Carduoideae
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![]() Mountain knapweed ( Centaurea montana ) |
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Carduoideae | ||||||||||||
Sweet |
The Carduoideae form a subfamily within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). In the past, the genera listed here belonged to the subfamily Centaurioideae and formed the tribe Cynareae (Syn .: Cardueae). According to new phylogenetic findings, however, these form a separate subfamily with two additional tribes.
In addition to some thistle genera such as the scrub thistle ( Cirsium ), knapweeds ( Centaurea ) (to which the well-known cornflower belongs) are also counted. Even the species of burdock ( Arctium ) and the artichoke known as a vegetable belong to the subfamily Carduoideae. The safflower , also known as safflower, found mainly in the East use as paint and oil plant and delivers the renowned safflower oil .
The approximately 83 genera with 2500 to 2800 species are distributed almost worldwide, but mainly in the northern hemisphere and especially in Eurasia and North Africa .
description
They are mostly annual to perennial herbaceous plants . More rarely there are woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs or rarely trees .
In basket-shaped inflorescences sitting flowers . In the Carduoideae, in contrast to the other subfamilies, only tubular flowers are present. In some taxa the tubular flowers at the edge are more or less zygomorphic and enlarged.
Systematics
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dicoma_anomala_subsp_anomala%2C_Phalandingwe.jpg/220px-Dicoma_anomala_subsp_anomala%2C_Phalandingwe.jpg)
There are about 83 genera with up to 2800 species in the subfamily Carduoideae. The subfamily was divided into up to ten tribes, works by JL Panero & VA Funk show that only three and an additional fourth tribes belong to it:
- Tribe Cynareae Lam. & DC. (Syn .: Cardueae Cass. ): It is divided into five subtribes and contains around 72 genera with up to 2500 species and thus around 90% of the species of the subfamily.
- Tribe Dicomeae Panero & VAFunk : It contains about seven genera in Africa and Madagascar:
- Cloiselia S.Moore : The four species occur in Madagascar.
- Dicoma Cass. : It contains about 65 species in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar. Only one species also extends to the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent.
- Erythrocephalum Benth. : The twelve or so species are distributed in tropical east, central and southern Africa.
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Gladiopappus Humbert : It contains only one species:
- Gladiopappus vernonioides Humbert : It occurs only in Madagascar.
- Macledium Cass. : The eight or so species are common in tropical and southern Africa.
- Pasaccardoa Kuntze : The four or so species are common in tropical Africa.
- Pleiotaxis Steetz : The approximately 26 species are common in tropical Africa.
- Tribus Tarchonantheae Panero & VAFunk : It contains three genera with up to 17 species in Africa and Madagascar:
- Brachylaena R.Br. : The 14 to 15 species are common in Madagascar and mainland Africa.
- Tarchonanthus L .: The only two species are common in Africa.
- Tribus Oldenburgieae S. Ortiz : It contains only one genus:
- Oldenburgia Less. : The only four species occur only in the Capensis . They are small shrubs or small trees.
swell
- The Asteraceae family with their subfamilies on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
- The structure of the family with different authors.
- Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Volume 115, No. 4, 2002, pp. 909-922, online .
- Entry in the Tree of Life project .
- Santiago Ortiz: Oldenburgieae, a new tribe of the African Mutisieae sl (Asteraceae). In: Compositae Newsletter. Volume 47, 2009, ISSN 0284-8422 , pp. 1-3, PDF file.
- Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, Randall J. Bayer (Eds.): Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy), Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.02.011 , PDF file .
- ↑ a b Santiago Ortiz: Oldenburgieae, a new tribe of the African Mutisieae sl (Asteraceae). In: Compositae Newsletter. Volume 47, 2009, ISSN 0284-8422 , pp. 1-3, PDF file. ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Santiago Ortiz: Systematics of Cloiselia (Asteraceae, Mutisieae sl), a Reinstated Madagascan Genus , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 421-431: doi: 10.1600 / 036364406777585892