Burdock
| Burdock | ||||||||||||
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Great burdock ( Arctium lappa ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Arctium | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The burdock ( Arctium ) constitute a genus within the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The 10 to 14 species of the genus Arctium s. st. are widespread in Eurasia and North Africa. Some species are neophytes worldwide .
description
In the genus Arctium s. st. there are the following characteristics:
Vegetative characteristics
Arctium species are always hapaxanthic plants : biennial or perennial , herbaceous plants that reach heights of 50 to 300 centimeters. The upright stems are mostly branched. The stalked leaves have a smooth or toothed edge and are usually hairy.
Generative characteristics
In the almost spherical, cup-shaped inflorescences, there are usually 20 to 40 (rarely fewer or sometimes more) hermaphroditic tubular flowers . In the tubular flowers, five pink to purple petals have grown together to form a corolla.
The achenes have a white pappus .
Systematics
Taxonomy
The genus Arctium was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, page 816. The generic name Arctium , probably derived from the Greek árcteion (the bear ) , can already be found in Dioscorides . A homonym is Arctium Lam. (published in Lamarck: Flore Françoise 2, 1778/9, p. 70). Synonyms for Arctium L. are Bardana Hill and Lappa Scop. The species name lappa is mentioned by Pliny as another generic name; Derived from the Greek labein (to grasp) , to hold on, it indicates the ability of the fruit to cling to clothes (or to the fur of animals, etc.). Type species is Arctium lappa L.
Botanical history
The genus Arctium belongs to subtribe Carduinae from the tribe Cardueae in the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of the Asteraceae . The monophyletic arctium - cousinia complex contains according to S. López-Vinyallonga et al. 2009 the species of the genera Arctium L. , Cousinia Cass. (over 600 species), Hypacanthium Juz. (two species) and the monotypical Schmalhausenia C. Winkl. In S. López-Vinyallonga et al. In 2011 all species of the Arctium - Cousinia complex became part of the then monophyletic genus Arctium s. l. united and the previous genres to sections. The more than 600 species of the genus Arctium s. l. are divided into the sections Arctium sect. Amberbopsis , Arctium sect. Anura , Arctium sect. Arctium , Arctium sect. Chrysis , Arctium sect. Hypacanthium , Arctium sect. Hypacanthodes , Arctium sect. Lappaceum , Arctium sect. Pectinatae , Arctium sect. Pseudarctium , Arctium sect. Schmalhausenia , Arctium sect. Serratulopsis articulated.
Species and their distribution
The genus Arctium s. st. only contained 10 to 14 species:
- Arctium atlanticum (Pomel) H. Lindb. : The homeland is Algeria and Morocco.
- Great burdock ( Arctium lappa L. , Syn . : Arctium edule Beger , Arctium majus (Gaertn.) Bernh. , Lappa edulis Sieb. Ex Miq. Nom. Inval., Lappa major Gaertn. , Lappa officinalis All. )
- Arctium leiospermum Juz. & Ye.V.Serg. : It occurs in Central Asia.
- Little burdock or fluffy burdock ( Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. , Syn .: Arctium pubens Bab. , Lappa minor Hill )
- Grove burdock or alluvial burdock ( Arctium nemorosum Lej. ): Some authors consider it a synonym for Arctium lappa . It is common in Europe.
- Arctium palladinii (Marcow.) REFr. et al. : It occurs in the Middle East.
- Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Balansa) Sosn. ex Grossh. : It is also called the subspecies Arctium lappa subsp. platylepis (Boiss. & Balansa) Arènes to Arctium lappa .
- Arctium pseudarctium (Bornm.) Duist. : It only occurs in Turkestan .
- Arctium sardaimionense Rassulova & BA Sharipova : It occurs only in Tajikistan .
- Filz-Klette or Filzige Klette, Spiderweb-Klette ( Arctium tomentosum Mill. )
Some nature hybrids have been described:
- Arctium × ambiguum (Čelak.) Nyman
- Arctium × batavum Arènes
- Arctium × bretonii Rouy
- Arctium × debrayi Senay
- Arctium × leiobardanum Juz. & C.Serg. ex Stepanov
- Arctium × mixtum (Simonk.) Nyman
- Arctium × neumannii Rouy ex P. Fourn.
- Arctium × nothum (Ruhmer) J. Weiss
- Arctium × scanicum (Rouy) Rouy
However, the species of the genus pointed burdock ( Xanthium L. ) do not belong in the genus Arctium , they do not even belong in the same subfamily.
Healing effect
Traditional folk medicine attributes a diuretic and blood-purifying effect to burdock. Against joint rheumatism , ulcers , stomach problems , hair loss , dandruff , blemished skin , uterine prolapse and wound healing was they recommended earlier.
The roots of the great burdock ( Arctium lappa , also Arctium majus ), as well as the little burdock ( Arctium minus ) and the felt burdock ( Arctium tomentosum ), collected and dried in autumn of the first or spring of the second year are used . Burdock roots are rarely sold as Bardanae radix (syn. Radix Bardanae, Radix Arctii, Radix Lappae).
Ingredients are lignans , including Arctiin , inulin ( Arctium lappa 45-70%, Arctium minus 20-27%, Arctium tomentosum up to 19%), mucilage, small amounts of essential oil, polyine , caffeic acid derivatives and sesquiterpene lactones, it is the arctiopicrin belongs to the germacranolids subgroup and causes contact dermatitis.
For internal use, an infusion made from chopped burdock root, occasionally also from fresh or dried above-ground parts of the plant. Externally, burdock root oil is used against seborrhea and as a hair restorer. Use during pregnancy is not recommended.
Known side effects include contact dermatitis with topical application of the root oil. Furthermore, anaphylaxis , shortness of breath and hives can occur if ingested.
| Active ingredient | Occur | effect |
|---|---|---|
| Arctigenin | Leaves, fruits, seeds, roots | Inhibits heat shock
Anti-tumor Anti-Influenza Virus |
| Arctiin | Leaves, fruits, roots | Inhibits tumor spread
Chemopreventive Anti-proliferative against B-cell hybridoma cells, MH60 |
| Trachelogenin | fruit | Ca 2+ inhibitor
Anti-HIV properties |
| Lappaol F | Fruits, seeds | Inhibits NO production |
| Diarctigenin | Fruits, seeds, root | Inhibits NO production |
| Beta eudesmol | fruit | Antibacterial
Antiangiogenic |
| Caffeic acid | Leaves, stems, root shell | Antioxidant
Neutralizes free radicals |
| Chlorogenic acid | Leaves, root shell | Neuroprotective
Antioxidant Anti anaphylaxis Anti-HIV |
| Tannin | root | Anti-tumor
Immuno-modular Inhibits haluronidase |
| Inulin | root | Prebiotic
Anti-hypertension Anti-diabetes |
| Sitosterol-beta-D-glucopyranoside | root | Mammalian DNA polymerase
Anti-diabetes and obesity |
Representation in art
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Burdock appeared in European landscape painting from the middle of the 17th century - the plants are seldom in a central point of the picture or are particularly highlighted, but can be clearly identified due to their leaf shape. Unlike columbines or strawberries , burdock had no religious significance, and Shakespeare also clearly had negative connotations of the plant. According to Richard Mabel, burdock is rather the first weed to be ascribed an artistic or architectural beauty in Western art history and which is therefore increasingly represented from this point onwards.
Burdock appeared for the first time in 17th century Dutch landscape painting. They can be found inconspicuously at the edge of some paintings by Jan Wijnants and Jacob van Ruisdael . More often barnacles are the work of Claude Lorrain to find, a French painter of Baroque , who own lyrical romantic classicist Baroque landscape painting developed. For him, burdock are the only plants that are realistically depicted. As inconspicuous plants they can be found, for example, in the lower right corner of Lorrain's painting Landscape with Dancing Figures from 1648. It forms the foreground to a group of young people who are picnicking and dancing accompanied by tambourines. In his painting Landscape with Narcissus and Echo from 1645, burdock are a bit more central, albeit still at the bottom of the painting. Here, the arch of leaves takes up the posture of Narcissus' legs and arms as he contemplates his reflection in the water. In Landscape with David and the Three Heroes (1658) not only the leaves but also the inflorescences can be seen, which now take up the shape of the spears.
Claude Lorrain inspired painters like Thomas Gainsborough , in whose painting The Cottage Door , for example, burdock leaves can be found at the right angle at the foot of the oak. In 1781 his compatriot Joseph Wright of Derby let the feet of Sir Brooke Boothby, whom he portrayed, rest between burdock leaves. Similarly, burdock appears in paintings by Richard Wilson , JMW Turner , John LInnell , James Ward , John Constable, and Edwin Landseer . Most noticeable is the depiction by George Stubbs , one of the most important European animal painters. In his painting Horse Attacked by a Lion (1769) a gray horse turns its head towards the lion, whose paws tear its back. The horse's right leg is bent, and under its hoof there are burdock leaves that take up the shape of the horse's head. They are depicted with the same care as the horse in its agony.
Burdock largely disappeared from painting in the 19th century. Richard Mabey attributes this to the fact that burdock did not have any specific symbolism and was therefore uninteresting as an object of representation for pre-Raphaelite painters , for example .
Velcro as inspiration for the Velcro fastener
The Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral noticed that when he went for a walk with his dogs, some of the fruits of the great burdock ( Arctium lappa ) came into contact with the dogs' fur and got stuck in it. He put the fruits under a microscope and discovered that they had tiny elastic hooks that would not break off even if they were forcibly removed from hair or clothes. Mestral examined their properties and saw a possibility of reversibly connecting two materials in a simple manner . He developed the textile Velcro fastener and applied for a patent for his idea in 1951 . The product was marketed for the first time under the name Velcro , composed of the French terms vel ours ("velvet") and cro chet ("hook").
swell
literature
- Sara López-Vinyallonga, Kostyantyn Romaschenko, Alfonso Susanna, Núria Garcia-Jacas: Systematics of the arctioid group: disentangling Arctium and Cousinia (Cardueae, Carduinae). In: Taxon , Volume 60, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 539-554. doi : 10.1002 / tax.602020 JSTOR 41317148 PDF. (Section systematics)
- David J. Keil: Arctium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 168 (English). , same text online as the printed work. (Sections Description and Distribution).
- Sara López-Vinyallonga1, Iraj Mehregan, Núria Garcia-Jacas, Olga Tscherneva, Alfonso Susanna, Joachim W. Kadereit: Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae). In: Taxon. Volume 58, No. 1, 2009, pp. 153-171, PDF file.
- Richard Mabey: Weeds - In Defense of Nature's Most Unloved Plants . Profile Books, London 2010, ISBN 978-0-06-206545-2 .
- Peter D. Sell, Gina Murrell: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 0-521-55338-5 , p. 70, limited preview in Google Book Search
- Hubert Wilpert: The importance of burdock in medicine and in popular belief. In: Therapeutischeberichte , Volume 11, Leverkusen 1934, pp. 115-118.
- Janet Malcolm : Burdock . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Arctium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 16, 2012.
- ^ A b Arctium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube, (Ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Arctium In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
- ^ Sara López-Vinyallonga, Kostyantyn Romaschenko, Alfonso Susanna, Núria Garcia-Jacas: Systematics of the arctioid group: disentangling Arctium and Cousinia (Cardueae, Carduinae). In: Taxon , Volume 60, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 539-554. doi : 10.1002 / tax.602020 JSTOR 41317148 PDF.
- ↑ Assessment of the recognized species by C. Flann (Ed.), 2009+: Global Compositae Checklist . Retrieved January 16, 2012
- ^ A b Yuk-Shing Chan, Long-Ni Cheng, Jian-Hong Wu, Enoch Chan, Yiu-Wa Kwan: A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock) . In: Inflammopharmacology . tape 19 , no. 5 , October 2011, ISSN 0925-4692 , p. 245-254 , doi : 10.1007 / s10787-010-0062-4 ( springer.com [accessed August 7, 2019]).
- ↑ a b Mabey: Weeds - In Defense of Nature's Most Unloved Plants . P. 155.
- ↑ a b c Mabey: Weeds - In Defense of Nature's Most Unloved Plants . P. 156.
- ↑ a b c Mabey: Weeds - In Defense of Nature's Most Unloved Plants . P. 157.
- ↑ Mabey: Weeds - In Defense of Nature's Most Unloved Plants . P. 158.
- ↑ Velcro fastener. In: derkreiger.at. Retrieved April 27, 2009 .
