Safflower

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Safflower
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cynareae
Genre : Safflower ( Carthamus )
Type : Safflower
Scientific name
Carthamus tinctorius
L.

The safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ), including safflower , safflower , safflower and Wrong saffron called, is a plant of the family Asteraceae (Asteraceae). Today it is common worldwide. Because of its oil-containing seeds, it is mainly cultivated as an oil plant, but it can also be used as a dye plant .

description

Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ), illustration
Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ), inflorescence
Carthamus tinctorius

Safflower is a fast-growing, thistle-like, annual , herbaceous plant . A branched main shoot forms from a rosette of leaves with a strong taproot, reaching heights of 60 to 130 centimeters. Your thorny, elongated leaves with a length of 10-15 cm and a width of 2.5-5 cm run down the stem . It grows best in fertile and well drained soils, as it forms deep tap roots .

The cup-shaped inflorescences sit at the end of each stem axis and each side shoot, 3–5 cm in diameter and contain 20 to 150 five-lobed, orange tubular flowers . The subordinate, two-leaved ovaries form an ovule. The safflower produces achenes as fruits. The shell content of the nuts is 30–60%, the oil content between 20 and 40% of the dry matter.

Both wild and cultivated forms have a diploid set of 2n = 24 chromosomes. Crossings with Carthamus palaestinus , Carthamus oxyacanthus and Carthamus persicus can produce fertile offspring.

ecology

The safflower thrives in moderately warm regions of the world, the plant is frost-tolerant down to about −7 ° C, and it is also considered relatively salt and drought tolerant. Fertilization occurs predominantly through self-fertilization , but insect pollination also occurs.

Occurrence

The safflower is no longer originally found anywhere today; it is a neophyte in southern, central and eastern Europe, in North Africa, on Madeira and the Canary Islands, in Syria, Lebanon, in Armenia and China, in North and South America and in Australia.

Common names

For the safflower there are or existed, in some cases only regionally, the other German-language trivial names : Asfrole (mentioned as early as the 14th century), Bäurinkunkel, Baurenrocken, Baurenspindel, brush herb, thistle saffron, field saffron, flor, florist, wild garden saffron, garden safflower , Höllenrock, Kripf, wild saffron, Safferblomen ( Transylvania ), safflower and safflower.

use

Safflower is primarily for the extracted from the seeds of safflower oil grown, the very high levels of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (about 75%) and Vitamin E has. In addition, the oil is used for the production of paints and varnishes, the press residues ( press cake ) serve as animal feed. The oil processing is very similar to that of sunflower oil .

Dyes can be obtained from the petals, namely the red coloring carthamin (a benzoquinone) and the yellow flower coloring carthamidin . The water-soluble dye is removed from the petals by washing, then dried and the safflower red is obtained in an alkaline solution. Depending on the amount of color, silk, wool and cotton can be dyed pink, cherry-red, brown-red or brown-yellow, but the yellow dye is not lightfast . Occasionally, the dyes are also used for cosmetics and as food coloring , e.g. B. in fruit gums used.

Safflower is considered a medicinal plant in Asia, especially China. The petals are used there for tea infusions. In Moldova, the safflower was used in folk medicine for abortions.

Due to the high price of saffron , safflower is also used as a substitute for this spice . The safflower petals can be distinguished with the naked eye from the thread-like stigma of saffron. In real saffron, the stigma legs are two to three centimeters long, curled up in a funnel shape and notched at the top.

Thornless varieties were also bred as ornamental plants for the garden and as cut or dried flowers .

Cultivation

The cultivation takes place on deep, well-drained soils with a neutral soil reaction . The sowing and harvesting times depend on the very different climatic conditions of the growing regions; both summer and winter cultivation are practiced. The culture's nutrient and water requirements are considered to be high, and effective weed control during the rosette stage is important. Numerous fungal pathogens can damage the plant, control with pesticides is sometimes possible in the USA and Australia, but in Germany it is not permitted for this crop. To produce oil, the seeds are harvested when they are fully ripe using conventional combine harvesters.

Fungal diseases

Cultural meaning

Safflower comes under the name Kusumbha ( कुसुम्भ kusumbha ) in the ancient Indian Sanskrit literature. It is mentioned as a dye, but the orange-colored safflower flowers also serve the poets as an object of comparison for the evening glow or for fire. The poem Ritusamhara, ascribed to the poet Kalidasa (around 400), compares the blazing of the fire with Kusumbha flowers ("saffron flowers" in the translation quoted) in the description of a forest fire :

“विकचनवकुसुम्भस्वच्छसिन्दूरभासा प्रबलपवनवेगोद्भूतवेगेन तूर्णम्
तटविटपलताग्रालिङ्गनव्याकुलेन दिशि दिशि परिदग्धा भूमयः पावकेन.”

" Vikacanavakusumbhasvacchasindūrabhāsā prabalapavanavegodbhūtavegena tūrṇam
taṭaviṭapalatāgrāliṅganavyākulena diśi diśi paridagdhā bhūmayaḥ pāvakena. "

"The embers of fire driven at the wind speed
quickly devour the tops of the trees and bushes,
And red sparks spray from place to place
as if saffron blossoms were scattered ."

- ritual amhara 1.24 (trans. Johannes Mehlig)

history

The safflower probably comes from Asia Minor and was found in Egypt as early as 3500 BC. Used to dye mummy canvases and other fabrics ( dye plant ). The seed oil was already used in antiquity for ointments and as lamp oil . It has long been in culture in the gardens of North Africa, Persia , China and Japan . Already with the Romans it came to Central Europe via the Mediterranean and was used there since at least the 13th century. The flowers were used to color food, the fruits for medicinal purposes. From the 17th century onwards there was systematic farming in warm regions ( Alsace , Thuringia, etc.). From the middle of the 18th century, the cultivation declined due to safflower and saffron imports from the east and Egypt. Safflower red was replaced by synthetic aniline dyes around 1900 .

A renewed upswing in safflower cultivation towards the end of the 20th century is mainly due to oil-rich varieties that are grown for industrial use. Safflower was cultivated on 0.92 million hectares worldwide between 1996 and 2001; the most important cultivation areas are India, Mexico, the USA, Argentina and Australia.

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

  • KU Heyland, H. Hanus, ER Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. In: Handbuch des Pflanzenbaues. Vol. 4, ISBN 3800132036 , pp. 246-252.
  • Claus von Kursell: Breeding work on the new safflower oil plant. In: Crop production. Volume 15, No. 12, Leipzig 1939, p. 467.
  • Claus von Kursell: Breeding and economic importance of safflower. In: The mill. Volume 41, Leipzig 1940.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Carthamus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  2. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 83. ( online ).
  3. ↑ Al. Borza, Valeriu Buturä: Rural herbal remedies in Moldova (Romania). In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences. Volume 31, No. 1/2, 1938, p. 85.
  4. ↑ Renate Syed: The flora of ancient India in literature and art, dissertation, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 1990, pp. 224–229.
  5. ^ Kālidāsa: Works, translation, epilogue and explanations by Johannes Mehlig, Leipzig: Verlag Philipp Reclam jun., 1983, p. 260.
  6. ↑ George Arthur Stuart: Chinese Materia Medica. Vegetable Kindom. Shanghai 1911, pp. 94–95: Carthamus tinctorius (紅花 hóng huā) (digitized version ) . General Zhang Qian is said to have taken the Sami in the 2nd century BC. BC from Turkestan to China.
  7. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, pp. 473–474 (Book IV, Chapter 187): Knikos (digitized version )
  8. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia Book XXI, Chapter 53 (§ 90): Cnecus (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) . - Book XXI, Chapter 107 (§ 184): Cnecus (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  9. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , book, chapter (based on the edition Kühn 1826, volume XII, p. 32): De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , book VII, chapter X / 32: Granum tinctorium ( Digitized)
  10. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 156: Crocus hortulanus (digital copy)
  11. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 363: Semen croci hortensis (digitized version)
  12. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 115v (No CXXVI): Cartamus (digitized)
  13. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume II 1842, p. 196: Usfur (digitized version ) ; Volume II 1842, p. 293: Kurthum (digitized version )
  14. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 35: Cartamus, wild saffran (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 133: Cartamus, wild saffran (digitized)
  16. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 94: Cartamus (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 121: Wyld saffron (digitized version )
  18. ^ Otto Brunfels : Ander Teyl des Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1537, p. 17: Wilder Saffron (digitized version)
  19. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part II, Chapter 102: Wild Saffran (digital copy )
  20. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 156: Wilder Garten Saffran (digitized version )
  21. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 452v: Wilder Saffran (digitized)
  22. ↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 157-158: Carthamus (digitized) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 245–246: Carthamus (digitized)
  23. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 321: Carthamus (digitized version )
  24. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris, 3rd edition 1814, Volume I, pp. 306–307: Carthame (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, p. 428 (digitized version)
  26. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd edition 1883, p. 405 (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Carthamus tinctorius  - album with pictures, videos and audio files