Cardueae

Cardueae
Cirsium eatonii var. Clokeyi
Systematics
Asterids Euasterids II Order : Astern-like (Asterales) Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae) Subfamily : Carduoideae Tribe : Cardueae
Scientific name
Cardueae
Cass.

Cardueae is a tribe within the Asteraceae plant family. Since this tribe contains most of the taxa perceived and designated as thistles , the tribe could also be given the trivial name "thistles", as is the case with "thistles" in the English-speaking world.

description

Subtribus Onopordinae: Illustration of the donkey thistle ( Onopordum acanthium )

Subtribus Carduinae: Flower head of Cirsium canovirens with many bracts and many flowers

Subtribus Carduinae: achenes of the common thistle ( Cirsium vulgare )

Appearance and leaves

The species of the tribe Cardueae are herbaceous plants : annual or perennial, or rarely woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs or trees . Some species of the Cynareae contain milky sap , a property that is usually only found in the Cichorioideae within the Asteraceae . Many of the species are slightly to very thorny ("thistles").

The leaves, which are mostly alternate and arranged in basal rosettes or distributed on the stem, are stalked or sessile. The leaf blades rarely have an entire, mostly more or less toothed to thorny toothed or lobed leaf margin; in some species it is divided.

Inflorescences and flowers

The individually doldentraubigen to traubigen total inflorescences to several standing together körbchen shaped inflorescences are often relatively large. The mostly unequal bracts are rarely one to two, usually three to over five rows, they can be freely to more or less overgrown and are usually herbaceous, less often fleshy, sometimes they end thorny and their edge can be smooth, serrated to thorny . The flower head bases are flat to convex. There are chaff leaves or they are missing.

There are only tubular flowers in the flower heads, the outer ones being zygomorphic and greatly enlarged and clearly five-lobed to more or less two-lipped, otherwise they are radially symmetrical . The flower heads of Echinops, which stand together in flower heads of the second order, contain only one flower each. On the edge of some taxa there are one to over three rows of mostly female flowers. Otherwise the flowers are mostly hermaphroditic and fertile, rarely functionally male. The five petals are fused Roehrig. The colors of their petals range from whitish to yellow and from pink to purple to blue. The stamens are sometimes papillae . The filaments of Silybum are fused. The anthers are more or less tailed and have appendages. Almost all species have papilose styles, they are often enlarged or thickened towards the tip and usually widened or with a hair ring near the fork. The two scar branches can be fused.

fruit

The mostly thick-walled and hard achenes are prismatic, pencil-shaped, square to pentagonal or when compressed, mostly smooth, sometimes wrinkled, with 10 or 20 nerves. Often a navel or a crown is present on the tip of the achene next to the pappus. They usually have an early falling or persistent papus , which usually consists of fine to coarse bearded to feathery bristles, sometimes of bristles and scales or only of scales.

Systematics and distribution

The manifold centers with the largest number of occurring species and genera of the tribe Cardueae are located in the Mediterranean and Central Asia . There are relatively few species in the New World (in North America , including the neophytes, there are 17 genera with around 116 species) and Australia . Only a relatively few species are native to the southern hemisphere . Some species are invasive plants in many areas of the world.

Subtribus Berardiinae: Berardia ( Berardia subacaulis )

Subtribus Cardopatiinae: Illustration of Cardopatium corymbosum

Subtribe Carduinae: Cynara humilis

Subtribus Carduinae: Ptilostemon diacantha

Subtribe Carlininae: Atractylis comosa

Subtribus Carlininae: acanthus-leaved boarwort ( Carlina acanthifolia )

Subtribus Centaureinae: Mantisalca salmantica

Subtribus Centaureinae: Alpen-Bergscharte ( Rhaponticum scariosum )

Subtribus Centaureinae: Tricholepis amplexicaulis

Subtribus Centaureinae: Volutaria tubuliflora

Subtribe Echinopsidinae: total inflorescence of Echinops spinosissimus

Subtribus Xerantheminae: jug fruit ( Amphoricarpos neumayerianus ) in Montenegro

Subtribus Xerantheminae: Annual paper flower ( Xeranthemum annuum )

The Tribus Cardueae was first published in 1819 under the name "Carduineae" by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in Journal of natural philosophy, chemistry and the arts , Volume 88, pages 155–157. Type genus is Carduus L. A synonym for Cardueae Cass. is Cynareae Lam. & DC. published in 1806 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle in Synopsis Plantarum in Flora Gallica Descriptarum , p. 267.

The tribe Cardueae belongs to the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family Asteraceae .

The systematics of the tribe Cardueae or Cynareae is presented very differently by different authors. The tribe Cynareae was named after Susanna et al. 2006 divided into five subtrata with 68 to 83 genera and up to 2500 species depending on the source. The following list with 73 genera is mainly based on Susanna and García-Jacas in Kadereit and Jeffrey 2007: Changes were made mainly after Herrando-Moraira et al. 2019 with the outsourcing of many genera from the Subtribus Carduinae into new Subtribe.

• Subtribus Arctiinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna : It was established in 2019 and contains only two genera:
  • Kletten ( Arctium L. , Syn .: Anura (Juz.) Tschern. , Arcion Bubani , Arcium Rupr. , Bardana Hill , Hypacanthium Juz. , Lappa Rupp. , Lappa Tourn. Ex Scop. , Schmalhausenia C. Winkl . ): Die about 27 species are common in temperate Eurasia .
  • Cousinia Cass. (Syn .: Auchera DC. , Lipskyella Juz. , Tiarocarpus Rech. F. ): The 600 to 700 species are distributed in West and Central Asia.

• Subtribus Berardiinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna : It was established in 2019 and contains only one genus:
  • Berardia Vill. (Syn .: Arction Cass. , Arctium Lam. , Vilaria Guett. ): It contains only one species:
    • Berardia ( Berardia lanuginosa (Lam.) Fiori ): It occurs in Italy and France .

• Subtribe Cardopatiinae Less. : It contains only two genera:
  • Cardopatium Juss. (Syn .: Brotera Willd. , Broteroa Kuntze , Chamalium Juss. ): The only two species are common in the Mediterranean area :
    • Cardopatium amethystinum Spach : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia.
    • Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers.
  • Cousiniopsis Nevski : it contains only one species:
    • Cousiniopsis atractyloides (Winkler) Nevski : It is common in Central Asia.

• Subtribus Carduinae O. Hoffmann : In 2007 it contained about 29 genera and since 2019 only contains about ten genera:
  • Ring thistles ( Carduus L. ): The 90 or so species are common in Eurasia and Africa .
  • Thistle ( Cirsium Mill. ): The 200 to 250 kinds are common in Eurasia, in northern and eastern Africa and in North America .
  • Artichokes ( Cynara L. ): The eight to nine species are common in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia .
  • Milk thistle ( Galactites Moench ): The three or so species are common in the western and central Mediterranean , including:
    • Milk thistle ( Galactites tomentosus Moench )
  • Hypacanthium Juz. : The three types are common in Central Asia.
  • Lamyropsis (Kharadze) Dittrich : The approximately six species are distributed in Sardinia and from Greece via Turkey to the Caucasus. This belongs here:
    • Lamyropsis cynaroides (Lam.) Dittrich
  • Notobase Cass. : It contains only one type:
    • Syrian thistle ( Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. ): It is distributed throughout the Mediterranean.
  • Picnomon Adans. : It contains only one type:
    • Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. (Syn .: Carduus acarna L. , Cirsium acarna (L.) Moench , Cnicus acarna (L.) L. ): It is widespread in the Mediterranean region.
  • Ivory thistles ( Ptilostemon Cass. ): The approximately 14 species are common in the Mediterranean area, for example:
    • Ivory thistle ( Ptilostemon afer (Jacq.) Greuter )
    • Ptilostemon chamaepeuce (L.) Less.
    • Ptilostemon stellatus (L.) Greuter
  • Tyrimnus Cass. : It contains only one type:
    • Tyrimnus leucographus (L.) Cass. (Syn .: Carduus leucographus L. ): It is common in the Mediterranean area.

• Subtribus Carli Ninae O.Hoffmann : It contains five genera:
  • Atractylodes L .: The approximately seven species are common in eastern Asia, five of them in China.
  • Spindleweed ( Atractylis DC. ): The approximately 22 species are common in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia , for example:
    • Lattice spindleweed ( Atractylis cancellata L. )
  • Eberwurzen ( Carlina L. ): The approximately 28 species are common in Eurasia and Macaronesia .
  • Thevenotia DC. : The roughly two species are common in Central Asia.
  • Tugarinovia Ilyin : it contains only one species:
    • Tugarinovia mongolia Iljin : It is common in China and Mongolia .

• Subtribus Centaureinae O. Hoffmann : It contains about 30 genera:
  • Amberboa Vaill. : The six to seven species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia.
  • Callicephalus C.A. Mey . : It contains only one type:
    • Callicephalus nitens (Willd.) CAMey. : It is common in Central and West Asia.
  • Carduncellus Adans. : The approximately 27 species are distributed in the western Mediterranean.
  • Safflower ( Carthamus L. ): The 20 or so species are particularly widespread in the Mediterranean area, with some species in central and southwest Asia.
  • Knapweed ( Centaurea L. , Syn .: Jacea Mill. , Calcitrapa Heist ex Fabr.. , Acosta Adans. , Acrolophus Cass. , Bielzia Schur , Cnicus L. ): After separation of the genera Psephellus , cyanus and others are the remaining about 250 species distributed in Eurasia. Including for example:
    • Benedictine herb ( Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. , Syn .: Cnicus benedictus L. )
  • Centaurodendron Johow : The only two species occur only on the Juan Fernández Islands .
  • Centaurothamnus Wagenitz & Dittrich : It contains only one species:
    • Centaurothamnus maximus (Forssk.) Wagenitz & Dittrich : It occurs only in Yemen .
  • Cheirolophus Cass. : The 24 or so species are common in the western Mediterranean and Macaronesia , including, for example:
    • Cheirolophus crassifolius (Bertol.) Susanna
  • Crocodylium Hill (including Aegialophila Boiss. & Heldr. ): The three species are common in the eastern Mediterranean.
  • Crupina (pers.) DC. : The three or so species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia, including, for example:
    • True hatching seeds ( Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. )
    • Common hatching seeds ( Crupina vulgaris Cass. ): It is native to Central, South and Southeastern Europe, North Africa, India and the temperate areas of Asia. He is a neophyte in the United States.
  • Cyanus Mill .: The 25 to 30 species have so far mostly been assigned to Centaurea . Including:
    • Mountain knapweed ( Cyanus montanus (L.) Hill , Syn .: Centaurea montana L. )
    • Cornflower ( Cyanus segetum Hill , Syn .: Centaurea cyanus L. )
    • Felt knapweed ( Cyanus triumfettii (All.) Á.Löve & D.Löve , Syn .: Centaurea triumfettii All. )
  • Goniocaulon Cass. : It contains only one type:
    • Goniocaulon glabrum Cass. : It is common in India, Pakistan and East Africa.
  • Femeniasia Susanna : It contains only one species:
    • Femeniasia balearica (JJRodr.) Susanna : It is endemic to Menorca .
  • Karvandarina Rech. F. : It contains only one type:
    • Karvandarina aphylla Rech. F., Aellen & Esfand. : They spread in Iran and Pakistan.
  • Klasea Cass. (including Nikitinia Iljin ): The approximately 65species split offby Serratula are common in Eurasia and North Africa. Including:
    • Klasea cretica (Turrill) Holub (Syn .: Serratula cichoracea subsp. Cretica Turrill )
  • Mantisalca Cass. : The four or so species are common in the Mediterranean, for example:
    • Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cav. : The natural home is southern Spain and northwestern Africa. It is an invasive plant in many areas of the world.
  • Myopordon Boiss. : The five or so species are common in Western Asia.
  • Ochrocephala Dittrich : it contains only one species:
    • Ochrocephala imatongensis (Philipson) Dittrich : It is common in East and Central Africa and India.
  • Oligochaeta (DC.) K.Koch : The three or so species are common in Central Asia.
  • Phonus Hill : Distributed with two species in southern Spain and North Africa.
  • Schrenk plagiarism base : It contains only one type:
    • Plagiobasis centauroides Schrenke : It is common in Xinjiang , Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan .
  • Plectocephalus D.Don (Syn .: Centaurea L. sect. Plectocephalus (D.Don) DC. ): The approximately five species are common in the New World and East Africa.
  • Psephellus Cass. : The approximately 100 species are distributed from the Black Sea region east to Western Siberia .
  • Rhaponticoides Vaill. : The at least 22 species are distributed in the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and the Near East.
  • Bergscharten ( Rhaponticum Vaill. , Syn .: Acroptilon Cass. , Leuzea DC. , Stemmacantha Cass. ): The approximately 24 species are distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia .
  • Russowia C. Winkl. : It contains only one type:
    • Russowia sogdiana (Bunge) B.Fedtschenko : It thrives in dry ( arid ) areas in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan .
  • Scharten ( Serratula L. ): There are only two species left in Eurasia.
  • Shishkinia Ilyin : It contains only one species:
    • Schischkinia albispina (Bunge) Iljin : It is common in Central Asia.
  • Stizolophus Cass. : The three or so species are common in the Near East.
  • Tricholepis DC. : The approximately 20 species are distributed from Afghanistan to Myanmar.
  • Volutaria Cass. (Syn .: Cyanopsis Cass. ): The 14 to 16 species are mainly found in North Africa, the Middle East, the Iberian Peninsula, Macaronesia and Southwest Asia; individual species are also found in East Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia and Yemen.
  • Zoegea L .: The three or so species are distributed from the eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia.

• Subtribus Dipterocominae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna : It was established in 2019 and contains only one genus:
  • Dipterocome fish. & Mey. : It contains only one type:
    • Dipterocome pusilla fish. & Mey. : It is spread from Jordan to Afghanistan .

• Subtribe Echinopsidinae Dumort. : It contains only one genus:
  • Ball thistles ( Echinops L. , Syn .: Acantholepis Less. , Echinanthus Neck. , Echinopsus St.-Lag. , Echinopus Mill. , Echinopus Tourn. Ex Adans. , Psectra (Endl.) Tomšovic ): The approximately 120 species are in Eurasia and Africa spread.

• Subtribus Onopordinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna : It was set up in 2019 and about eight genera:
  • Alfredia Cass. : The five or so species are common in Central Asia.
  • Ancathia DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Ancathia igniaria (explosive) DC. : It is common in the Caucasus.
  • Lamyropappus Knorring & Tamamsch. : It contains only one type:
    • Lamyropappus shacaptaricus (B.Fedtsch.) Knorring & Tamamsch. : It occurs in Central Asia.
  • Olgaea Iljin (Syn .: Takeikadzuchia Kitag. & Kitam. ): The twelve or so species are distributed in Central Asia, six of which are found in China.
  • Donkey thistle ( Onopordum L. ): The approximately 60 species are common in Eurasia and North Africa.
  • Synurus Iljin : It contains only one species or about eight species:
    • Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai : It is common in the People's Republic of China , Japan , Korea , Russia and Mongolia.
  • Syreitschikovia Pavlov : The only two types are common in Central Asia.
  • Xanthopappus C. Winkl. : It contains only one type:
    • Xanthopappus subacaulis C. Winkl. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan , Yunnan , Gansu and Qinghai .

• Subtribus Saussureinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna : It was set up in 2019 and contains three to four genera:
  • Dolomiaea DC. : The approximately 15 species since 2020 are distributed in the high mountains from Pakistan via Nepal , northern India and Tibet to Yunnan and northern Myanmar . They only thrive on the alpine level at altitudes of 2800 to 4800 meters of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and adjacent areas.
  • Silberscharten ( Jurinea Cass. ): The approximately 250 species are common in Eurasia and North Africa, for example:
    • Sand-Silberscharte ( Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb. )
    • Soft silver notch ( Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. )
  • Polytaxis Bunge : The roughly two types are common in Central Asia.
  • Alpenscharten ( Saussurea DC. ): The approximately 300 to 400 species are common in Eurasia and North America. There are 289 species in China, 191 of them only there.

• Subtribus Staehelininae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna : It was set up in 2019 and contains only one genus:
  • Staehelina L. (Syn .: Aplina Raf. , Barbellina Cass. , Hirtellina (Cass.) Cass. , Sthaelina Lag. ) The approximately six species are distributed in the Mediterranean area, including:
    • Staehelina fruticosa (L.) L.
    • Staehelina petiolata (L.) Hilliard & BLBurtt

• Subtribe Xerantheminae Cass. ex Dumort. : Since 2019 it contains about six genera:
  • Amphoricarpos Vis. : The three types are distributed from Southeastern Europe to the Caucasus . Including:
    • Neumayer jug ​​fruit ( Amphoricarpos neumayerianus (Vis.) Greuter )
  • Chardinia Desf. : The at least two species are distributed from Asia Minor to Central Asia.
  • Shangwua Yu J.Wang, Raab-Straube, Susanna & J.Quan Liu : It was established in 2013 and contains around three species.
  • Siebera J.Gay : The two species are distributed from Middle East to Central Asia.
  • Milk thistles ( Silybum Adans. ): The only two types are common in the Mediterranean area.
  • Chaff flowers ( Xeranthemum L. ): The five to six species are widespread in the Mediterranean region from North Africa to West Asia and only occur as neophytes in Central Europe .

• Incertae sedis (thistle-like, little-known genus with uncertain assignment to the Cardueae):
  • Cavea W.W.Sm. & Small : It contains only one type:
    • Cavea tanguensis (JRDrumm.) WWSm. & Small : It is common in southwest China and northeast India.

use

The best known vegetables are the artichokes , a rare vegetable especially in Asian cuisine is the burdock ( Arctium lappa ). The oil of safflower or safflower thistle ( Carthamus tinctorius L. ) is known. Some types and varieties of knapweed are used as ornamental plants . Some species are used as medicinal plants .

swell

• Cardueae Cass. - Entry in the Tree of Life project .

literature

• L. Barres, I. Sanmartín, CL Anderson, Alfonso Susanna, S. Buerki, M. Galbany-Casals, R. Vilatersana: Reconstructing the evolution and biogeographic history of tribe Cardueae (Compositae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 100, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 867-882. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.1200058 full text PDF.
• Alfonso Susanna, Núria García-Jacas: Cardueae (Carduoideae). In: Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 . Pp. 293-313.
• Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother (Eds.): Cardueae Cassini In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 82 (English, description and identification key of the Tribe Cardueae Cass. ).
• Alfonso Susanna, Núria García-Jacas: Tribe Cardueae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit, Charles Jeffrey (Eds.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 8: Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1 , pp. 123-146 (English).
• José L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.02.011 , (PDF file) .
• José L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Volume 115, No. 4, 2002, pp. 909-922, (online) .
• Alfonso Susanna, Núria García-Jacas, O. Hidalgo, Roser Vilatersana, Teresa Garnatje: The Cardueae (Compositae) revisited: insights from ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 93, No. 1, 2006, pp. 150-171, doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2006) 93 [150: TCCRIF] 2.0.CO; 2 , digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F16444882~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D .
• Zhu Shi, Eckhard von Raab-Straube, Werner Greuter, Ludwig Martins: Cardueae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 42–194 (English, online - PDF file ). .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Cardueae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
2. ^ ^{A b} Alfonso Susanna, Núria García-Jacas, O. Hidalgo, Roser Vilatersana, Teresa Garnatje: The Cardueae (Compositae) revisited: insights from ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 93, No. 1, 2006, pp. 150-171, doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2006) 93 [150: TCCRIF] 2.0.CO; 2 , digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F16444882~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Entry in the Tree of Life project .
4. ^ ^{A b} Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother (eds.): Cardueae Cassini In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 82 (English, description and identification key of the tribe Cynareae ).
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Zhu Shi, Eckhard von Raab-Straube, Werner Greuter, Ludwig Martins: Cardueae Cassini In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 42–194 (English, online - PDF file ).
6. ↑ ^{a b} Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.02.011 , (PDF file) .
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : Cardueae Cass. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
8. ^ Cardueae in South Africa. at Biodiversity Explorer from Iziko = Museums of Cape Town. (engl.)
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af} Alfonso Susanna, Núria García-Jacas: Tribe Cardueae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit, Charles Jeffrey (Eds.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 8: Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1 , pp. 123–146 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Sonia Herrando-Moraira, Juan Antonio Calleja, Mercè Galbany-Casals, Núria García-Jacas, Jian-Quan Liu, Javier López-Alvarado, Jordi López-Pujol, Jennifer R. Mandel , Sergi Massó, Noemí Montes-Moreno, Cristina Roquet, Llorenç Sáez, Alexander Sennikov, Alfonso Susanna, Roser Vilatersana: Nuclear and plastid DNA phylogeny of tribe Cardueae (Compositae) with Hyb-Seq data: A new subtribal classification and a temporal diversification framework . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 137, 2019, pp. 313-332. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2019.05.001
11. ↑ Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos Mediterranean flora. Franckh Kosmos Verlag Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 . P. 116.
12. ↑ ^{a b} Jörg Ochsmann: Centaurea Pages.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d} Jun Shen, Xu Zhang, Jacob Landis, Hua-Jie Zhang, Tao Deng, Hang Sun, Hengchang Wang: Plastome Evolution in Dolomiaea (Asteraceae, Cardueae) Using Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyzes. In: Frontiers in Plant Science , Volume 11, March 29, 2020. doi : 10.3389 / fpls.2020.00376
14. ↑ Yu-Jin Wang, Jian-Quan Liu, Georg Miehe ,: Phylogenetic origins of the Himalayan endemic Dolomiaea, Diplazoptilon and Xanthopappus (Asteraceae: Cardueae) based on three DNA regions. In: Annals of Botany (Oxford) , Volume 99, 2007, pp. 311-322. Full text PDF. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcl259
15. ^ Alfonso Susanna, Núria García-Jacas: Cardueae (Carduoideae). In: Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, TF Stuessy, RJ Bayer (eds.): Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae , Vienna: IAPT, 2009, pp. 293-313.
16. ↑ Danka Caković, Danijela Stešević, Peter Schönswetter, Božo Frajman: How many taxa? Spatiotemporal evolution and taxonomy of Amphoricarpos (Asteraceae, Carduoideae) on the Balkan Peninsula. In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution , Volume 15, Issue 3, 2015, pp. 429–445. (Springer: PDF)

Web links

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