Scraping thistles

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Scraping thistles
Cirsium brevistylum

Cirsium brevistylum

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cardueae
Genre : Scraping thistles
Scientific name
Cirsium
Mill.

The thistles ( Cirsium ) are a genus in the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The approximately 200 Cirsium species are common in North America , Eurasia and Africa .

description

Illustration of the variegated thistle ( Cirsium heterophyllum ) from storm
Herbarium of the bulbous thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum )
Illustration of the bulbous seared thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum ) and the English seared thistle ( Cirsium dissectum ) from storm
Achenes with pappus of common thistle ( Cirsium vulgare )

Appearance and leaves

The thistle species are annual or biennial or perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of growth of 5 to 400 centimeters, depending on the species. The plant parts are reinforced with thorns. The upright stems can be branched and are sometimes winged with thorns.

The leaves are basal and distributed on the stem. The leaves are finely to roughly toothed or lobed one to three times. The leaf teeth and lobes have thorny tips. The green leaf surfaces are glabrous or short, dense, hairy white-gray and usually without glands.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence shafts have more or less reduced foliage-like bracts . The cup-shaped inflorescences are individually terminal or in the upper leaf axils; or they are collectively in simple or branched traubigen , ährigen , rispigen , schirmrispigen or almost capitate total inflorescences together. The involucre has a height of 1 to 6 centimeters and a diameter of 1 to 8 centimeters. The many bracts standing in five to twenty rows usually have a thorny tip. The bracts are almost the same or the outer to middle ones are more or less strongly pressed at their base to the basket floor and their upper ends are spread out or upright, but the inner ones are usually upright, flat, often twisted, entire or toothed. In the uppermost areas of the bracts of many species, the middle nerves are elongated and have glands with milky sap; this can only be seen from fresh material; in herbarium they are dark brown to black. The flat to convex basket floor is covered with tan to white bristly scales. There are no chaff leaves.

The flower heads contain 25 to over 200 tubular flowers. The radially symmetrical to more or less zygomorphic tubular flowers have long, cylindrical corolla tubes . The flower crowns are colored pink, purple, red or yellow.

Fruits and pappus

The achenes are smooth. In contrast to the otherwise similar ring thistles , the pappus hairs are again covered with small hairs (pinnate).

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 17.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cirsium was in 1754 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary ... Abridged ... , 4th Edition, Volume 1 set . As a lectotype species was 1913 by Britton and Brown Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill in Ill. Fl. NUS , 2nd edition, volume 3, page 548. The botanical genus name Cirsium is derived from the Greek word kirsos for varicose vein , different types were used in antiquity . Synonyms for Cirsium Mill. Are: Breea Less. , Cephalonoplos (Neck. Ex DC.) Fourr. , Echenais Cass. , Epitrachys (DC. Ex Duby) K. Koch , Eriolepis Cass. , Lophiolepis (Cass.) Cass. , Onotrophic Cass. and Orthocentron (Cass.) Cass.

The genus Cirsium belongs to subtribe Carduinae from tribe Cardueae in the subfamily Carduoideae within the family of the Asteraceae .

The Cirsium species are widespread in North America , Eurasia and Africa .

Pollination of the field thistle ( Cirsium arvense )

swell

  • David J. Keil: Cirsium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 95 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , pp. 157-171 .

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj David J. Keil: Cirsium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 95 (English, online ).
  2. a b c Cirsium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 8, 2014.
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Cirsium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : Cirsium. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
  5. a b c Enter taxon in search mask at The Global Compositae Checklist .
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Zhu Shi, Werner Greuter : In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011. Cirsium Miller. , Pp. 160-165 - the same text online as the printed work .
  7. a b Cirsium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. Yuichi Kadota: Taxonomic Studies of Cirsium (Asteraceae) in Japan XXIII. A New Species from Hachiôji, Tokyo Prefecture, Central Japan. In: Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. , Series B, Volume 38, Issue 1, pp. 1-10, 2012. Full text PDF.

Web links

Commons : Thistles ( Cirsium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files