium Nicolai'. With a reprint of the first print version from 1471, Stuttgart 1976, published in 1977 (= publications of the International Society for the History of Pharmacy , New Series, 44).
  • Gundolf Keil : Antidotarium Nicolai. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 1. Stuttgart 1980, Col. 708-710.
  • Gundolf Keil: Antidotary. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 69 f.
  • Kurt-Heinz Lebede: The antidotarium of Nicolaus von Salerno and its influence on the development of the German pharmaceutical industry. Text and commentary on two manuscripts in the Berlin State Library, Hamburg 1939 (also a mathematical and scientific dissertation, Berlin 1939).
  • Francesco JM Roberg: Studies on the 'Antidorium Nicolai' based on the oldest manuscripts. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 21, 2002, pp. 73-129.

Web links

  • Monica H. Green, Kathleen Walker-Meikle: Antidotarium magnum - Online Edition. Contents list
  • Manuscripts.
    • Antidotarium magnum.
      • Frankfurt am Main, University Library, MS Barth. 156, 1r – 66v, southern France, early 13th century (digitized)
      • Heidelberg, University Library, Cod. Pal. lat. 1080c, 205r – 299v, France (12th – 15th centuries?), (digitized version )
    • Antidotarium Nicolai.
      • London, British Museum. Harley MS 4983, Northern France, 2nd half of the 13th century (digitized)
      • London, British Museum. Harley MS 2378, sheet 63r – 110r Antidotarium Nicolai, 2nd half of the 14th century (digital copy )
    • Grabadin. Frankfurt Ms. Praed. 9 [Sl] around 1440, 26va – 46rd (digitized version )
  • Prints.
    • Antidotarium Magnum. Nicolai Alexandrini Medici Graeci Vetustissimi liber des Compositione Medicamentorum secundum loca. Ingolstadt 1541 (digitized version)
    • Antidotarium Nicolai. Naples 1478 (digitized version)
    • Antidotarium Nicolai (sheet 3r – 24v) and Grabadin (sheet 26r – 68r) Strasbourg approx. 1478 (digital copy )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 122–125 ( Salernitan Antidotarium ) and 220.
  2. ^ Francesco JM Roberg: Studies on the 'Antidotarium Nicolai' based on the oldest manuscripts. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 21, 2002, pp. 73-129, here: pp. 78-83.
  3. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Liber iste'. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 850 f., Here: p. 850.
  4. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 74-76.
  5. ↑ Alfons Lutz : The lost early Salernitan Antidotarius magnus in a Basel manuscript from the 12th century and the Antidotarium Nicolai. Stuttgart 1960 (= publications of the International Society for the History of Pharmacy, New Series. Volume 16).
  6. ↑ Christine Becela-Deller: The rue (Ruta graveolens L.) as an example of a medicinal plant at the time of the Salern school (10th-14th centuries). In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 12, 1994, pp. 143-152, here: p. 146.
  7. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 237.
  8. ↑ In: Carl Gottlob Kühn: Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia. Leipzig 1826, Volume 12, pp. 378-1007. (Digitized version ) Leipzig 1827, Volume 13, pp. 1–361. (Digitized version)
  9. ↑ In: Carl Gottlob Kühn: Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia. Leipzig 1827, Volume 13, pp. 362-1085. (Digitized version)
  10. ↑ edition. Valentin Rose . Plinii secundi quae fertur una cum Gargilii Martialis medicina. Nunc primum edita. Teubner, Leipzig 1875.
  11. ↑ edition. Max Niedermann (Ed.): Marcelli De medicamentis liber . Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin 1916 (= Corpus medicorum Latinorum. Volume 5).
  12. ^ Theodori Prisciani Archiatri ad Timotheum fratrem, Phaenomenon Euporiston. Froben, Basel 1532 (digitized version)
  13. ↑ edition. Theodor Puschmann (ed.): Alexander von Tralles. Original text and translation together with an introductory essay. A contribution to the history of medicine. 2 volumes, Vienna 1878–1879. Volume I archive.org Volume II archive.org
  14. ^ Print (edited by Andrea Alpago, 1450–1521). Basel 1556 (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Alfons Lutz : The lost early Salenitan Antidotarius magnus in a Basel manuscript from the 12th century and the Antidotarium Nicolai. Publ. D. int. Ges. f. Business d. Pharmazie NF, Volume 16, 1960, pp. 97-133.
  16. ^ Andreas Kramer and Korinna Scheidt: The manuscripts of the Antidotarius magnus. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 83, 1999, pp. 109-116.
  17. ↑ Francesco JM Roberg: The 'Antidotarium Nicolai' and the 'Liber Antidotarius magnus'. (= Marburg contributions to the cultural history of medicine. ) Eudora, Leipzig 2007, pp. 251–268.
  18. ^ Francesco JM Roberg: Studies on the 'Antidotarium Nicolai' based on the oldest manuscripts. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 21, 2002, pp. 73-129, here: pp. 99 f.
  19. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Liber iste'. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 850 f., Here: p. 850.
  20. ↑ Erwin Müller (Ed.): The treatise 'Liber iste' (the so-called Glossae Platearii) from the Breslau Codex Salernitanus. (Mathematical and natural science dissertation, Berlin 1941) Würzburg 1942 (= texts and studies on the history of natural sciences. Volume 7).
  21. ↑ Roberg (2002), p. 99 f.
  22. ^ Gundolf Keil . Liber is. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Volume 5. Stuttgart 1999, Sp. 1945.
  23. ^ Francesco JM Roberg: Studies on the 'Antidotarium Nicolai' based on the oldest manuscripts. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 21, 2002, p. 99 f.
  24. ↑ See also Gundolf Keil: "dits die best, the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 2013, ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137, here: p. 104, note 73.
  25. ^ Gundolf Keil, Willem Frans Daems: 'Liber iste'. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 5, Col. 759-762.
  26. ↑ Konrad Goehl : Short index to the pseudoplatearic 'Liber iste'. In: “gelêrter der arzeniê, ouch apotêker”. Contributions to the history of science. Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Willem F. Daems. Edited by Gundolf Keil, Horst Wellm Verlag, Pattensen / Hanover 1982 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Volume 24), ISBN 3-921456-35-5 , pp. 655-666, here: pp. 657 f.
  27. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Liber iste'. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , pp. 850 f .; same: antidotary. ibid, p. 69 f., here: p. 69.
  28. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'German Salernitan Pharmacopoeia'. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. 2005, p. 296 f., Here: p. 297.
  29. ↑ Erwin Müller: The treatise Liber iste (the so-called Glossae Platearii) from the Breslau Codex Salernitanus. Würzburg 1942 (= texts and studies on the history of the natural sciences. Volume 7).
  30. ↑ Gundolf Keil: On the dating of the 'Antidotarium Nicolai'. In: Sudhoff's archive. Vol. 62, 1978, pp. 190-196; also in: Klaus O. Kern (Hrsg.): Scientific connection between Cimbria and Heidelberg. Festschrift for the 100th anniversary. Heidelberg 1976, pp. 28-36.
  31. ^ Gundolf Keil: Nicolaus Salernitanus. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1048.
  32. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 2013, ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137; here: p. 109 f.
  33. ^ Gundolf Keil: Nicolaus Salernitanus. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 6, Col. 1134-1151.
  34. ↑ Andreas Kramer, Korinna Scheidt: The manuscripts of the "Antidotarius magnus". In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 83, 1999, pp. 109-116.
  35. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 123 f.
  36. ^ Gundolf Keil: Antidotarium Nicolai. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. 2005, p. 70 f.
  37. ↑ Konrad Goehl, Gundolf Keil: 'apothecarii nostri temporis': A criticism of the pharmacy booth from the early days of pharmacy. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 261-267.
  38. ↑ Gert Mellbourn and Gundolf Keil: The 'Antidotarium Nicolai' in Saxon version of the 15th century. Investigations on the Wolfenbüttel fragment 404.10 (20). In: Gundolf Keil, Peter Assion, Willem Frans Daems, Heinz-Ulrich Roehl (eds.): Specialized prose studies. Contributions to medieval science and intellectual history. Berlin 1982, pp. 346-362.
  39. ^ Willem Frans Daems : De Middelnedelandse vertalingen van het Antidotarium Nicolai. In: Scientiarum Historia. Volume 3, No. 1, 1991, pp. 1-20.
  40. ↑ Willy Braekmann, Gundolf Keil: Five Central Dutch translations of the 'Antidotarium Nicolai'. Investigations into the pharmaceutical literature of the medieval Netherlands. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 55, 1971, pp. 257-320, here: pp. 258-268.
  41. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 2013, ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137, here: pp. 109 f.
  42. ↑ Dietlinde Goltz. Medieval pharmacy and medicine. Depicted on the history and content of the Antidotarium Nicolai. With a reprint of the print version from 1471. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1976.
  43. ^ Gundolf Keil. Antidotarium Nicolai. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Volume 1. Stuttgart 1999, Col. 708-709.
  44. ^ Francesco JM Roberg: Studies on the 'Antidotarium Nicolai' based on the oldest manuscripts. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 21, 2002, pp. 73-129.
  45. ^ Willy Braekman, Gundolf Keil: Five Central Dutch translations of the 'Antidotarium Nicolai': Investigations into the pharmaceutical specialist literature of the medieval Netherlands. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 55, 1971, pp. 257-320, here: p. 265.
  46. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 2013, ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137; here: p. 135, note 236.
  47. ^ Gundolf Keil: Pseudo-Mesuë. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 6, Col. 451-453.
  48. ↑ Leo Jules van de Wiele: De Grabadin van Pseudo-Mesuës (XIe – XIIe eeuw) en zijn invloed op de ontwikkeling van de farmacie in de zuidelijke Nederlanden. Pharmaceutical dissertation Ghent 1962.
  49. ^ Gundolf Keil: Pseudo-Mesuë ([Johannes] Mesuë junior; filius Mesuë posterior). In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 5, Col. 451-452.
  50. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Mesue Junior. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Volume 6. Stuttgart 1999, Col. 567-568.
  51. ↑ Lenka Vaňková, Gundolf Keil: Mesuë and his 'Grabadin'. A standard work of medieval pharmacy. Edition - translation - commentary. Tilia, Ostrava 2005.
  52. ↑ Bernhard Dietrich Haage: (about) Lenka Vaňková and Gundolf Keil: Mesuë and his "Grabadin". A standard work of medieval pharmacy [...] In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 25, 2006, p. 363 f.