goldfinch
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Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ), male |
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| Carduelis carduelis | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ), and goldfinch called, is a species from the family of finches (Fringillidae). It colonizes Eurasia from Western Europe to Central Asia and Central Siberia as well as North Africa . It was introduced in South America and Australia, as well as New Zealand and some islands in Oceania . Its diet consists of half-ripe and ripe seeds from perennials , meadow plants and trees. The species is currently not considered endangered .
The German Nature Conservation Association and the State Association for Bird Protection in Bavaria have chosen the goldfinch as “ Bird of the Year 2016” in Germany.
description
Like all members of the genus, the goldfinch is slender with a short neck and thin feet. It is characterized by a strong black and red face mask, a white head with white sides of the neck and a black neck and top of the head. The wings have a clearly separated, wide, bright yellow band. In the nominate form, they are predominantly black. The back is light brown, the rump white. The tail, which is weakly forked at the end, is black with white spots in the tip third. The underside is brownish on the chest and flanks. The ivory-colored bill is long and pointed. In the breeding season it is pure white, otherwise there is a black mark on the tip. Goldfinches have a body length of about 12 to 13 centimeters. The wingspan is 21 to 25 centimeters and the body weight is usually around 14 to 19 grams.
The goldfinch has a poorly developed sexual dimorphism . The male has a larger and darker face mask that partially reaches the back corner of the eye. The lower abdominal plumage is yellowish. The wing mirror is more intense and pronounced, the small feather feathers are black. The male's beak is more pointed and almost nine percent longer than that of the female. In addition, the tip of the beak is curved. The female has a slightly more rounded head, on which the face mask does not reach halfway down the eye, so that the red on the throat is less. The lower abdominal plumage is green-yellow. The small cover feathers are brown to gray-brown. The tip of the beak is straight, but in exceptional cases it can resemble that of the male. The young birds show no noticeable head color on the brown head. The grayish to yellow-brown upper side is striped and spotted. The wings are black and yellow and the tail black. The nestling is provided with long dark gray down . The throat is crimson , the palate is purple, and the ridges are white. Young and adult birds molt between July and August.
The goldfinch hops clumsily on the ground, but can skillfully climb trees, bushes, or other plants. The flight is undulating and quite stable; the yellow in the wing is particularly noticeable.
Voice and singing
The voice feeling call expresses itself with structures consisting of several elements such as “dudidelet” or “didudit”. When excited, goldfinches utter a sharp “zidi”. The aggression call consists of a hard, rasping "tschrr". The calls can also be heard during the flight. Fledglings beg with "di-wet-wet di-wet-wet".
The song of the goldfinch is a very hastily performed stanza that is recited with pendulous movements. It is often introduced with a quick chirping sequence of "Stieglitz" calls, followed by several trills and squiggles. Nasal elements are also used in between. The finale is a kneading part that resembles the “dsäi” of the siskin . The song is important for marking the nest area, outside of the breeding season it strengthens the cohesion in a group with several males. With the exception of the moulting season, the goldfinch lets the song be heard all year round. It is usually performed by a high singing station , rarely in a less pronounced singing flight . The singing is already influenced by the male singing in early youth.
The subspecies of the goldfinch have an unchanged general song program. This means that the definition of a typical rhythmic structure of the song that is superior to the individual sounds is the same for all and is divided into stanzas. In comparison, this stanza formation is consistently absent in the three species of green finch, the green finch ( Chloris chloris ), Himalayan finch ( Chloris spinoides ) and China finch ( Chloris sinica ).
The females also sing, but not as loudly and persistently as the males.
distribution and habitat
The goldfinch colonizes Western Europe to Central Siberia , North Africa, and West and Central Asia . It is absent in Iceland and central and northern Fennoscandinavia . It was introduced by humans in South America and Australia, as well as New Zealand and some islands in Oceania . The goldfinch is a partial migrant that overwinters in Western Europe. In more westerly, milder regions of its range it is a resident bird , while in regions with more severe winters it also migrates to warmer areas.
The goldfinch lives in open, tree-rich landscapes from the lowlands to around 1300 m, in recent years increasingly at higher altitudes up to 1600 m. Its preferred habitats provide Hochstamm- orchards with an extensive Utilizing and large weed - and ruderal areas with various shrubs is he is on. Forest edges , in orchards , in copses , in hedgerows and on river banks to find. If there are ruderal sites nearby, he will also visit gravel pits , old gardens, cemeteries, vineyards, avenues and parks. Important habitat elements are single standing trees and plants bearing seeds. In the cultural landscape, fallow land , mule tracks , high-stem orchards, ruderal areas and natural gardens in the settlement area are of particular importance. If the goldfinch cannot find a suitable breeding area on the plain, it also looks for high-lying, loose birch and pine groves . In autumn and winter it can be found mainly in open landscapes with perennials that have remained standing , such as roadsides or debris areas .
Food and subsistence
The goldfinch feeds on semi-ripe and ripe seeds from perennials , meadow plants and trees. Among the 152 wild herbs he has found , he prefers field thistle , goose thistle , scraper and cardens , but also shepherd's purse , dock , plantain , meadowsweet , chickweed , sunflower , mugwort , cornflower , knotweed as well as pine cones and birch seeds . During the breeding season, it also eats small insects , especially aphids .
The goldfinch is particularly adapted to eating seeds thanks to seven different movements: it picks up food from the ground or leans forward sitting on a branch. He can also peck while hanging upside down or hanging sideways with his head down. Thin plant stems , on the other hand, are flown to from below so that the goldfinch can slowly climb upwards step by step while keeping its body sideways. The stem bends so far under the weight of the body that it stands horizontally or leans towards the ground. This allows the bird to get to the seeds easily. Very thin stems are clasped in several places in order to be able to carry the body. The goldfinch climbs up strong stalks and sits on them. It can also hang from a source of food with its back down. In all complex movements and when preparing the seeds for consumption, the cooperation of the beak and foot is essential.
Soft, immature seeds are crushed with the beak and eaten immediately. The goldfinch first removes the glumes of ripe seeds . The seeds are picked from open fruit clusters, but grains that lie a little deeper are first packed and then plucked out. When the seeds are more firmly attached, the goldfinch first expands the seed bed by moving its beak back and forth. Wholly covered, hidden seeds are chiseled open. The young have to learn this technique from the adults first. The goldfinch usually searches carefully for a plant with many seeds. When disturbed, he often comes back to it. However, some seeds are mostly left behind.
Breeding biology
The goldfinch reaches sexual maturity at the end of the first year of life. He leads a monogamous brood marriage. The breeding season is between late March / early April and July. There are often two annual broods, the first brood begins to lay in May.
Courtship and mating
Depending on the weather, the male begins to practice and improve his singing in February or March. After several weeks of singing, the female usually initiates courtship. It approaches the male with pendulums and lower bills. It tries to cover up the yellow bandages by ruffling and ruffling. In contrast, the male puts on his plumage to show the yellow wing bands with slightly lifted wings. It also increases this by slightly spreading the wings.
For courtship the male stands with stilted legs, jerks with hanging wings and spread tail. It lets its singing be heard and moves its body from one side to the other. It also feeds the female. This crouches slightly in the heel joints, vibrates its wings and folds up its tail to show its readiness. This is followed by copulation , which takes place several times a day until the clutch is complete. During courtship, dominance passes from the male to the female.
Nest building and brood
After the female has checked possible nesting sites in the company of the male, it begins to build the nest. The goldfinch prefers high-altitude places that offer cover in conjunction with a good view. He often chooses a nesting place high in the tree canopy or in high bushes . Often the nesting site is near forks of branches, often on branch ends. The small, bowl-shaped nest is carefully built by the female from fine stems , stalks, small roots , green moss , lichen and plant fibers . The thick-walled nest hollow is padded with fine roots, stalks, fibers as well as feathers and wool . Nest building usually begins in mid-April and takes about four to six days. During the breeding season, the male guards the female and the breeding tree or bush against conspecifics.
Eggs are laid every day in the early morning hours, when the first egg is laid, the nest is usually not quite ready. A clutch usually consists of five eggs, more rarely four or six. The eggs are provided on a whitish background with fine rust-brown, brown-black and red curlicues and spots towards the blunt pole. Occasionally, completely white eggs are also included. After the third egg is laid, the female starts brooding alone. During the incubation period of 12 to 14 days, it is supplied with food by the male. It only leaves the nest to put down feces.
Development of the young birds
The young birds are born blind and naked. Usually three cubs hatch first, while the remaining two cubs leave the egg the next day. In the first few days, the nestlings lie upside down to warm themselves. The adult birds eat some of the eggshells, they remove the rest from the nest. In the first six days, the female hounds and feeds the young birds from the crop with what it regularly receives from the male. On the first day the young do not give up any feces, from the second to the sixth day the feces are swallowed by the female, from the seventh to the twelfth day it is carried away except for individual remains and finally deposited by the young on the edge of the nest. In the time from the fifth to the seventh day, the young birds open their eyes and specifically beg the adult birds. They are now mainly fed thistle seeds and other seeds. From the 12th or 14th day, the nestlings can leave the nest in case of danger. Sometimes they can do it by the eighth day.
After flying out, the young sit in the branches and regularly let their position be heard so that the adult birds can provide them with food. Meanwhile, the female begins to build a new nest so that the second brood can begin. From the 21st to the 25th day the young birds eat independently, with 28 to 30 days they are independent. They are in danger from cats , birds of prey and martens .
Wild birds live a maximum of eight to nine years. Up to 17 years are possible in captivity.
behavior
Goldfinches are diurnal. They leave their sleep almost at the start of the day, and look for it again at sunset. The foraging for food is most intense in the early morning hours. The activity phase is often interrupted by rest and cleaning phases. The goldfinch searches for food and fodder in pairs or in a group, as suitable seeds are unevenly distributed in space and time. He often goes to watering places to drink and bathe.
The goldfinch behaves little territorially all year round. So he defends the nest area, but not a territory . Breeding groups of three to five pairs are common. Outside of the breeding season it lives in small groups, but also in sleeping communities with up to 40 specimens, which in winter can be mixed with swarms of colin , serpentine and greenfinch .
Disputes only arise if the individual distance is not reached. However, threatening with an open beak and bristling head plumage is usually sufficient. Disputes are carried out under "Tschrr" calls through fights with beaked blows and kicks.
Systematics
External system
Due to the similar plumage coloring, a close relationship between the goldfinch and the green finch was previously assumed. Through several years of captive observations on Asian and European goldfinch subspecies and on the three Chloris species, the greenfinch ( Chloris chloris ), Himalayan finch ( Chloris spinoides ) and China finch ( Chloris sinica ), it was therefore examined whether the China finch is a systematic link between the greenfinch and the goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ). It was found that the goldfinch shows no closer relationship to the Chinese greenling in any behavioral characteristic. In addition, it was shown that in the Asian, gray-headed goldfinch subspecies and in the Chinese greenling, the matching characteristics in the wing markings and plumage color developed parallel to one another. Thus the different subspecies of the goldfinch and the three examined greenfinch species form two self-contained groups of the Carduelis genus that are separated from one another without transitional forms .
By DNA -Untersuchungen of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, it was found that the genus Loxia close to the genus Carduelis is used. Furthermore, the goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ) is most closely related to the species previously known as lemon girlitz ( Serinus citrinella ). To avoid paraphyly , it is classified as lemon siskin ( Carduelis citrinella ) in the same genus. Furthermore, the goldfinch is closely related to the black siskin ( Chrysocorythus estherae ), the girlitz and the siskin .
Internal system
According to ITIS there are two subspecies:
- Carduelis c. carduelis ( Linnaeus , 1758) is the nominate form .
- Carduelis c. britannica ( Hartert , 1903)
Other sources, however, assume a larger number of subspecies. Fourteen subspecies are recognized by one source:
- The garden goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Carduelis ( Linnaeus , 1758)) is the nominate form. It settles in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
- Carduelis c. parva Tschusi , 1901 is darker in color than the nominate form and represents the smallest subspecies. It lives in south-west Europe and north-west Africa.
- Carduelis c. tschusii Arrigoni degli Oddi , 1902 has a more gray-brown upper side than the nominate form and also has a more brownish colored underside than this. It inhabits Corsica , Sardinia and Sicily .
- Carduelis c. britannica ( Hartert , 1903) has a darker and less red-brown coat. The chest and flanks are brown, the white and red head colors are less pure white and less vividly colored. She lives in the UK and Ireland .
- The Alpine Goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Balcanica Sachtleben , 1919) is paler in color than C. c. Tschusii . The top is grayer, but similar but not as dark. He colonized the Balkan Peninsula and Crete .
- Carduelis c. loudoni Zarudny , 1906 is dark earth brown on the top and on the chest sides. She lives in Northern Iran and Transcaucasia . It also includes the formerly independent subspecies Carduelis c. brevirostris .
- Carduelis c. brevirostris Zarudny , 1889 has a more brownish and less gray coat. She has a white patch on her neck. It populates the Crimea and the Caucasus .
- Carduelis c. colchica Koudashev , 1915
- Carduelis c. volgensis Buturlin , 1906
- Carduelis c. frigoris Wolters , 1953 also includes the formerly independent subspecies Carduelis c. major .
- The forest goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Major Taczanowski , 1880) has the longest beak and is the largest subspecies. The white rump is wide spread. He lives in Siberia .
- The gray-headed goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Caniceps Vigors , 1831) has an only red face mask that lacks the white and black markings. The distribution area is Iran to Mongolia, where it occurs mainly at high altitudes.
- Carduelis c. niediecki Reichenow , 1907 is paler than C. c. Tschusii , but resembles her. She lives on the Aegean islands, Cyprus , western and central Anatolia . It is also likely to be found in northwestern Iran and southward in the area to Israel .
- Carduelis c. paropanisi Kollibay , 1910 colonized Central Asia .
- Carduelis c. subulata ( Gloger , 1833) lives in Turkestan .
- Carduelis c. ultima Koelz , 1949 settled Iran.
Another source assumes twelve subspecies and two types:
- Garden Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ): Characteristic are the black neck and the brown back. The distribution area extends from Europe eastwards to western Siberia. There is a trend to the east of increasing size and decreasing color.
- The garden goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Carduelis ) is the nominate form.
- Carduelis c. parva
- Carduelis c. Tschusii
- Carduelis c. britannica
- Alpine goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Balcanica )
- Forest Goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Major )
- Carduelis c. niediecki
- Carduelis c. brevirostris
- Carduelis c. loudoni
.JPG)
- Gray-headed goldfinch ( Carduelis caniceps ) (Vigors, 1831): The gray-brown back of the head and back are characteristic. The flanks and the chest are gray-brown. The beak is longer and slimmer, the red mask is smaller and does not reach as far to the forehead. The throat, middle of the abdomen and rump are white. The ends of the hand wings are dark. The young bird does not have a red face mask. The plumage is uniformly gray-brown with dark dashes. The main distribution area is in Central Asia. The subspecies differ mainly in size.
- The gray-headed goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Caniceps ) is the nominate form and the smallest subspecies. The plumage is significantly darker above and below and has less white on the sides of the head than on the underside. It inhabits the north from Pakistan to Nepal and the Himalayas .
- Carduelis c. subulata is the lightest and largest subspecies. She lives in Siberia from the Yenisei River to the Altai Mountains .
- Carduelis c. paropanisi is slightly smaller and darker than C. c. subulata . She colonized Iran and Afghanistan .
In the south of western Siberia, in northeastern Iran and in southwestern Iran, the plumage colouration indicates a mixture of both groups, so that the species status of the gray-headed goldfinch ( Carduelis c. Caniceps ) is still not recognized and discussed despite its striking appearance.
Inventory and inventory development
The worldwide distribution area of the goldfinch is estimated at 15,800,000 km². The large global population fluctuates quite strongly without showing a clear trend. The IUCN According to it comprises about 75 million to 350 million individuals. Therefore the species is classified as not endangered (LC).
The European breeding population accounts for less than half of the global distribution. It is very large with more than 12,000,000 pairs. While it was stable between 1970 and 1990, there were declines between 1990 and 2000 in some countries, particularly Turkey . Nevertheless, the trends in most of Europe were stable or increasing. Since the population as a whole is stable, the goldfinch is consequently classified as secure.
According to Section 7 (2) No. 13 b) bb) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act, the goldfinch is a particularly protected species in Germany . He was bird of the year in Switzerland in 2003 because the excessive use of pesticides destroyed his food source. In Malta , the goldfinch can be legally caught from September 1 to January 31, according to the EC Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Habitat of September 19, 1979, which Malta joined in 1994. In fact, however, this permit only applies to the period from October 1st to April 10th under Maltese law. The goldfinches are caught alive by bird hunting and trapping, in order to later be kept privately in small cages or sold at the bird market in Valletta .
Goldfinch and human
Etymology and naming
In 1758 Carl von Linné referred to the goldfinch as Fringilla carduelis . The introduction of the genus Carduelis , from which the synonym Carduelis carduelis comes , goes back to Mathurin-Jacques Brisson (1760). Carduelis is the common Latin name for the bird, derived from carduus "thistle". The name Distelfink (Middle High German distelvinke, distelvinkelîn ) refers, like the Latin name, to the seeds of thistles, which he prefers as food; also French chardonneret (from chardon "thistle", also for the siskin ) and the ancient Greek name ἀκανθίς (ἀκανθυλλίς, ἀκαλανθίς), from ἄκαλανθίς "thorn plant" (cf. acanthus "hogweed").
The name Stieglitz (Middle High German stig (e) liz, stig (e) litze ) was borrowed from Slavic into German (cf. Slovene štígelc , Old Czech stlec , next to Polish szczygieł , Russian ščegól ). The Slavic word was originally an onomatopoeic rendering of the bird's call.
The English name goldfinch already appears in Old English at Ælfric Grammaticus (as goldfinc ). The German equivalent goldfinch used to refer to the goldfinch, but is now more used for the American golden siskin , as well as for the bullfinch (bullfinch) , the mountain finch and others.
Names that are no longer in use are German Jupiter's finch and red bird , Latin Aurivittis or Chrysometres (from Greek χρυσο-μίτρης "gold belt").
Mythology and legend
In the Middle Ages the goldfinch was used as a talisman to protect against the plague . Conrad Gessner (1554) mentioned this bird in his bird book and used it for illnesses. Roast goldfinches are said to be a suitable remedy for stomach ache and intestinal gout . Since the goldfinch was believed to be capable of attracting disease, such a bird was hung in a consumptive's room for the same purpose .
The ancient Greek name of the goldfinch, Akalanthis (ἀκαλανθίς, next to ἀκανθίς) was an epithet of Artemis , and in mythology also refers to one of the Pierids, the children of Pierus, King of Emathia, who got involved in a song competition with the muses . As a punishment for this boldness, the Muses according to Ovid turned them into magpies , but according to others they were transformed into different birds.
Andreas Johannes Jäckel quotes a "well-known fable" to explain the Bavarian nickname " Zusammscharricht" for the goldfinch: "When the creator had painted all the birds he created beautifully with colors, and only the goldfinch of an ornament was waiting, God pawed those that were still there He collected the paint residue on the palette and painted his brightly colored dress. "
Art, music and literature
The goldfinch is a symbol of endurance, fertility and perseverance. Because of his fondness for thistles and the color of his head, he is also a symbol of the Passion of Jesus Christ in Christian iconography . He is a detail of many portraits of Mary in which he depicts the foresight of the crucifixion of Christ .
The goldfinch appears very often in medieval and early modern paintings. You can also find him on Passion paintings, he adorns children's portraits and wall tapestries . In Barocci's Holy Family , the St. John boy holds a goldfinch in his hand so that it is far out of reach of an interested cat. In Cima da Conegliano's Madonna and Child , the baby Jesus holds a goldfinch in his hand. Since the goldfinch symbolizes the passion, it is considered a "pure" bird. Therefore he is sometimes depicted together with the fly , which stands for spoilage and putrefaction.
The painting The Goldfinch by Carel Fabritius's namesake and subject of the plot of the novel The Goldfinch (The Goldfinch) the American author Donna Tartt .
In the four seasons by Antonio Vivaldi the song of the Stieglitz in the second concert is (Op. 8 No. 2, RV315) imitated in the clocks 72 to 77 of the solo violin. Vivaldi also composed the Concerto in D major for flute "Il Gardellino" (Op. 10 No. 3, RV 428), the title of which refers to the Italian name of the bird.
The goldfinch is mentioned frequently in European lore and literature. In Geoffrey Chaucer's “Canterbury Tales” the cook is described as “as merry as a goldfinch in the woods” (“gaillard he was as a goldfynch in the shawe”). The poet John Keats writes about the goldfinch:
Linger awhile upon some bending planks
That lean against a streamlet's rushy banks,
And watch intently Nature's gentle doings:
They will be found softer than ring – dove's cooings.
Sometimes goldfinches one by one will drop
From low hung branches; little space they stop;
But sip, and twitter, and their feathers sleek;
Then off at once, as in a wanton freak:
Or perhaps, to show their black, and golden wings,
pausing upon their yellow flutterings.
- John Keats
Keeping as a cage bird
Until the 20th century the goldfinch was a popular aviary because of its lively colors and was only later replaced by exotic birds. In addition, matings with canaries and other goldfinches (Carduelinae) were made. It was assumed that crosses with the blood lineage made particularly good singers. Just a few decades ago, goldfinches were purposefully mated with each other by chance, so that unknown subspecies emerged. Today the individual subspecies are predominantly bred purely.
The goldfinch is kept as a cage bird to this day. However, before purchasing these animals, further training, e.g. through suitable literature, is necessary. Goldfinches can be kept in a cage (at least one meter long) and in the planted aviary if they are fed appropriately. The feed should be varied and consist mainly of semi-ripe and ripe seeds of wild herbs. It is possible to socialize with girlitz , greenfinch , colin, as well as birch and siskin . However, bringing it together with the bullfinch should be avoided at all costs.
In Germany, taking from nature as eggs or by lifting young birds from nests has been prohibited since July 1, 1888, and wild-caught animals and the trade in animals obtained in this way are largely prohibited. In the implementation of the EU Bird Protection Directive of 1979, which had this as its goal for the entire European area of the EU , extensive access and (with certain exceptions) marketing and ownership bans apply - as for all specimens of wild native bird species.
literature
- W. Altendorf: The goldfinch. In: The aviary. 17, 1994, p. 168.
- Einhard Bezzel : FSVO manual birds. BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3 .
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel, Wolfgang Fiedler : The compendium of birds in Central Europe. Volume 2: Passeriformes - passerine birds. Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Aula, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-89104-648-0 .
- Horst Bielfeld : siskins, giraffe, bullfinches and grosbeak. Origin, care, species. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3675-9 .
- Horst Bielfeld: Native songbirds. Ulmer Verlag, 1984.
- E. Glück: Diet and nutrition strategy of the goldfinch Carduelis carduelis L. In: Ökol. Vögel 2, 1980, pp. 43-91.
- E. Glück: Breeding biology of the goldfinch. In: The aviary. 7, 1980, p. 7.
- E. Luck: Goldfinch, Gray-headed Goldfinch. In: The aviary. 8, No. 6, 1985, p. 208,.
- Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim : Handbook of the birds of Central Europe 14/2, Passeriformes. Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-89104-610-3 .
- B. Hachfeld: Breeding biology Goldfinch. In: The aviary. 8, 1985, p. 96.
- E. Hartert: The birds of the Palearctic fauna. Systematic overview. Berlin, 1910.
- S. Kirschke: My experiences with the goldfinch. In: Feathered World. Volume 4, 1990, p. 111.
- M. Lehner: A successful goldfinch breeding in winter. In: Feathered World. 100, 1976, pp. 170-171.
- Claus-Peter Lieckfeld , Veronika Straaß : The myth of the bird. BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16108-8 .
- U. Reber: The goldfinch. In: The aviary. 5, 1992, p. 153.
- DW Snow, CM Perrins: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. concise ed. Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-854099-X .
- H. Weigang: keeping and breeding of the goldfinch. In: The aviary. 6, 1983, p. 105.
Web links
- Videos, photos and sound recordings for Carduelis carduelis in the Internet Bird Collection
- NABU entry with sound sample
- Entry at the Swiss Ornithological Institute
- Info page about the goldfinch
- Age and gender characteristics (PDF; 3.71 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta and Gerd-Michael Heinze
- Goldfinch's feathers
- Carduelis carduelis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed January 31 of 2009.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Goldfinch is Bird of the Year 2016 - NABU. In: NABU - Naturschutzbund Deutschland e. V. Accessed January 8, 2016 .
- ↑ vogelwarte.ch
- ^ A b Hans Rudolf Güttinger: Relationships and song structure in goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and green relatives (Chloris spec.). Journal of Ornithology, Vol. 119, No. 2 / April 1978, pp. 172-190, 2005, doi: 10.1007 / BF01644587
- ↑ A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Guillén, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, E. Lowy, J. Zamora, P. Varela, D. Stefani, LM Allende: Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Vol. 58: 1159–1166, 2001, web link (PDF; 277 kB)
- ^ A. Arnaiz-Villena, M. Álvarez-Tejado, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, C. García-de-la-Torre, P. Varela, MJ Recio, S. Ferre. J. Martínez-Laso: Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 54: 1031-1041, 1998
- ↑ Avibase Database: Citron girlie (Carduelis citrinella) (Pallas, 1764)
- ^ ITIS Report: Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- ↑ Avibase Database: Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) ( Linnaeus , 1758)
- ↑ Horst Bielfeld: Knowing and maintaining 300 ornamental birds , Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8001-5737-2 , p. 122
- ↑ Hans E. Wolters: The bird species of the earth . Berlin, 1975–1982
- ↑ Avibase Database: Goldfinch caniceps (Carduelis carduelis caniceps) (Vigors, 1831)
- ↑ Birdlife Factsheet: European Goldfinch
- ^ Birds in Europe: European Goldfinch
- ↑ euronatur: Migratory Bird Hunting ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.2 MB).
- ↑ German-Polish language contacts ( Memento from January 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) - Ryszard Lipczuk: German Loans in Polish - History, Subject Areas , Reactions ( Memento from October 16, 2012 on WebCite )
- ↑ August von Edlinger, Explanation of the animal names from all language areas (1886), p. 24.
- ↑ Grimm, German dictionary sv "Goldfink"
- ↑ "Chrysomitris, aurivittis, in English a gold finche in German eyn thistle finck or eyn stigelitz" William Turner (1544), quoted in AH Evans, Turner on Birds (1903) 41. Georges-Louis Leclerc , Histoire naturelle des oiseaux [1770–1783], 4th edition, A. Blussé et fils (1796), p. 93; "So the names Chrysometres, aurivittis, Gold-Finch obviously refer to the yellow spot with which the wings are adorned; the name Rothvogel to the red color of its head and throat; the names Asteres, Astrolines to the sheen of its various colors, and the names Pickilis and Varia on the effect arising from their multiplicity. " Herr von Buffon's natural history of birds: Volume 11, Vienna, FA Schrämbl (1790), p. 376.
- ↑ Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon Oxford, Clarendon Press (1940), sv "ἀκαλανθίς".
- ↑ Keyword: Acalanthis in Wilhelm Vollmer: Dictionary of Mythology. Stuttgart 1874, p. 4.
- ↑ Andreas Johannes Jäckel, Systematic Overview of the Birds of Bavaria (1891), p. 109.
- ^ Herbert Friedman , The Symbolic Goldfinch: Its History and Significance in European Devotional Art , Pantheon Books (1946); s. a. Herbert Friedmann, A Bestiary for Saint Jerome: Animal Symbolism in European Religious Art , Smithsonian Institution Press (1980), p. 220.
- ↑ L'Estate Summer. (PDF) Retrieved May 27, 2016 .
- ↑ Law on the Protection of Birds of March 22, 1888
- ↑ § 44 Paragraph 1 and 2 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG) in conjunction with § 7 Paragraph 2 No. 12 and 13 a bb BNatSchG, ie. "specially protected" species with consequent documentation obligations and fines and criminal offenses.
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