Common thistle

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Common thistle
Common thistle (Cirsium vulgare)

Common thistle ( Cirsium vulgare )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cynareae
Genre : Thistles ( Cirsium )
Type : Common thistle
Scientific name
Cirsium vulgare
( Savi ) Ten.

The Spear Thistle ( Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. , Syn .: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. ), Also lancet thistle called, is a plant that the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of the daisy family belongs (Asteraceae). It looks similar to the field thistle and the swamp thistle .

The common thistle is the national flower of Scotland .

features

Flower head of the common thistle

The common thistle is a biennial plant and reaches a height of 50 to 350 centimeters. The leaves are alternate, the leaf shape is oval to lanceolate. The leaves are pinnately split and sloping down the stem. The upper side of the leaf is spiky and stiff-haired, the underside short-haired to white tomentose. All plumage sections are thorny serrated and end in a long yellow thorn.

The flower heads have a diameter of up to 4 centimeters. During flowering, the height of the flowers in the basket is almost twice as wide as the top part of the basket shell. The basket cover has no wool felt. The flowers are purple in color. It blooms from July to October and is pollinated by insects. The achene fruits have a flattened cylindrical shape. The pappus consists of long, feathery hairy rays.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 68.

Common scraper in the 2nd year ( Cirsium vulgare )

ecology

Pre- blooming habit of Cirsium vulgare
Pollination by a wood bumblebee
Cirsium vulgare - Keila2.jpg

The common thistle is a two-year-old hemicryptophyte with root beet. The leaf rosette formed in the first year is very regular.

In contrast to the field thistle ( Cirsium arvense ), this species is a pure pollen flower without nectar production. The flowering period extends from June to October.

The fruits are achenes weighing 4–5 mg with a hygroscopic hair calyx; they spread through the wind and, because of their weight, have a fall speed of only 22 cm / s. There is also a processing spread by finches .

The fruit ripeness extends from August to November.

As a pasture weed, the common thistle can be very annoying. Goethe , who was also an excellent botanist and gardener for his time, already knew that you can master the thistle plague by cutting out the rosettes. In his Italian trip, he accordingly made derogatory comments about the Italian shepherds.

The species belongs to the food plants of the caterpillars of the painted lady ( Vanessa cardui ), which usually sit in a leaf or web between the stem and the base of the leaves.

The seeds are eaten by the goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ).

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Cirsium vulgare subsp. crinitum (DC.) Arènes (Syn .: Cirsium crinitum DC. ): It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, Sicily, Corsica and on the Balearic Islands.
  • Cirsium vulgare subsp. silvaticum (exchange) Arènes : It becomes up to 3.5 m high and has few tightly upright branches. The leaves are flat, the undersides are soft and tomentose. They are mainly found in shady locations such as forests. Flowering time is July and August.
  • Cirsium vulgare subsp. vulgare : It is only about 1.5 m high, but is richly branched. The leaves are curly, the undersides are hairy. It grows in southern regions and blooms into October.

Occurrence

The distribution area of ​​the common spear thistle includes Europe, North Africa, the temperate zones of Asia and Pakistan. It is a neophyte in North and South America, the rest of Africa, the Canary Islands, Azores and Reunion, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Israel, Yemen and Hawaii . The common thistle is often found in weed communities rich in herbaceous perennials, on paths, rubble sites, banks and in forests. It is an indigenous species in Central Europe. It prefers moderately dry to fresh, nutrient-rich, humus-rich, loose loam soils. According to Ellenberg , it is a light plant, a moderate heat pointer, a freshness pointer, a weak acid to weak base pointer, a pronounced nitrogen pointer and a species of the class of ruderal mugwort and thistle societies (Artemisietea vulgaris). Its main focus is on societies of the Onopordetalia order.

In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Kleinwalsertal on the Mittlerer Spitalalpe near Baad up to 1520 m above sea level.

Diseases

The common thistle is attacked by the rust fungus Puccinia cnici var. Cnici .

Common names

For the common Kratzdistel exist or existed also the other German-language trivial names : Moordistel ( Göttingen ) and Sperdistel ( Silesia ).

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  • Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume 8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 .
  • Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? The encyclopedia: over 1000 flowering plants from Central Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10326-9 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  965 .
  2. ^ Tropicos. [1]
  3. ↑ a b Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Cirsium vulgare In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ↑ Cirsium vulgare in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 639.
  6. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1: Uredinales. P. 26. online (PDF; 1.8 MB)
  7. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 101. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Common thistle  album with pictures, videos and audio files