Field thistle

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Field thistle
Field thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Field thistle ( Cirsium arvense )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cardueae
Genre : Thistles ( Cirsium )
Type : Field thistle
Scientific name
Cirsium arvense
( L. ) Scop.

The field thistle ( Cirsium arvense ) or field thistle is a species of the grass thistle ( Cirsium ) within the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is particularly noticeable because of its thorny leaves and purple colored flowers. They can be found at the edges of roads and fields , which is why they are often referred to as "field weeds ".

description

illustration
Section through flower heads
Illustration from storm
Achene with pappus

The field thistle is extremely variable in differences in height, the design of the leaves and the size of the flower heads. It has therefore been subdivided by some authors into numerous subspecies and varieties, which, however, are difficult to separate.

Vegetative characteristics

The field thistle is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 150 centimeters. It forms horizontally elongated, creeping rhizomes . The stem is richly leafed, mostly paniculate and not winged.

The alternately arranged leaves are toothed and have a thorny cilantro. The soft to rigid thorns are about 5 millimeters long and pointed. In the upper part of the stem, however, the leaves are not prickly.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from July to October. The field thistle is gyno . The flower heads have a diameter of about 2 centimeters and contain about 100 mostly hermaphrodite, pre-male flowers. There are also purely female plant specimens with smaller cups and flowers with corolla lobes only 2 to 3 millimeters long. The inflorescence contains, as in all species of the Cardueae tribe, only tubular flowers . Its colored corolla border is five columns down to the bottom. The flower is reddish to purple in color.

The achenes have a feathery pappus made of white pappus bristles.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 34.

Ecology and ingredients

Field thistle with gall of the thistle borer fly ( Urophora cardui )
Ramularia cirsii on deciduous leaf

The field thistle is a root-bud geophyte and a deep-rooting plant that drives roots up to 2.8 meters deep. The vegetative reproduction of the field thistle takes place through root shoots that emerge from the almost horizontally running runners roots that are deep in the ground. There is therefore a root pioneer who is a dreaded “weed” in fields and pastures. New plant specimens can even sprout from small, chopped off bits of roots.

The flowers smell of honey . The branches of the style are densely covered with purging hairs on the outside. This growing out stylus brush pushes the pollen out of the inwardly emptying stamen. The nectar rises in the corolla tube, which is over 10 millimeters long, to the exit. This makes it accessible to insects of all kinds, especially for butterflies the field scraper is an important source of nectar. In bad weather, spontaneous self-pollination takes place in the hermaphrodite flowers . The flowers contain cynarin (1,3-O-caffeoylquinic acid).

The achenes have a hygroscopic hair calyx (pappus): So it is a glider . Its rate of descent is only 26 cm / second, which means that flight distances of over 10 km are possible with an updraft. The fruits are ripe in August to October, about four weeks after the start of flowering. The field thistle is very demanding in terms of its location, its seeds only germinate in suitable locations.

It is not uncommon to find galls up to 2 centimeters thick on the stalk of the field thistle, caused by the larvae of the thistle borer fly ( Urophora cardui ).

The rust fungus Puccinia punctiformis attacks the field thistle and is therefore also used successfully in North America and New Zealand for biological pest control of the field thistle.

Occurrence

Whole inflorescence with flower heads

The field thistle occurs mainly on roadsides and ruderal spots throughout Central Europe. It rarely grows at altitudes above 2000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 1480 meters at the alpine hut of the new Piesenalpe near Rohrmoos in Bavaria.

The field thistle is a so-called apophyte in Central Europe , as the species originally native to dry forest border locations changed to anthropogenic locations when forests were cleared by humans in Central Europe about 7000 years ago to make space for fields. These locations were more open than most natural ones and they were regularly disturbed and thus offered the field thistle optimal living conditions. It thrives best in dry locations, but it is also found occasionally in more humid, partially shaded locations and often in bushes and hedges. It thrives in Central Europe in plant communities of the classes Artemisietea, Agropyretea, Epilobietea and Secalietea.

Taxonomy

It was first published in 1753 under the Basionym Serratula arvensis by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae , page 820. The specific epithet arvensis / arvense means "growing on fields". The new combination to Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. was published in 1772 by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in Flora Carniolica ... , 2nd edition, volume 2, page 126. There are many synonyms.

Common names

The other common German-language names exist or existed for the field thistle : Dästel ( Transylvania ), Tästel (Transylvania), Danoisa ( Memmingen ), Danoise (Memmingen), Diessel ( East Friesland ), Distel ( Austria ), Haberdistel, Landschnecht ( St . Gallen ), small margin thistle ( Silesia ), mouse thistle ( Göttingen ), white thistle (St. Gallen on the Upper Rhine ), saudistel, thistle (St. Gallen), Stikel (East Frisia), Tissel ( Heligoland ), Tässel (Transylvania) and warty thistle.

photos

  • Inflorescence in detail and flower visitors

  • Pieris napi as a flower visitor

  • Field thistle before blooming

  • Pappus

  • Infructescence and pappus

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  966-967 .
  2. ↑ George Baker Cummins: Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1978, ISBN 0-8165-0653-1 .
  3. ↑ RC French, AR Light Field: Induction of Systemic Infection Aecial in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) by Teliospores of Puccinia punctiformis. In: Phytopathology. Volume 80, No. 8, 1990, pp. 872-877, DOI: 10.1094 / Phyto-80-872 .
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich, 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 643.
  5. ↑ Carl von Linné : Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 820. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org . (First published under the Basionym Serratula arvensis L.)
  6. ↑ Werner Greuter , 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. Datasheet In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  7. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 101. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Acker-Kratzdistel ( Cirsium arvense )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files