Ring thistles

Ring thistles
	Carduus cephalanthus
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Carduoideae
Tribe :	Cardueae
Genre :	Ring thistles
Scientific name
	Carduus
	L.

The carduus ( Carduus ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The 90 or so species are native to Eurasia and Africa .

description

Illustration of the alpine thistle ( Carduus defloratus )

Vegetative characteristics

Ring thistle species are usually one to two years old, rarely perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 30 to 200, rarely up to 400 centimeters. They are armed and more or less woolly hairy, rarely hairless. The upright stems are simple or branched and often spiny-winged.

The basal leaves , alternately distributed on the stem, are stalked or sessile. The bald or hairy leaf blades are undivided to pinnately lobed or lobed one to two times and have thorny teeth on the edge.

Flowering chart for Carduus

Pappus underside (here at Carduus acanthoides ): the pappus hairs have grown together to form a ring, hence the common German name of the genus ring thistle

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped inflorescences stand individually or two to twenty together on spiny winged, leafy or bare inflorescence shafts. The many cylindrical spread in seven to about ten rows to spherical ascending up or bent back arranged bracts are linear to have broad ovoid with smooth edge prickly spikes. The base of the cup (receptaculum) is flat. There are flattened, bristly chaff leaves. Each inflorescence contains a few to many tubular flowers.

The tubular flowers are hermaphroditic. The five white to pink to purple petals are fused to form a more or less strongly zygomorphic long, narrow corolla tube that opens abruptly in a bell shape and ends in linear corolla lobes. The stylus is fused far up and so the free branches of the stylus are only very short.

The egg-shaped, roughly flattened achenes are smooth. In contrast to the otherwise similar scraper thistles , the cardboard hairs are not pinnate, i. H. again not covered with tiny hairs.

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 13.

Path thistle ( Carduus acanthoides )

Carduus carlinoides

Habitus of a flowering Carduus carpetanus

Alpine ring thistle ( Carduus defloratus )

Nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans )

Inflorescence of Carduus nutans subsp. granatensis with curved bracts

Burdock thistle ( Carduus personata )

Thin-headed thistle ( Carduus tenuiflorus )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Carduus was 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 2, pp 820-826 with the type species Carduus nutans L. positioned. The generic name Carduus comes from the Latin carduus for thistle. Synonyms for Carduus L. are: Wettsteinia Petr. , Clavena DC. , Clomium Adans. , Ascalea Hill and Onopyxus Bubani nom. illegal.

The genus Carduus belongs to the subtribe Carduinae from the tribe Cardueae in the subfamily Carduoideae within the family Asteraceae .

The natural range is in the Old World in Eurasia and Africa . Of these, around five species also occur as invasive neophytes in North America, for example.

About 929 scientific taxa have been published. About 90 species are accepted .

Here is a list of the almost 60 species found in Europe and the Mediterranean :

Carduus acanthocephalus C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Georgia and the Caucasus region.
Path ring thistle or path thistle ( Carduus acanthoides L. ): It is native to Europe, western Asia to the Caucasus, Egypt and China and is a neophyte in North and South America and New Zealand .
Carduus acicularis Bertol. (Syn .: Carduus arnettaus subsp. Acicularis (Bertol.) Meikle )
Carduus adpressus C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Turkey , Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and the Caucasus.
Carduus affinis cast. : It only occurs in Italy .
Carduus amanus Rech. F. : It occurs in Turkey.
Carduus argentatus L .: It occurs in Greece , North Macedonia, on the Aegean Islands, in Crete , in Turkey, Syria , in Lebanon , in Jordan , Israel and Egypt.
Carduus argyroa Biv. : It occurs in Algeria , Tunisia , Sicily , Sardinia and in Italy.
Carduus asturicus Franco : It occurs in Portugal and Spain .
Carduus aurosicus Chaix : It occurs in France .
Carduus baeocephalus Webb : It occurs only on the Canary Islands Tenerife , El Hierro and Gran Canaria .
Carduus bourgaei Kazmi : This endemic occurs only on Fuerteventura .
Carduus bourgeanus Boiss. & Reut. : It is by some authors with Carduus ibicensis to the aggregate Carduus bourgeanus aggr. summarized. It occurs in Morocco, Spain and Portugal.
Carduus candicans Waldst. & Kit. : It occurs in Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Moldova, North Macedonia, Greece and European Turkey .
Goldfinch ring thistle ( Carduus carduelis (L.) Gren. ): It occurs in Austria , Italy, Croatia , Slovenia , Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and North Macedonia.
Carduus carlinoides Gouan : It occurs from Spain via Andorra to France.
Carduus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
Carduus cephalanthus Viv. : It occurs in Algeria, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and in Italy.
Carduus chevallieri L. Chevall. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Apennine thistle ( Carduus chrysacanthus Ten. ): It occurs in Italy and in Montenegro.
Carduus clavulatus Link : It occurs only in the Canary Islands .
Carduus collinus Waldst. & Kit. : It occurs in Italy, Poland , Slovakia , Croatia, Hungary , Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Ukraine .
Carduus corymbosus Ten. : It occurs in Italy, Sardinia and Sicily.
Krause ring thistle or Krause thistle ( Carduus crispus L. )
Alpine ring thistle or Alpine thistle also mountain thistle ( Carduus defloratus L. ), with numerous subspecies
Carduus euboicus Franco : It occurs in Greece.
Carduus fasciculiflorus Viv. : It occurs in Italy, Sardinia and Corsica.
Carduus fissurae Nyár. : It only occurs in Romania.
Carduus getulus Pomel :
Hook-thistle ( Carduus hamulosus Ehrh. )
Carduus ibicensis (Devesa & Talavera) Rosselló & N.Torres : Some authors combine it with Carduus bourgeanus to form the aggregate Carduus bourgeanus aggr. summarized. This endemic occurs only in Ibiza .

Carduus kerneri Simonk. : It occurs in Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania and in Ukraine.

Carduus lanuginosus Willd. : It only occurs in Turkey.

Carduus leptocladus Durieu : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

Carduus litigiosus Nocca & Balb. : It occurs in two subspecies in France, Monaco and Italy:

Carduus litigiosus subsp. litigiosus
Carduus litigiosus subsp. horridissimus (Briq. & Cavill.) Franco : It occurs in France.

Carduus lusitanicus Rouy : It occurs in three subspecies in Portugal and Spain:

Carduus lusitanicus subsp. lusitanicus : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
Carduus lusitanicus subsp. broteroi (Mariz) Devesa & Talavera : It occurs in Portugal.
Carduus lusitanicus subsp. santacreui Devesa & Talavera : It occurs in Spain.

Carduus malyi Greuter : It occurs in Croatia and in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Carduus martinezii Pau : It occurs in two subspecies in Morocco:

Carduus martinezii subsp. martinezii
Carduus martinezii subsp. fontqueri (Pau) Kazmi

Carduus meonanthus Hoffmanns. & Link : It occurs in two subspecies in Portugal and Spain:

Carduus meonanthus subsp. meonanthus : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
Carduus meonanthus subsp. valentinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Devesa & Talavera : It occurs in Spain.

Carduus myriacanthus DC. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Gibraltar and Spain.

Carduus nawaschinii Bordz. : It occurs in Armenia and Turkey.

Carduus nervosus K. Koch

Carduus nigrescens Vill. : It occurs in five subspecies in Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar and France:

Carduus nigrescens subsp. assoi Willk. : It occurs in Spain.
Carduus nigrescens subsp. australis (Nyman) Greuter : It occurs in Spain and France.
Carduus nigrescens subsp. hispanicus (Franco) O. Bolòs & Vigo : It occurs in Spain.
Carduus nigrescens subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Bonnier & Layens : It occurs in France.
Carduus nigrescens subsp. nigrescens : It occurs in Spain, Gibraltar and France.

Carduus novorossicus Portenier : It occurs in the Caucasus region.

Nodding ring thistle or nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans L. , Syn .: Carduus phyllolepis Willk. ): Depending on the author, there are around 16 subspecies:

Carduus nutans subsp. alpicola (Gillot) Chass. & Arènes (Syn .: Carduus alpicola Gillot )
Carduus nutans subsp. falcatoincurvus P.H.Davis : It was first described in 1975 from Turkey.
Carduus nutans subsp. granatensis (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo (Syn .: Carduus granatensis Willk. , Carduus platypus subsp. granatensis (Willk.) Nyman , Carduus sandwithii Kazmi ): It occurs only in Spain.
Carduus nutans subsp. leiophyllus (Petrović) Stoj. & Stef. (Syn .: Carduus leiophyllus Petrovic , Carduus attenuatus Klokov , Carduus macrolepis Peterm. , Carduus thoermeri Weinm. , Carduus nutans var. ARMENUS Boiss. , Carduus nutans var. Sporadum Halácsy , Carduus macrocephalus subsp. Sporadum (Halácsy) Franco , Carduus nutans subsp . macrolepis (Peterm.) Kazmi , Carduus nutans subsp. sporadum (Halácsy) Rech. f. , Carduus thoermeri subsp. ARMENUS (Boiss.) Kazmi )
Carduus nutans subsp. maurus (Emb. & Maire) Greuter (Syn .: Carduus platypus subsp. maurus (Emb. & Maire) Jahand. & Maire , Carduus platypus var. maurus Emb. & Maire , Carduus maroccanus (Arènes) Kazmi , Carduus nutans subsp. maroccanus Arènes ): It occurs only in Morocco .
Carduus nutans subsp. micropterus (Borbás) Hayek (Syn .: Carduus micropterus (Borbás) Teyber , Carduus nutans var. micropterus Borbás )
Carduus nutans subsp. numidicus (Coss. & Durieu) Arènes (Syn .: Carduus numidicus Coss. & Durieu ): It is only native to Algeria and is a neophyte in France.
Carduus nutans L. subsp. nutans
Carduus nutans subsp. perspinosus (Fiori) Arènes (Syn .: Carduus nutans f. perspinosus Fiori , Carduus micropterus subsp. perspinosus (Fiori) Kazmi ): It occurs only from central to southern Italy.
Carduus nutans subsp. platylepis (Rchb. & Saut.) Nyman (Syn .: Carduus platylepis Rchb. & Saut. )
Carduus nutans subsp. platypus (Lange) Greuter (Syn .: Carduus platypus Lange ): It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula .
Carduus nutans subsp. scabrisquamus Arènes (Syn .: Carduus macrocephalus subsp. scabrisquamus (Arènes) Kazmi , Carduus atlanticus Pomel , Carduus kahenae Pomel , Carduus longispinus (Moris) Arcang. , Carduus macrocephalus Desf. , Carduus nutans subsp. macrocephalus ) Nomenclature ., Carduus nutans var. Longispinus Moris )
Carduus nutans subsp. siculus (Franco) Greuter (Syn .: Carduus macrocephalus subsp. siculus Franco ): It occurs in Sicily and Malta .
Carduus nutans subsp. subacaulis Arènes (Syn .: Carduus ballii Hook. f. , Carduus narcissi Sennen ): It occurs only in Morocco.
Carduus nutans subsp. taygeteus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek (Syn .: Carduus taygeteus Boiss. & Heldr. , Carduus taygeteus subsp. insularis Franco , Carduus macrocephalus subsp. brachycentros (Hausskn.) Kazmi , Carduus macrocephalus subsp. inconstrictus ) (O.Schwarz) , Carduus nutans var. brachycentros Hausskn. , Carduus nutans subsp. inconstrictus O.Schwarz )
Carduus nutans subsp. trojanus P.H.Davis : It was first described in 1975 from the Asian part of Turkey.

Carduus olympicus Boiss. : It occurs in two subspecies in Turkey:

Carduus olympicus Boiss. subsp. olympicus
Carduus olympicus subsp. hypoleucus (Bornm.) PHDavis

Carduus onopordioides M.Bieb.

Burdock thistle or burdock thistle ( Carduus personata (L.) Jacq. )

Carduus poliochrus Trautv. : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Caucasus region.

Carduus pycnocephalus L .: There are several subspecies. It is native to Central, Southern and Eastern Europe as well as North Africa , the Caucasus and India and Pakistan and is a neophyte in North and South America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, Sri Lanka, Oman, Madeira, the Canary Islands and in Ethiopia.

Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. pycnocephalus : It occurs in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, in North Africa and in the Middle East.
Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. albidus (M. Bieb.) Kazmi
Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. cinereus (M. Bieb.) PH Davis
Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. intermedius (Lojac.) Giardina & Raimondo : It occurs in Sicily.
Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. marmoratus (Boiss. & Heldr.) PH Davis : It occurs in Italy, Sicily, Malta, Albania, Greece, in the Aegean and in European and Asian Turkey.

Carduus ramosissimus Pančić : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Montenegro and in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Carduus rechingerianus Kazmi : It occurs in Turkey.

Carduus rivasgodayanus Devesa & Talavera : It occurs in Spain.

Carduus seminudus Willd.

Carduus spachianus Durieu : It occurs in three subspecies in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya:

Carduus spachianus Durieu subsp. spachianus : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Carduus spachianus subsp. atlantis (Humbert & Maire) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco.
Carduus spachianus subsp. megalatlanticus (Maire) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco.

Carduus squarrosus (DC.) Lowe : This endemic occurs only in Madeira .

Thin-headed thistle ( Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis ): It is native to Europe and North Africa and is a neophyte in southern Africa, Macaronesia, India, Australia, New Zealand and in North and South America.

Carduus thracicus (Velen.) Hayek : It occurs only in Bulgaria.

Carduus tmoleus Boiss. : It occurs in three subspecies in Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey:

Carduus tmoleus Boiss. subsp. tmoleus : It occurs in Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia and Turkey.
Carduus tmoleus subsp. baldaccii (Kazmi) Greuter : It occurs in Albania.
Carduus tmoleus subsp. cronius (Boiss. & Heldr.) Greuter : It occurs in North Macedonia and Greece.

Carduus uncinatus M.Bieb. : There are about two subspecies:

Carduus uncinatus subsp. davisii Kazmi : This endemic occurs only in the Crimea .
Carduus uncinatus M.Bieb. subsp. uncinatus

symbolism

The thistle in general is seen in the symbolic language of flowers as a symbol of defensibility.

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literature

David J. Keil: Carduus , page 91 - online with the same text as the printed work in Cardueae , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 . (Sections Description and Systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d David J. Keil: Carduus , p. 91 - online with the same text as the printed work in Cynareae , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .
↑ dict.cc: carduus. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore) . In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Carduus In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d Carduus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2016.

Supplementary literature

Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Zhu Shi, Werner Greuter: Carduus , pp. 175-176 - online with the same text as the printed work in Cardueae , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 .

Web links

Commons : Ring thistles ( Carduus ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

The species occurring in Austria with links to profiles.

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoNA-1] David J. Keil: Carduus , p. 91 - online with the same text as the printed work in Cynareae , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .

[2] t.cc: carduus. Retrieved July 23, 2014.

[Euro+Med-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore) . In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Carduus In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-4] A ^b ^c ^d Carduus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2016.