Alpine thistle

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Alpine thistle
Alpine thistle (Carduus defloratus)

Alpine thistle ( Carduus defloratus )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cardueae
Genre : Ring thistles ( Carduus )
Type : Alpine thistle
Scientific name
Carduus defloratus
L.

The alpine thistle ( Carduus defloratus ), also mountain thistle called, is a plant of the genus of carduus ( Carduus ) in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae).

description

Illustration from storm
Detail view of a cupped, prickly serrated leaf of Carduus defloratus subsp. defloratus
Detail of the inflorescence with the many protruding bracts and many flowers
Carduus defloratus subsp. defloratus ; the flower head is upright in front of the anthesis
During anthesis, the inflorescence may be nodding

The alpine thistle is very rich in shape, especially the shape of the leaves, according to which some authors distinguish several subspecies. In contrast to other Carduus species, however, it only has individual flower heads.

Vegetative characteristics

The alpine thistle grows as a thistle-like, perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 10 and 50, rarely up to 90 centimeters. It forms a rhizome . The slightly arching stem is branched. The lower section of the stem is densely leafed and, in some forms, thorny winged by falling leaves. The upper part, however, is mostly leafless and thornless as well as wingless and somewhat tomentose.

The very differently shaped leaves are mostly bare, sitting with a slightly narrowed base. Depending on the subspecies, the leaf blade, which is hard to fleshy, is undivided or pinnate, pinnate to pinnate and indented.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to August or September. Each branch has at most one terminal, cup-shaped inflorescence . The flower heads are 1 to 3 centimeters in diameter. During anthesis the flower heads are sometimes nodding, otherwise upright. The bracts are protruding, in contrast to the bulbous thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum ) in which they are adjacent. Depending on the subspecies, the outer bracts are 1 to 2.5 millimeters wide at their base and end in a short to long spine. The flower heads contain up to 200 hermaphroditic, purple, two-lipped tubular flowers .

The achenes have a length of 3 to 4.5 millimeters, a width of 1.2 to 1.5 millimeters and a thickness of 0.8 to 1 millimeters. The pappus is 1 to 1.5 inches long.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 10, 11 or 12; it is usually diploidy , with a chromosome number of 2n = 18, 20, 22 or 24.

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Carduus defloratus subsp. defloratus

ecology

In Carduus defloratus is a mesomorphic hemicryptophytes .

The pollination is done by insects and there is self-pollination before. The nectar is completely hidden. It is Proterandrie before and Carduus defloratus is self-compatible.

The formation of the achenes occurs sexually, amphimictically . The diaspore is the achene.

Locations and plant sociology

Carduus defloratus occurs in Central Europe from the valley to an altitude of 3000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, the subspecies Carduus defloratus subsp. defloratus on the Üntscheller in Bavaria up to an altitude of 2100 meters.

This lime-loving plant is often found on stony lawns as well as on rubble and rock corridors. It occurs mainly in plant communities of the association of tall herbaceous vegetation , bushes and lawns on and above the tree line, alpine lawns, alpine calcareous lawns, on often trickled, fresh soil (rust sedge lawn) = Caricion ferrugineae and the order Seslerietalia, but can also be found at lower altitudes in the plant sociological units according to Oberdorfer of the class dry, semi-dry grass, basiphilic rough grass = Festuco-Brometea or the associations of coniferous forests, coniferous mixed forests, pine forests, snow heather-pine forests (on lime) = Erico-Pinion or Thlaspeion rotundifolii.

Systematics and distribution

Carduus defloratus subsp. defloratus
Carduus defloratus subsp. glaucus
Carduus defloratus subsp. rhaeticus
Herbarium evidence with fruit stands with pappus

The first publication of Carduus defloratus was made in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Systema Naturae, Editio Decima , Volume 2, 1200. The specific epithet defloratus withered means.

The distribution area extends in Europe from the Pyrenees over the Alps to the northern Balkans and the Carpathians .

Depending on the author, there are several subspecies of Carduus defloratus :

  • Carduus defloratus subsp. argemone (Lam.) Ces. : It occurs in Spain, Andorra and France.
  • Mountain thistle ( Carduus defloratus subsp. Carlinifolius (Lam.) Ces. , Syn .: Carduus medius subsp. Carlinifolius (Lam.) Kazmi ): It occurs in Spain, Andorra, France, Italy and Switzerland.
  • Common mountain thistle, grass-green Alpine thistle ( Carduus defloratus L. subsp. Defloratus ): It occurs in Spain , France , Germany , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Italy , Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina . The chromosome number is 2n = 20, 25 or 20-4-5B.
  • Blue-green mountain thistle ( Carduus defloratus . Subsp glaucus . (Rchb f) Nyman. , Syn .: Carduus glaucus Baumg. Non Cav. , Carduus crassifolius subsp. Glaucus (Rchb f) Kazmi.. ): It is used in Austria, Hungary , Croatia, Poland , Slovakia , Romania and Ukraine .
  • Carduus defloratus subsp. medius (Gouan) Bonnier (Syn .: Carduus medius Gouan , Carduus petrophilus Timb.-Lagr. , Carduus defloratus subsp. medioformis (Rouy) Braun-Blanq. ): It occurs in Spain, Andorra and France. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
  • Carduus defloratus subsp. paui (Devesa & Talavera) O.Bolòs & Vigo : It only occurs in Spain.
  • Bernina mountain thistle ( Carduus defloratus subsp. Rhaeticus (DC) Murr. , Syn .: Carduus Rhaeticus (DC) A.Kern.. , Carduus tridentinus Evers , Carduus defloratus subsp. Tridentinus (Evers) Ladurner ): It is used in France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18, 19 or 18 + 2B.
  • Thick-leaved mountain thistle ( Carduus defloratus subsp. Summanus (Pollini) Arcang. , Syn .: Carduus summanus Pollini , Carduus crassifolius Willd. ): It occurs in Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia .

Some authors rate the subspecies as species and classify them as Carduus defloratus agg. This is a controversial issue. The subspecies / species of these relatives are perhaps connected to one another in places by transitional populations. Probably also through hybridization with species outside this group. It is an extremely difficult kinship group.

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • DM Moore, TG Tutin, SM Walters: Compositae . In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin , VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). tape 4 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 221–228 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). (Section description)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Carduus defloratus L., Mountain Thistle. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alpen-Distel . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  3. ↑ a b c d Gerhard Nitter: Profile with photos.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Carduus defloratus L. s. l. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  5. ↑ a b c Carduus defloratus L. s. st. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  6. ↑ a b Carduus defloratus subsp. crassifolius (Willd.) Hayek In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  7. ↑ a b Carduus defloratus subsp. tridentinus (Evers) Murr In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  8. ↑ a b Thomas Meyer: Thistle data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
  9. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  962-963 .
  10. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 638.
  11. ↑ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1759
  12. ↑ Carduus defloratus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  13. ↑ Günther Blaich: data sheet with photos.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Data sheet Carduus defloratus In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  15. ↑ a b c data sheet with links to the subspecies occurring in Italy with distribution maps and photos from Flora Italiana near Schede di Botanica .
  16. ↑ a b c Carduus defloratus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  17. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  18. ↑
    • Max Welten, Ruben Sutter: Distribution atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Switzerland . In: Distribution atlas of fern and flowering plants in Switzerland / Atlas de Distribution des Pteridophytes et des Phanerogames de la Suisse / Atlante della Distribuzione delle Pteridofite E Fanerogame della Svizzera . tape 1 . Springer, Basel 1982, ISBN 978-3-0348-7554-7 , pp. 25 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Web links

Commons : Alpine Thistle ( Carduus defloratus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files