Thorny Restharrow

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Thorny Restharrow
Thorny Restharrow (Ononis spinosa)

Thorny Restharrow ( Ononis spinosa )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Genre : Restockers ( Ononis )
Type : Thorny Restharrow
Scientific name
Ononis spinosa
L.
illustration

The Spiny Restharrow ( Ononis spinosa ), also women war or Eindorn called, is a plant type from the genus of ononis ( Ononis ) belonging to the pea family belongs (Faboideae). Due to difficulties in assigning it, it is occasionally combined with the creeping Restharrow ( Ononis repens ) and the Buck's Restharrow ( Ononis arvensis ) to form the species group " Ononis spinosa agg.".

description

The thorny Restharrow is a 10 to 80 cm high, winter-bare subshrub ( Chamaephyt ) with strong, up to 50 cm long taproots and lying to ascending, woody, thorny stems at the base. These are usually clearly two rows from the middle, rarely also single row or at the top on all sides, hairy and red in color. The serrated leaves are triply pinnate, also single at the tip of the branches. The middle leaf is at least twice, often three to four times, as long as it is wide. The also serrated stipules are shorter than the petiole. The spines are often in pairs. The flowers stand individually in the leaf axils, their petals are pink in color.

The plants bloom from April to September with one to three butterfly flowers , which sit on short shoots that arise in the leaf axils at the ends of the stems and branches. This creates moderately dense flower clusters . The individual flowers are between 1 and 2.2 cm long and pink or light purple in color. The flag of the flowers is on the outside slightly glandular hairy and streaked dark veined. The calyx is long and also partly hairy with glands.

After flowering, inflated pods are formed that are about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide, and these are also covered with glandular hair.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30 or 60.

Similar species

The thorny Restharrow is occasionally with the Creeping Restharrow ( Ononis repens ) and the Field Restharrow ( Ononis arvensis ) to the species group Ononis spinosa agg. summarized. The assignment of individual specimens to the individual species is sometimes almost impossible, as there are transitional forms between them.

The Creeping Restharrow is mainly characterized by its thornless stem. Other characteristics are the mostly single flowers in racemes and the middle partial leaf, which in this species is at most twice as long as it is wide. The occurrences are often identical to or overlapping with those of the thorny restraint.

The field restharrow also has a thornless stem, but here there are always two to three flowers in the leaf axils and clustered at the branch ends. The species is rare and is found almost exclusively on semi-arid grasslands . In Germany it grows in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg. In Austria it can be found in Lower and Upper Austria as well as in Styria.

Occurrence

The thorny restorer occurs almost all over Europe up to about 1500 m altitude, but is absent in the lowlands and in the higher low mountain ranges. It often populates dry pastures, embankments, fallow meadows and dams. It prefers warm, moderately dry or alternately dry, base-rich, mostly calcareous, neutral-mild, humic loam and clay soils. It is an indicator of leanness. It is a character species of the Mesobromion association, but also occurs in associations of the Molinion or Violion caninae associations. Their thorny tufts displace valuable fodder plants and can cause foot ulcers in grazing cattle.

ecology

Similar to most legumes , the thorny restraint enters into a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria ( rhizobium ) in its root nodules and thus contributes to the fertility of the soil. There is also a symbiosis with root fungi .

The pollination mechanism stands between the pumping mechanism and the folding mechanism. In young flowers, the upper edges of the shuttle are still fused and the shuttle is closed except for an opening at the tip. After repeatedly pressing down the wing and shuttle, the upper edge splits and when the insect visits again the stamens and the stigma emerge, this is called the pumping mechanism. When the pressure is released, the stamens are recovered from the shuttle, this is called a folding mechanism.

The flowers have beautiful sap marks, but do not offer any nectar , instead all ten stamens have grown together to form a tube. It is all the more astonishing that bees are the main visitors. The seeds are spread through zoochory and also autochory .

history

“Ox breaker” - Ononis spinosa Hieronymus Bock 1546. Further historical images:

In his Natural History of Plants, Theophrastus mentioned an "Ononis" that was difficult to exterminate from the farmland. Therefore it is hated by the country folk. Dioscurides , Pliny and Galen reported largely identically about a plant which they called "Anonis" or "Ononis" and which was interpreted by the fathers of botany as an Ononis species . They attributed the following effects to the plant:

  • The buds are salted in and eaten in spring.
  • The root bark - drunk with wine - drives urine and smashes urinary tract stones.
  • The root bark - drunk with wine - tears open scabs all around.
  • The root - boiled in vinegar water - is used as a mouthwash for toothache.
  • The root - boiled down with vinegar honey - is used by epileptics.

In the Middle Ages, the plant was mentioned in Ibn al Baitar's drug encyclopedia (13th century) and in the Mainz Hortus sanitatis (15th century).

In 1500, Hieronymus Brunschwig named folk medical applications of the thorny croissant he called "Heckel krut" in his small distilling book . He named the following indications for a distillate made from the flowers:

In the 16th century, the fathers of botany adopted the recommendations for use from ancient authors. They gave exact botanical descriptions and interpreted the different names of the plant:

  • "Heckelkrut" because the thorns on the Flachshechel remember.
  • “Ox breaker” because the roots, which are tenaciously anchored in the ground, stop the ox plow.
  • "Stallkraut", because an infusion of the plant given to the horses makes them urinate ("stall").

The Parisian pharmacist and doctor Moyse Charas included three prescriptions in his Pharmacopoe royale galénique et chymique in 1676 , in which the grouse root was taken into account:

  • Syrupus Anti-Nephreticus DD D'Aquin .
In it, the grouse root (Radix Ononidis) was named as one of the "five aperitive roots". “Aperitiv”, derived from the Latin “apertus - open”, in the sense of the humoral doctrine, meant a separation of the “bad juices” from the “good juices” with the aim of eliminating the “bad juices”. For this purpose, a drug mixture of five woods and / or roots was initially used. The composition of this mixture varied depending on time and place.
In Charas it consisted of roots of Althaea , roots of Hauchechel, roots of Fragaria , roots of Bardana and roots of Nymphaea .
  • Aqua Diuretica DD D'Aquin. A distillate to stimulate urine excretion from 16 components. The grouse root was a key ingredient.
  • Aqua Anti-Nephritica correcta D. de Bellegarde. Also a distillate to stimulate urine excretion from "only" 12 components. Here, too, the grouse root was a main ingredient.

Charas Pharmacopoe royale was reprinted again and again until the middle of the 18th century and it influenced the prescribing behavior of French doctors.

The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1735 also took into account the grouse root in its regulation for the “Decoctum ad Nephreticos”. In 1786, however, Edinburgh clinician William Cullen questioned the urinary power attributed to the root:

“The burdock = grass = and stone seeds =, Restharrow = asparagus = and alantroot are all substances that seem to go off through the kidneys to some extent; after frequent experience, however, I can assure you that their urine-driving forces hardly deserve to be mentioned. "

In the first edition of the Prussian Pharmacopoeia : from 1799 the "aperitifs five roots" for the Holztee were guaiac wood , burdock , soapwort root , licorice root and Sassafras . From the 6th edition in 1849, the soapwort root was replaced by a grouse root. This regulation was also included in the first edition of the German Pharmacopoeia from 1872. From the middle of the 19th century, the wood tea was also known as " blood cleansing tea " and was used in particular to treat chronic skin diseases.

Pharmacology and Ingredients

The plant contains little essential oil and the isoflavones biochanin A , formononetin and genistein . Furthermore, the tannins ononin and the terpene alpha-onocerin (Onocol) are the main ingredients.

Whole or cut, dried roots are used as a medicinal drug. It is said to have a weak diuretic effect. In the tests carried out so far, both positive and negative results have been achieved, so that a final assessment of the diuretic (diuretic) effectiveness is not yet possible. The responsible plant constituents could not yet be determined with certainty.

Nevertheless, the drug is used as a mild diuretic for flushing therapy for infections of the lower urinary tract, for kidney gravel, and for the prevention of kidney stones. Use is contraindicated in the event of water retention as a result of impaired heart or kidney function.

The folk medical application for gout and rheumatism has not been proven.

Regional names

The thorny Restharrow is also known under the names Agla (r) kraut, Eindorn, Einhagel, Eselskraut, Frauenkriegswurzel, Frauenstreit, Gundeldorn, Hachelkraut, Urnkrautwurzel, Hasenblume, Hasenöhrle, Haudornwurzel, Hauhechel, Hofdornkurzel, Hauchel, Hechelkraut , Hohachel, Huldorn, Katzenspeer, Lahmdorn, List, Listendorn, Ox break, Ox break, Ox herb, Pflugsterz, Quest herb, Quest herb root, Schafhechle, Schafhechle, Schmalhef, Weißkraut, Stachelkrautwurzel, Stachelkrautwurzel, Stachelkrautwurzel, Stachelkrautwurzel , Witschge, Witwerdörn and Wiwkrut.

literature

  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Volume 2: Yew plants to butterfly plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06192-2 , pp. 446 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .
  • Karl Hiller, Matthias F. Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs. 2nd Edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-2053-4 .

Web links

Commons : Thorny Restharrow ( Ononis spinosa )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 585.
  2. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491 ( picture link )
  3. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs 1543 ( picture link )
  4. ↑ Pietro Andrea Mattioli 1586 ( picture link )
  5. ↑ Pharmakopoea Borussica. Wood tea. Above 1st edition 1799. Below 6th edition 1849 ( picture link )
  6. ↑ Kurt Sprengel . Theophrast's natural history of plants . Friedrich Hammerich, Altona 1822, Part I Translation, Book VI, Chapter 5 (pp. 229–30) (digitized version )
  7. ^ Dioscurides, 1st century, Book III, Cap. 18 (digitized version)
  8. ↑ Pliny the Elder. 1st century Naturalis historia Book XXVII, § 29 (Chapter XII) (Digitized Latin) (Digitized German) Edition Külb 1840–1864
  9. ^ Galen, 2nd century, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , lib. VIII, Cap. XV / 9 (after Kühn 1826, Volume XII, p. 89) (digitized version)
  10. ↑ Ibn al-Baitar. 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya - Large compilation of the powers of the well-known simple healing foods and foods. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume II 1842, pp. 93–94 (digitized version )
  11. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, chapter 324: Onomia (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig, Kleines Distillierbuch, 1500, sheet 60v (digitized version )
  13. ↑ Hieronymus Bock , Herbal Book 1539 Part II, Cap. 113 (digitized version) . Illustration in edition 1546, part II, chapter 116 (digitized version)
  14. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs , Herbal Book 1543, Cap. 18 (digitized version)
  15. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Petri Andreae Matthioli medici senensis Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Adiectis quàm plurimis plantarum et animalium imaginibus, eodem authore. Vincentius Valgrisi, Venice 1554, p. 361 (digitized Latin) Translation into German by Joachim Camerarius the Younger . It contains images from Conrad Gessner's estate . Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 226 (digitized in German)
  16. ↑ Moyse Charas. Pharmacopoe royale galénique et chymique , Paris 1676, p. 174 (digitized version )
  17. ^ Félix Vicq-d'Azyr. Encyclopédie méthodique, médecine, par une société de médecins. ANG-BLU. Panckoucke, Paris 1790, p. 155 (digitized version)
  18. ↑ Moyse Charas. Pharmacopoe royale galénique et chymique , Paris 1676, p. 1024 (digital copy )
  19. ↑ Moyse Charas. Pharmacopoe royale galénique et chymique , Paris 1676, p. 1028 (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Pharmacopoeia Collegii Regii Medicorum Edinburgensis. Secundum editionis Edinburgensis… , Göttingen 1735, p. 64: Decotum ad Nephreticos (digitized version )
  21. ^ William Cullen 1789 in the translation by Samuel Hahnemann 1790.
  22. ↑ William Cullen . A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 553 (digitized version) --- William Cullen's treatise on the materia medica ... translated and annotated by Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790, Volume II, pp. 612–13 (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Pharmacopoea Borussica , Decker, Berlin 1799, p. 136 (digitized version)
  24. ^ Friedrich Mohr . Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: including translation of the text . Friedrich Vieweg - Braunschweig. (Based on the sixth edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica.) Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig 1849, Volume II, p. 301: Species ad Decoctum Lignorum (digital copy )
  25. ↑ Pharmacopoea Germanica . Decker, Berlin 1872, p. 303: Species ad Decoctum Lignorum. (Digitized version)
  26. ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2 volumes, Springer, Berlin 1873–1875. 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883. Volume II, pp. 1172–73 (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Hager's handbook of pharmaceutic practice for pharmacists, doctors, chemists and medicinal officials. Springer Berlin, Volume II, 1902, pp. 512-13 (digitized version )
  28. ↑ www.pharmakobotanik.de: Restharrow root - Ononidis radix
  29. ^ Arnold Werner: Medicinal Plants
  30. ↑ BAz (Federal Gazette) No. 78 of April 23, 1987 and correction of March 13, 1990 (digitized version)
  31. ↑ Wald-Laeufer.de