Arachnids

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Arachnids
Vierfleckkspider (Araneus quadratus)

Vierfleckkspider ( Araneus quadratus )

Systematics
without rank: Bilateria
without rank: Primordial mouths (protostomia)
Over trunk : Molting animals (Ecdysozoa)
Trunk : Arthropod (arthropoda)
Sub-stem : Jawbearers (Chelicerata)
Class : Arachnids
Scientific name
Arachnida
Lamarck , 1801

The arachnids (Arachnida; ancient Greek ἀράχνη Arachne "spider") are a class of arthropods (Arthropoda) with over 100,000 known species. Together with the horseshoe crabs , they form the lower trunk of the jaw-claw carriers (Chelicerata). The arachnids include the spiders , but also harvestmen , scorpions , pseudoscorpions and mites (including ticks ).

anatomy

In contrast to the three-part body of the insect , the body of the arachnid is roughly divided into two parts, prosoma (fore-body) and opisthosoma (abdomen). These links can be clearly separated from each other (e.g. spiders , scorpions ) or they can be grown together ( harvestmen , roller spiders , mites ). The most striking feature are their four pairs of walking legs, which also distinguishes them from insects, which only have three. However, the larvae of many mite species only have six legs, while the first pair of the roller spiders is not used for locomotion, but for touching and orientation. Other extremities are transformed into tools such as poison claws , scissors, feelers or mouth tools. Scorpions have long tails with a venomous sting . Most arachnids are hunters who use poison to kill their prey.

Like all arthropods , which include insects, arachnids have a rope ladder nervous system . In contrast to insects, arachnids do not have compound eyes as eyes , but rather several point eyes with considerably variable performance depending on the species.

Reproduction

Sexual behavior of a web spider ( Neriene radiata )

There are various variations in reproduction. Since almost all species live on land (exception: water spiders ), there is very often internal fertilization by a penis-like structure (for example in harvesters). The males of other groups, such as the scorpions and most mites, deposit sperm packets ( spermatophores ) which are ingested by the females. The males of most spiders fill their bulbs (lat. Bulbus "piston, tuber") in the pedipalps on their own sexual organ or on self-woven spermatophores. The bulbs are introduced into the epigastral groove of the females during mating . Bulbs (see third explanation of terms) are the secondary sexual organs of the male of the spider on his buttons.

Systematics

The following regulations are included:

Simplified cladogram according to Shultz, 1990. Further breakdowns are indicated with –II–.

  Arachnids  (arachnida) 



 Palpigradi (Palpigradi)


  Tetrapulmonata  

 Spiders (Araneae)


   

 Flagellant spiders (Amblypygi)


  Scourge scorpions  (Uropygi  s. L. )  

 Thelyphonida (also Uropygi s. Str. )


   

 Dwarf Scorpion Scorpions (Schizomida)






   

 Hooded spiders (ricinule)


   

 Mites (acari)




   

 Harvestmen (Opiliones)


   

 Scorpionida –II–  Scorpions (Scorpiones)


   

 Pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones)


   

 Roller spinning (Solifugae)






Fossil orders

literature

  • Peter Ax: The Metazoa system. A textbook on phylogenetic systematics. Volume 2. Spectrum, Akademie-Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-437-35528-7 .
  • SJ Braddy, RJ Aldridge, SE Gabbott, JN Theron: Lamellate implications. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 97, 1999, pp. 1-56.
  • P. Weygoldt, HF Paulus: Investigations on the morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chelicerata. I. Morphological studies. II. Cladograms and development of the Chelicerata. In: Journal for Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. Volume 17, 1979, pp. 85-116, 177-200.
  • P. Weygoldt: Evolution and systematics of the Chelicerata. In: Experimental and Applied Acarology. Volume 22, 1998, pp. 63-79.

Web links

Commons : Arachnids  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Gemoll : Greek-German school and hand dictionary . G. Freytag Verlag / Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, Munich / Vienna 1965.
  2. ^ Arthur D. Chapman: Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. 2nd Edition. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra 2009, ISBN 978-0-642-56861-8 . (on-line)
  3. ↑ JW Shultz: Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics 6, pp. 1-38. Cladogram in the Tree of Life Web Project , 1990