Pesticide
Pesticide (from Latin pestis lat, scourge ',' Plague and. Caedere , 'kill) is from the English language acquired designation for chemicals and microorganisms with a nuisance or harmful prestigious living things , viruses and viroids killed, sold or in Germination , growth or reproduction can be inhibited. In general, this refers to substances that are manufactured and used by humans. In English, the terms natural pesticides and dietary pesticides are coined to denote food poisons produced by plants .
Pesticides can be divided into:
- the plant protection products used to protect plants;
- the biocides that are used to protect human health or to preserve materials (with the exception of plant-based food and feed) - e.g. B. when painting house walls - are used;
- Veterinary drugs
Meanings
In the classic understanding , pesticides are means for combating animal pests ( English pests ). In this sense, the term was mainly used in English-speaking countries. The pesticides were sometimes equated with the insecticides .
As a pesticide according to current understanding , all are pesticides and other means of pest control construed. The US Environmental Protection Agency also defines the term in this sense. The EU Directive 2009/128 / EC contains a definition of “pesticide”, according to which both plant protection products as defined in Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 (Plant Protection Products Regulation) and biocidal products as defined in Directive 98/8 / EC through the placing of biocidal products on the market. Medicines that are used in livestock farming also meet all of the definitional requirements for a pesticide.
When “pesticide residues” are mentioned in the public discussion, the focus is usually on the contamination of food with pesticide residues. The term “pesticide” has a predominantly negative connotation in common usage. In 2003, Christel Fiebinger stated that the public associates the term with the “poisoning of soil, plants and food” and has partly become a “battle term against the farmers”.
In the legal texts of the German-speaking countries and the German versions of the relevant EU regulations, the term “pesticide” is rarely used. The approval of active substances and their maximum quantities for the approval of plant protection products and biocides are regulated in separate regulations. A certain active ingredient can be present in various plant protection products as well as biocides and veterinary medicinal products.
Substances that are no longer permitted in the EU , such as B. Cyanamid , acetochlor , tepraloxydim and cyfluthrin , may be prepared as before and exported to. This also happens in Switzerland z. B. with atrazine , diafenthiuron , methidathion , paraquat and profenophos .
Subdivision
Pesticides can be classified as follows:
- Acaricides against mites / arachnids .
- Avicides against birds .
- Bactericides against bacteria .
- Fungicides against fungi .
-
Herbicides against plants :
- Algaecides against algae .
- Arboricides against woody plants .
- Graminicides against grasses .
- Insecticides against insect pests.
- Molluscicides against snails .
- Nematicides against nematodes (roundworms).
- Ovicides against (insect) eggs .
- Rodenticides against rodents .
- Virucides against viruses and viroids .
Means for preventing game damage :
- Game bite - and Vergrämungs -means.
- Anti- peel agent.
- Sweeping protection means.
Other pesticides:
- Dressing agents for seeds and seedlings .
- Soil disinfection agents .
Important properties
Important physico-chemical properties of pesticides are:
- Vapor pressure (hPa, 20 ° C), which influences the concentration in the air and thus the possible undesired spread over great distances.
- Water solubility (g / L, 20 ° C), which influences the type of application, the leaching in the soil and groundwater as well as the absorption in the organism.
- Henry's constant (Pa.m 3 / mol), which describes the solubility behavior of gases in a liquid.
- Log K OW (octanol-water coefficient), which is a measure of the relationship between fat solubility and water solubility.
- K OC (distribution between organic matter in soil and soil liquid phase)
- Half-life (DT 50 , days) is a measure of the rate of degradation.
- Toxicity LD 50 , is a measure of the toxicity of a compound to various organisms.
Impact and Impact
The way pesticides work is different. You act u. a. as growth inhibitors, inhibitors of protein synthesis or change the permeability of cell membranes and thus impede the conduction of excitation. In some cases, the transmission of excitation to synapses is also disturbed. Depending on the active ingredient and excipient , the preparations can cause greater or lesser damage to non-target organisms or ecosystems . E.g. Ivermectin, which is used globally in livestock farming (e.g. against gastrointestinal parasites), causes considerable damage to non-target organisms. In this case, a number of manure-degrading and manure-visiting species (including flies , beetles ) that come into contact with excreted, toxic metabolites of the active substance on the cattle manure are inhibited or killed . On the other hand, a large number of target species for nature conservation depend to a greater or lesser extent on vital dung fauna as a food source (e.g. great mouse-eared mouse , hoopoe , blue roller ).
According to the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, modern pesticides damage the insects in a dose that is 100 times lower than that indicated in the approval. Pesticides can be detected in the air and are blown away over long distances . In many small streams , strong pesticide loads were repeatedly measured, which in some cases far exceeded the permitted limit values. Even in bird sanctuaries , pesticides are legally used, such as B. in the Moritzburg small peaks landscape . There is z. B. the partridge disappeared since 2008. In addition to the active ingredient used, the different application methods and application rates can significantly influence the undesirable effect on the environment and (if any) people. Target organisms of the pesticides can develop resistance to the active ingredients more or less quickly .
According to research by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), there is little likelihood in Europe of citizens being exposed to pesticide residues in food, which can lead to negative health effects. According to the authority's annual report, which is based on the analysis of around 88,000 samples from 28 EU member states, almost 96% of the food samples contain no pesticide residues or only show traces that are within the legally permissible values.
The insecticide chlorpyrifos is toxic to both humans and animals, especially amphibians .
See also: The current mass extinction
Alternatives to the use of pesticides
Due to the diverse and sometimes difficult to predict potential damage to ecosystems, non-target organisms and humans, the use of pesticides is sometimes a controversial political issue. The question of the alternatives is therefore also important. In integrated pest management , pesticides should only be used as a last resort . Here biological pest control plays an important role. The target organisms are fought using natural antagonists (e.g. parasitic wasps), which cause significantly less or no damage to ecosystems or non-target organisms.
Others
In September 2014, the church declared several times in the Italian Vinschgau (South Tyrol) by popular vote for "first pesticide-free community in Europe." Building on this, the Austrian author and documentary filmmaker Alexander Schiebel published the book The Miracle of Mals - How a Village Defies Agricultural Industry in autumn 2017 and the documentary of the same name at the end of May 2018. After 130 farmers filed a lawsuit against the Mals ban, the municipality suspended the ban. In autumn 2019, the Bolzano Administrative Court lifted the ban because the municipality was not responsible for this question.
The two popular initiatives “For clean drinking water and healthy food - No subsidies for the use of pesticides and prophylactic antibiotics” (drinking water initiative) and “For a Switzerland without synthetic pesticides” (pesticide initiative) are expected to be launched in Switzerland in May 2020 ) come to a vote. In France , pesticides have no longer been allowed to be sold to private individuals since January 1, 2019.
See also
- Pesticide Action Network (PAN)
literature
- Pestizide In: K. Landau, G. Pressel (Hrsg.): Medical lexicon of occupational stresses and hazards , 2nd edition, Gentner Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-87247-715-6 . Online .
- Dagmar Knopf: More and more pesticides in food . In: Pharmaceutical newspaper . Volume 149, No. 41, 2004 pp. 68-69 ( pharmaceuticalische-zeitung.de ).
- Katja Ebbecke: Poisonous re-import. Pesticides in vegetables . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. March 24, 2006.
- Marcelo L. Larramendy, Sonia Soloneski (Eds.): Pesticides: Toxic Aspects. InTech, 2014, ISBN 978-953-511-217-4 , doi: 10.5772 / 56979 (Open Access download possible).
- André Leu: The pesticide lie. How industry is putting our children's health at risk. Oekom , Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-96238-013-7 ( reading sample ).
Web links
- Pesticides - Information from the European Food Safety Authority
proof
- ↑ BN Ames, M. Porifet and LS Gold: Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural) . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 87 , no. 19 , 1990, pp. 7777-7781 , PMID 2217210 .
- ↑ a b c d Matthias Schaefer: Dictionary of Ecology . 2012, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-8274-2562-1 ( springer.com [accessed October 5, 2018]).
- ↑ US EPA: What is a Pesticide? , accessed March 3, 2010.
- ↑ Directive 2009/128 / EC… on a Community framework for action for the sustainable use of pesticides (PDF) .
- ↑ Plenary Debates - Wednesday, March 26, 2003 - Sustainable Use of Pesticides. Retrieved May 23, 2017 .
- ↑ Maurin Jost: Export of harmful pesticides: A lot of poison for abroad. In: taz.de . September 29, 2019, accessed October 1, 2019 .
- ↑ Stefan Häne: Too toxic for Switzerland - but exportable anyway. In: derbund.ch . March 15, 2019, accessed March 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Andreas Sonnenberg and Manfred Sietz: Pesticides in the environment
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Lumaret, Faiek Errouissi, Kevin Floate, Jorg Rombke, Keith Wardhaugh: A Review on the Toxicity and Non-Target Effects of Macrocyclic Lactones in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments . In: Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology . tape 13 , no. 6 , April 1, 2012, ISSN 1389-2010 , p. 1004-1060 , doi : 10.2174 / 138920112800399257 , PMID 22039795 , PMC 3409360 (free full text) - ( eurekaselect.com [accessed October 5, 2018]).
- ↑ Orrey P. Young: Predation on Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Literature Review . In: Transactions of the American Entomological Society . tape 141 , no. 1 , January 2015, ISSN 0002-8320 , p. 111–155 , doi : 10.3157 / 061.141.0110 ( bioone.org [accessed October 5, 2018]).
- ↑ Doris Ammon: planet e - species extinction threatens: A world without insects. In: zdf.de . May 5, 2019, accessed May 5, 2019 .
- ^ Matthias Liess, Sebastian Henz, Saskia Knillmann: Predicting low-concentration effects of pesticides. In: Scientific Reports. 9, 2019, doi : 10.1038 / s41598-019-51645-4 .
- ↑ Dangers from pesticides underestimated. In: biooekonomie.de. November 12, 2019, accessed November 20, 2019 .
- ↑ Tina Berg: Pesticides: Danger in the Air. In: observer.ch . March 27, 2019, accessed April 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Jorge Casado, Kevin Brigden, David Santillo, Paul Johnston: Screening of pesticides and veterinary drugs in small streams in the European Union by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. In: Science of The Total Environment. 670, 2019, p. 1204, doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2019.03.207 .
- ↑ Andri Bryner: Too many pesticides in small streams. In: eawag.ch . April 2, 2019, accessed May 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Glyphosate in the bird sanctuary. In: mdr.de . June 14, 2019, accessed June 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Pesticide residues in food: What is the picture in the EU? EFSA press release of June 26, 2019. Retrieved on November 24, 2019.
- ↑ The 2017 European Union report on pesticide residues in food (PDF; 22.7 MB) EFSA annual report of 26 May 2019. Accessed on 25 November 2019.
- ↑ Chlorpyrifos. In: bafu.admin.ch . March 6, 2018, accessed December 8, 2019 .
- ↑ International Monsanto Tribunal , accessed October 24, 2018
- ↑ Mals pesticide ban goes through . In: Salto.bz . July 16, 2015 ( salto.bz [accessed August 10, 2018]).
- ↑ BR alpha forum: Alexander Schiebel in conversation with Prisca Straub , August 29, 2017, accessed on December 7, 2017.
- ↑ The miracle of Mals. Retrieved August 10, 2018 .
- ↑ Michael Braun: End of the Malser miracle. In: taz. October 11, 2019, accessed February 1, 2020 .
- ↑ Angelika Hardegger: Bern misses a real opportunity in the fight against pesticides. In: nzz.ch . May 18, 2019, accessed June 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Pesticides in lay hands - environmental risk: tons of pesticides in private gardens. In: srf.ch . May 7, 2019, accessed May 9, 2019 .