Carduoideae

Carduoideae
	Mountain knapweed ( Centaurea montana )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Carduoideae
Scientific name
	Carduoideae
	Sweet

The Carduoideae form a subfamily within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). In the past, the genera listed here belonged to the subfamily Centaurioideae and formed the tribe Cynareae (Syn .: Cardueae). According to new phylogenetic findings, however, these form a separate subfamily with two additional tribes.

In addition to some thistle genera such as the scrub thistle ( Cirsium ), knapweeds ( Centaurea ) (to which the well-known cornflower belongs) are also counted. Even the species of burdock ( Arctium ) and the artichoke known as a vegetable belong to the subfamily Carduoideae. The safflower , also known as safflower, found mainly in the East use as paint and oil plant and delivers the renowned safflower oil .

The approximately 83 genera with 2500 to 2800 species are distributed almost worldwide, but mainly in the northern hemisphere and especially in Eurasia and North Africa .

description

They are mostly annual to perennial herbaceous plants . More rarely there are woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs or rarely trees .

In basket-shaped inflorescences sitting flowers . In the Carduoideae, in contrast to the other subfamilies, only tubular flowers are present. In some taxa the tubular flowers at the edge are more or less zygomorphic and enlarged.

Systematics

Tribe Dicomeae : flower head of Dicoma anomala subsp. anomala

Tribus Oldenburgieae: Habitus of Oldenburgia grandis

There are about 83 genera with up to 2800 species in the subfamily Carduoideae. The subfamily was divided into up to ten tribes, works by JL Panero & VA Funk show that only three and an additional fourth tribes belong to it:

Tribe Cynareae Lam. & DC. (Syn .: Cardueae Cass. ): It is divided into five subtribes and contains around 72 genera with up to 2500 species and thus around 90% of the species of the subfamily.
Tribe Dicomeae Panero & VAFunk : It contains about seven genera in Africa and Madagascar:
- Cloiselia S.Moore : The four species occur in Madagascar.
- Dicoma Cass. : It contains about 65 species in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar. Only one species also extends to the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent.
- Erythrocephalum Benth. : The twelve or so species are distributed in tropical east, central and southern Africa.
- Gladiopappus Humbert : It contains only one species:
  - Gladiopappus vernonioides Humbert : It occurs only in Madagascar.
- Macledium Cass. : The eight or so species are common in tropical and southern Africa.
- Pasaccardoa Kuntze : The four or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Tribus Tarchonantheae Panero & VAFunk : It contains three genera with up to 17 species in Africa and Madagascar:

Brachylaena R.Br. : The 14 to 15 species are common in Madagascar and mainland Africa.
Tarchonanthus L .: The only two species are common in Africa.

Tribus Oldenburgieae S. Ortiz : It contains only one genus:

Oldenburgia Less. : The only four species occur only in the Capensis . They are small shrubs or small trees.

swell

The Asteraceae family with their subfamilies on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
The structure of the family with different authors.
Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Volume 115, No. 4, 2002, pp. 909-922, online .
Entry in the Tree of Life project .
Santiago Ortiz: Oldenburgieae, a new tribe of the African Mutisieae sl (Asteraceae). In: Compositae Newsletter. Volume 47, 2009, ISSN 0284-8422 , pp. 1-3, PDF file.
Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, Randall J. Bayer (Eds.): Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy), Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 .

Individual evidence

↑ Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.02.011 , PDF file .

↑ ^a ^b Santiago Ortiz: Oldenburgieae, a new tribe of the African Mutisieae sl (Asteraceae). In: Compositae Newsletter. Volume 47, 2009, ISSN 0284-8422 , pp. 1-3, PDF file. ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Santiago Ortiz: Systematics of Cloiselia (Asteraceae, Mutisieae sl), a Reinstated Madagascan Genus , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 421-431: doi: 10.1600 / 036364406777585892

Web links

Commons : Carduoideae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[Panero-Funk2008-1] Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.02.011 , PDF file .