Scraping thistles

Scraping thistles
	Cirsium brevistylum
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Carduoideae
Tribe :	Cardueae
Genre :	Scraping thistles
Scientific name
	Cirsium
	Mill.

The thistles ( Cirsium ) are a genus in the subfamily of Carduoideae within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The approximately 200 Cirsium species are common in North America , Eurasia and Africa .

description

Illustration of the variegated thistle ( Cirsium heterophyllum ) from storm

Herbarium of the bulbous thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum )

Illustration of the bulbous seared thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum ) and the English seared thistle ( Cirsium dissectum ) from storm

Achenes with pappus of common thistle ( Cirsium vulgare )

Appearance and leaves

The thistle species are annual or biennial or perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of growth of 5 to 400 centimeters, depending on the species. The plant parts are reinforced with thorns. The upright stems can be branched and are sometimes winged with thorns.

The leaves are basal and distributed on the stem. The leaves are finely to roughly toothed or lobed one to three times. The leaf teeth and lobes have thorny tips. The green leaf surfaces are glabrous or short, dense, hairy white-gray and usually without glands.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence shafts have more or less reduced foliage-like bracts . The cup-shaped inflorescences are individually terminal or in the upper leaf axils; or they are collectively in simple or branched traubigen , ährigen , rispigen , schirmrispigen or almost capitate total inflorescences together. The involucre has a height of 1 to 6 centimeters and a diameter of 1 to 8 centimeters. The many bracts standing in five to twenty rows usually have a thorny tip. The bracts are almost the same or the outer to middle ones are more or less strongly pressed at their base to the basket floor and their upper ends are spread out or upright, but the inner ones are usually upright, flat, often twisted, entire or toothed. In the uppermost areas of the bracts of many species, the middle nerves are elongated and have glands with milky sap; this can only be seen from fresh material; in herbarium they are dark brown to black. The flat to convex basket floor is covered with tan to white bristly scales. There are no chaff leaves.

The flower heads contain 25 to over 200 tubular flowers. The radially symmetrical to more or less zygomorphic tubular flowers have long, cylindrical corolla tubes . The flower crowns are colored pink, purple, red or yellow.

Fruits and pappus

The achenes are smooth. In contrast to the otherwise similar ring thistles , the pappus hairs are again covered with small hairs (pinnate).

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 17.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cirsium was in 1754 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary ... Abridged ... , 4th Edition, Volume 1 set . As a lectotype species was 1913 by Britton and Brown Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill in Ill. Fl. NUS , 2nd edition, volume 3, page 548. The botanical genus name Cirsium is derived from the Greek word kirsos for varicose vein , different types were used in antiquity . Synonyms for Cirsium Mill. Are: Breea Less. , Cephalonoplos (Neck. Ex DC.) Fourr. , Echenais Cass. , Epitrachys (DC. Ex Duby) K. Koch , Eriolepis Cass. , Lophiolepis (Cass.) Cass. , Onotrophic Cass. and Orthocentron (Cass.) Cass.

The genus Cirsium belongs to subtribe Carduinae from tribe Cardueae in the subfamily Carduoideae within the family of the Asteraceae .

The Cirsium species are widespread in North America , Eurasia and Africa .

There are around 200 species of Cirsium :

Stemless thistle ( Cirsium acaule )

Cirsium adjaricum

Cirsium arizonicum

Cirsium brachycephalum

Cirsium canum

Cirsium carniolicum

English thistle ( Cirsium dissectum )

Cirsium echinus

Cirsium edule

Cirsium ehrenbergii

Woolly thistle ( Cirsium eriophorum )

Sticky thistle ( Cirsium erisithales )

Cirsium flodmanii

Various-leaved thistle ( Cirsium heterophyllum )

Cirsium horridulum

Cirsium hydrophilum

Habit, leaves and inflorescence with flower heads of Cirsium inamoenum

Cirsium japonicum

Cirsium muticum

Cirsium nambuense

Cirsium neomexicanum

Cirsium obvallatum

Cirsium occidentale

Cabbage thistle ( Cirsium oleraceum )

Marsh thistle ( Cirsium palustre )

Cirsium pendulum

Cirsium phyllocephalum

Cirsium purpuratum

Bach thistle ( Cirsium rivulare )

Habitus, leaves and inflorescence with flower heads of Cirsium scariosum

Alpine thistle ( Cirsium spinosissimum )

Habit of Cirsium subcoriaceum

Flower head of the bulbous thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum )

Cirsium undulatum

Cirsium vallis-demonis

Cirsium vinaceum

Common thistle ( Cirsium vulgare )

Arm-headed thistle ( Cirsium waldsteinii )

Cirsium wallichii

Cirsium acantholepis (Hemsl.) Petr.
Stemless thistle ( Cirsium acaulon (L.) Scop. , Syn: Cirsium acaule (L.) Scop. ): It is widespread in Europe.
Cirsium acicular exchange
Cirsium acrolepis (Petr.) GBOwnbey
Cirsium adjaricum Sommier & Levier : It occurs in Georgia and Turkey .
Cirsium aduncum fish. & CAMey. ex DC.
Cirsium affine exchange
Cirsium aggregatum Ledeb. : It occurs in Georgia and Turkey.
Cirsium aidzuense Nakai ex Kitam.
Cirsium aitchisonii Boiss.
Cirsium alatum (SGGmel.) Bobrov : It occurs in Eastern Europe , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Russia and Xinjiang only in Junggar Pendi and in Tian Shan .
Cirsium alberti Regel & Schmalh. : It occurs in Kazakhstan and Xinjiang only in the Tian Shan.
Cirsium albescens Kitam.
Cirsium albidum Velen.
Cirsium albowianum Sommier & Levier : It occurs only in Georgia .
Cirsium alpicola Nakai
Cirsium alpis-lunae Brilli-Catt. & Gubellini : This endemic occurs only in the Italian province of Tuscany .
Mountain thistle ( Cirsium alsophilum (Pollini) Soldano , Syn .: Cirsium allionii Ardoino non Spenn. , Cirsium montanum (Willd.) Spreng. Non Hill ): It occurs in France , Switzerland , Italy , Slovenia and Croatia .
Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill : It is widespread in the United States.
Cirsium amani Post : It occurs in Syria and Turkey.
Cirsium ambiguum All.
Cirsium amplexifolium (Nakai) Kitam.
Cirsium anartiolepis Petr.
Cirsium andersonii (A.Gray) Petr. : It thrives at altitudes of 1100 to 2900 meters in the US states of California , Idaho and Nevada .
Cirsium andrewsii (A.Gray) Jeps. : It only occurs in California.
Cirsium aomorense Nakai
Cirsium apoense Nakai
Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb. : It occurs in Serbia , Albania , Greece , Macedonia , Montenegro and Bulgaria .
Cirsium arachnoideum (M.Bieb.) M.Bieb. : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium argillosum Petrov ex Kharadze : It occurs in Azerbaijan and in the Caucasus.
Cirsium argyracanthum DC. : It occurs in India , Pakistan , Nepal , Bhutan , Tibet and in northwestern Yunnan .
Cirsium arisanense Kitam.
Cirsium aristatum DC. : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium arizonicum (A. Gray) Petr. : It occurs in several varieties in the US states of Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , Nevada , Utah , California and in Baja California ,Mexico.
Field thistle ( Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. , Syn .: Cirsium albicans Willk. , Cirsium argenteum Vest , Cirsium horridum (Wimm. & Grab.) Stankov non Fisch. , Cirsium incanum (SGGmel.) Fisch. , Cirsium macrostylum (Moretti) Rchb. , Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb. , Cnicus macrostylus Moretti )
Cirsium ashiuense S.Yokoy. & T.Shimizu
Cirsium aspinellum Soják
Cirsium aytachii H.Duman & RRMill : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium babanum Koidz.
Cirsium badakhschanicum Kharadze
Cirsium balkharicum Kharadze : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium barnebyi S.L.Welsh & Neese : It occurs in the US states Wyoming , Colorado and Utah.
Cirsium baytopiae P.H.Davis & Parris : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium belingschanicum Petr.
Cirsium bertolonii Spreng. : This occurs only in Italy only in the northern Appennines .
Cirsium bicentenariale Rzed.
Cirsium bitchuense Nakai
Cirsium bolocephalum Petr.
Cirsium boluense P.H. Davis & Parris : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium boninense Koidz.
Cirsium bornmuelleri Sint. ex Bornm.
Cirsium botryodes Petr. : It thrives at altitudes of 2800 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Guizhou , western Hunan , southern Sichuan and in Yunnan.
Cirsium boujartii (Piller & Mitterp.) Sch.Bip. : It occurs in Montenegro, Albania , Hungary and Romania and also used to occur in Serbia.
Cirsium bourgaeanum Willk.
Short-headed thistle ( Cirsium brachycephalum Jur. ): It is common in Eastern Europe.
Cirsium bracteiferum C.Shih : This endemic thrives on slopes at altitudes of around 1500 meters in the Chinese province of Chongqing only in Nanchuan .
Cirsium bracteosum DC.
Cirsium brown-blanquetianum Lawalrée
Cirsium brevicaule A. Gray
Cirsium brevifolium Nutt. : It occurs in the US states of Washington , Idaho and Oregon .
Cirsium brevipapposum Czerniak.
Cirsium brevistylum Cronquist : It occurs in British Columbia, Canada and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Montana , Idaho and California.
Cirsium buchwaldii O. Hoffm .
Cirsium buergeri Miq.
Cirsium bulgaricum DC. : It occurs in Bulgaria and in the European part of Turkey.
Cirsium buschianum Kharadze : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus.
Cirsium calcareum (MEJones) Wooton & Standl.
Cirsium × canalense Petr.
Chandelier thistle ( Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. ): It is widespread in Southeast Europe.
Cirsium canescens Nutt. : It occurs in the US states of Iowa, Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada and California.
Gray thistle ( Cirsium canum (L.) All. , Syn .: Cirsium biebersteinii Kharadze ): It occurs in Europe and Western Asia .
Cirsium caput-medusae Sommier & Levier : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus.
Carniolan thistle ( Cirsium carniolicum Scop. ): It contains the two subspecies:
- Cirsium carniolicum subsp. carniolicum : It occurs in Italy , Austria and Slovenia.
- Cirsium carniolicum subsp. rufescens (DC.) P. Fourn. : It occurs only in Spain and France .
Cirsium carolinianum (Walter) Fernald & BGSchub. : It is widespread in the eastern and central United States.
Cirsium creticum (Lam.) D'Urv. (Syn .: Cirsium hippolyti (Bory & Chaub.) Link , Cirsium longispinum (Vis.) A.Kern. , Cirsium polyanthos d'Urv. ): There are four subspecies:
- Cirsium creticum (Lam.) D'Urv. subsp. creticum : It occurs in Italy including Sicily and from Eastern Europe via Greece to Turkey .
- Cirsium creticum subsp. dictaeum Greuter, Matthäs & Risse : This endemic occurs only in Crete .
- Cirsium creticum subsp. gaillardotii (Boiss.) PHDavis & Parris : It occurs in the Middle East .
- Cirsium creticum subsp. triumfettii (Lacaita) K.Werner : It occurs in Corsica , in Italy including Sicily and in Southeastern Europe.
Cirsium cassium P.H. Davis & Parris : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium caucasicum Petr. : It occurs in Armenia , Georgia and Turkey.
Cirsium cephalotes Boiss. : It occurs in Georgia, the Caucasus region and Turkey.
Cirsium cernuum lag.
Cirsium chanroenicum (Nakai) Nakai
Cirsium charkeviczii Barkalov
Cirsium chihuahuense G.L.Nesom
Cirsium chikushiense Koidz.
Cirsium chinense Gardner & Champion : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Hebei , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Shandong , Sichuan and Zhejiang . Data for Vietnam refer to Cirsium shansiense .
Cirsium chium (Jacq.) Boiss.
Cirsium chlorocomos Sommier & Levier : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium chlorolepis Petr. ex Hand.-Mazz. : It thrives at altitudes from 1,300 to 1,800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan.
Cirsium chokaiense Kitam.
Cirsium chrysacanthum (Ball) Jahand. : It occurs in Morocco .
Cirsium chrysolepis C.Shih
Cirsium ciliatiforme Petr.
Cirsium ciliatum (Murray) Moench : It thrives with three varieties in the central Rocky Mountains .
Cirsium cilicicum P.H. Davis & Parris : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium ciliolatum (LFHend.) JTHowell : It occurs in Oregon and California.
Cirsium clavatum (MEJones) Petr. : It occurs in three varieties in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming at altitudes of 2100 meters to 3600 meters.
Cirsium clokeyi S.F.Blake
Cirsium coahuilense G.B. Ownbey & Pinkava
Cirsium confertissimum Nakai
Cirsium congestissimum Kitam.
Cirsium connexum Kitam.
Cirsium consociatum S.F. Blake
Cirsium conspicuum (G.Don) Sch.Bip.
Cirsium coreanum Nakai
Cirsium coryletorum Komarov
Cirsium crassicaule (Greene) Jeps. : It only occurs in California.
Cirsium crassum Petr.
Cirsium cymosum (Greene) JT Howell : It occurs in two varieties in the western United States.
Cirsium czerkessicum Kharadze : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium daghestanicum Kharadze : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus.
Cirsium darwasicum (C. Winkl.) Ilyin
Cirsium davisianum Kit Tan & Sorger : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium dealbatum M.Bieb. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium decussatum Janka : It occurs in Poland , Russia, Belarus , Slovakia , Ukraine , Moldova and Romania.
Cirsium dender Friis : This relatively large species wasfirst describedin 1975 from southern Ethiopia .
Cirsium diacanthum DC.
English thistle ( Cirsium dissectum (L.) Hill , Syn .: Cirsium anglicum (Lam.) DC.) : It is widespread from the British Isles to Central Europe.
Cirsium dipsacolepis (Maxim.) Matsum.
Cirsium dirmilense R.M.Burton : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium discolor (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Spreng. : It is widespread in Canada and the United States.
Cirsium douglasii DC. : It occurs in two varieties in the western United States.
Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A.Gray : Found in Canada and the central United States.
Cirsium ducellieri Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
Cirsium durangense (Greenm.) GBOwnbey
Cirsium dyris Jahand. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
Cirsium eatonii (A.Gray) BLRob. : It occurs in numerous varieties in the US states of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Wyoming, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah.
Cirsium echinatum (Desf.) DC. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, the Balearic Islands , France and Sicily.
Cirsium echinus (M.Bieb.) Hand.-Mazz. :
Cirsium edule Nutt. It occurs in three varieties in western North America.
Cirsium ehrenbergii Sch.Bip.
Cirsium eliasianum Kit Tan & Sorger : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium ellenbergii Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium engelmannii Rydb. : It occurs in Louisiana , Oklahoma and Texas .
Cirsium englerianum O. Hoffm.
Cirsium epiroticum Petr.
Cirsium eriophilus K.Schum.
Cirsium eriophoroides (Hook. F.) Petr. : It occurs in Bhutan, Sikkim , Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan.
Cirsium eriophoroideum (Hook. F.) H.Lév.
Woolly thistle ( Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. , Syn .: Cirsium chodatii Barb.-Gamp. , Cirsium dinaricum Vandas , Cirsium oviforme Gand. , Cirsium vandasii Petr. , Cirsium velenovskyi Vandas ): It is in Europe and in the Turkey widespread.
Glutinous thistle ( Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. ): It is common in southern, eastern and southeastern Europe.
Cirsium erucagineum DC.
Cirsium erythrolepis K. Koch : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium esculentum (Siev.) CAMey. : It occurs in eastern Siberia , in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan), in Mongolia , in Inner Mongolia , in northern to northwestern Xinjiang and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Jilin and Liaoning.
Cirsium euxinum Kharadze : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium excelsius (BLRob.) Petr.
Cirsium falconeri (Hook. F.) Petr.
Cirsium fangii Petr. : It thrives only in Sichuan at altitudes of 2300 to 2400 meters.
Cirsium fanjingshanense C.Shih : This endemic thrives on grasslands and mountain slopes in the Chinese province of Guizhou only in Fanjing Shan.
Cirsium fargesii (Franch.) Diels : It thrives on slopes at altitudes of 2,400 to 2,500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan.
Cirsium faucium Petr.
Cirsium fauriei Nakai
Cirsium ferox (L.) DC. : It occurs in Spain, France and Italy.
Cirsium ferum Kitam.
Cirsium filipendulum Lange : It occurs in Portugal, Spain and France.
Cirsium flavispinum Boiss.
Cirsium flavisquamatum Kitam.
Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur : It is widespread in Canada and the United States.
Cirsium foliosum (Hook.) DC. : It occurs in northwestern Canada and Wyoming .
Cirsium fominii Petr. : It only occurs in Georgia.
Cirsium fontinale (Greene) Jeps. : It occurs in three varieties only in California.
Cirsium fontqueri Romo
Cirsium furiens Griseb. & Schenk : It occurs in Hungary and Romania.
Cirsium furusei Kitam.
Cirsium fuscotrichum Chang : This endemic thrives on slopes at altitudes of around 2500 meters only in Pingwu in Sichuan.
Cirsium fusenense Nakai
Cirsium gadukense Petr.
Cirsium gagnidzei Kharadze : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus.
Cirsium ganjuense Kitam.
Cirsium glaberrimum (Petr.) Petr.
Cirsium glabratum Kitam.
Cirsium glabrifolium (C.Winkl.) O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch. : It occurs in India, Kashmir , Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, in the south and in Xinjiang only in the Tian Shan.
Cirsium glabrum DC. : It occurs in Spain and France.
Cirsium grahamii A.Gray : It occurs from the US states of Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico.
Cirsium grandirosuliferum Kadota
Cirsium gratiosum Kitam.
Cirsium grayanum (Maxim.) Nakai
Cirsium grecescui Rouy : It occurs in Serbia and Romania.
Cirsium greenei Petr.
Cirsium griffithii Boiss.
Cirsium grossheimii Petr.
Cirsium gyojanum Kitam.
Cirsium hachijoense Nakai
Cirsium hachimantaiense Kadota
Cirsium hakkaricum P.H. Davis & Parris : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium handelii Petr. ex Hand.-Mazz. : It thrives at altitudes of 1700 to 3400 meters in Sichuan and northwestern and southwestern Yunnan.
Cirsium happoense Kadota
Cirsium haussknechtii Boiss.
Cirsium hawaiensis H.Lév.
Cirsium heiianum Koidz.
Cirsium heldreichii Halácsy : It occurs in Greece and on the Aegean islands.
Cirsium helenioides (L.) Hill : It occurs in Russia, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang. After the Flora of North America, it is also found in Greenland, Iceland and Europe.
Cirsium henryi (Franch.) Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 3500 meters in Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan.
Various-leaved thistle ( Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill ): It is widespread in Eurasia.
Cirsium heterotrichum Pančić : It occurs in Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria.
Cirsium hida-paludosum Kadota & Nagase
Cirsium hidakamontanum Kadota
Cirsium hidalgoense G.L. Nesom
Cirsium homolepis Nakai
Cirsium hookerianum Nutt. : It occurs in North America in Alberta , British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.
Cirsium horridulum Michx. : It is widespread in three varieties in the central and eastern United States and Mexico.
Cirsium horridum Formánek
Cirsium hosokawai Kitam.
Cirsium hupehense Pamp.
Cirsium hybridum Koch ex DC.
Cirsium hydrophilum (Greene) Jeps. : The two varieties are only found in California.
Cirsium hygrophilum Boiss.
Cirsium hypoleucum DC. : It occurs in Georgia and in Asian and European Turkey.
Cirsium hypopsilum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.
Cirsium iburiense Kitam.
Cirsium imbricatum (BLRob. Ex BLRob. & Greenm.) Petr.
Cirsium imereticum Boiss. : It occurs in Georgia.
Cirsium inamoenum (Greene) DJKeil (Syn .: Cirsium subniveum Rydb. ): It occurs in two varieties in the western United States.
Cirsium interpositum Petr. : It thrives at altitudes of 2000 to 2500 meters in Tibet and Yunnan.
Cirsium inundatum Makino
Cirsium iowense (Pammel) Fernald
Cirsium iranicum Petr.
Cirsium ishizuchiense (Kitam.) Kadota
Cirsium isophyllum (Petr.) Grossh.
Cirsium × ispolatovii Iljin ex Tzvelev
Cirsium italicum (Savi) DC. : It occurs in Italy, Sardinia , Sicily, Corsica , Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, on the Aegean islands and in the European and Asian parts of Turkey.
Cirsium jaliscoense G.L.Nesom
Cirsium japonicum (Thunb.) Fish. ex DC. : It occurs in Vietnam, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and in Russia's Far East.
Cirsium joannae S.L.Welsh, NDAtwood & LCHiggins : It is only found in the US state of Utah.
Cirsium jorullense (Kunth) Spreng.
Cirsium jucundum (C.Winkl.) Iljin
Cirsium kagamontanum Nakai
Cirsium kamtschaticum Ledeb. ex DC. : It occurs in Alaska, on the Japanese island of Hokkaido , in Kamchatka , Sakhalin and on the Kuril Islands .
Cirsium karduchorum Petr.
Cirsium kawakamii Hayata
Cirsium kirbense Pomel : It occurs in Algeria.
Cirsium komarovii Shishk.
Cirsium kosmelii (Adams) fish. ex Hohen. : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, the Caucasus and Turkey.
Cirsium kozlovskyi Petr.
Cirsium kurzzowianum Somm. & Levier
Cirsium lacaitae Petr.
Cirsium lamyroides Tamamsch.
Cirsium lanatum (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Spreng.
Cirsium laniflorum (M.Bieb.) Fish. : It occurs in Ukraine and in European Turkey.
Cirsium lappoides (Less.) Sch.Bip.
Cirsium latifolium Lowe : This endemic only occurs in Madeira .
Cirsium lecontei Torr. & A.Gray : Found in Alabama, Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Cirsium leducei (Franch.) H.Lév. : It occurs in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
Cirsium leo Nakai & Kitag. : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.
Cirsium leucocephalum (Willd.) Spreng.
Cirsium leuconeurum Boiss. & Hero.
Cirsium leucopsis DC. : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium libanoticum DC.
Cirsium lidjiangense Petr. & Hand.-Mazz. : It thrives on meadows at altitudes of 1800 to 3200 meters in southwest Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan ..
Cirsium liebmannii Klatt
Cirsium ligulare Boiss. : It occurs in Montenegro , Albania , Serbia , North Macedonia , Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
Cirsium lineare (Thunb.) Sch.Bip. : It occurs in Vietnam, Japan, northeastern Thailand, Taiwan and China.
Cirsium × linkianum M.Loehr
Cirsium lipskyi Petr.
Cirsium lobelii Ten. : It occurs in central to southern Italy.
Cirsium lojkae Somm & et Levier
Cirsium lomatolepis (Hemsl.) Petr.
Cirsium longifolium Boiss.
Cirsium longipedunculatum Kitam.
Cirsium longistylum R.J. Moore & Frankton : It occurs only in the US state of Montana .
Cirsium lucens Kitam.
Cirsium luzoniense Merr.
Cirsium maackii Maximowicz : It occurs in China, Russia and Korea.
Cirsium macrobotrys (K.Koch) Boiss. : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, in the Caucasus and in Turkey.
Cirsium macrocephalum C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Azerbaijan and in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium magofukui Kitam.
Cirsium mairei Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.
Cirsium maritimum Makino
Cirsium maroccanum Petr. : It occurs in Morocco.
Cirsium maruyamanum Kitam.
Cirsium matsumurae Nakai
Cirsium mcvaughii B.L. Turner
Cirsium medium All.
Cirsium mendocinum Petr.
Cirsium mexicanum DC. : It is common from Mexico to Panama and occurs in Cuba , Hispaniola , Martinique and Costa Rica .
Cirsium microspicatum Nakai
Cirsium mirabile Kitam.
Cirsium misawaense Nakai ex Kitam.
Cirsium modestum (Osterh.) Petr.
Cirsium mohavense (Greene) Petr. : It occurs in Arizona, Utah, Nevada and California.
Cirsium mokchangense Nakai
Cirsium monocephalum (Vaniot) H.Lév. : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , southern Gansu, Guizhou, southwest Hubei, southern Shaanxi (only Qin Ling ), southern Shanxi and Sichuan.
Cirsium monspessulanum (L.) Hill : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Spain, France, Italy and perhaps also in Libya.
Cirsium morii Hayata
Cirsium morinifolium Boiss. & Hero. ex Boiss. & Hero. : This endemic occurs only in Crete .
Cirsium morisianum Rchb. f. : It occurs in France and Italy.
Cirsium muliense C.Shih : This endemic thrives on dry mountain slopes at altitudes of around 3200 meters only in Muli in southwestern Sichuan.
Cirsium muticum Michx. : It is widespread in Canada and the United States.
Cirsium naikurense Nakai
Cirsium nambuense Nakai
Cirsium neomexicanum A.Gray : It occurs in the US states of Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, California and the Mexican state of Sonora .
Cirsium nigriceps Standl. & Steyerm.
Cirsium nippoense Kadota
Cirsium nipponicum (. Maxim) Makino (Syn .: Cirsium abukumense Kadota , Cirsium makinoi Kadota , Cirsium makinoi . Var abukumense (Kadota) Kadota , Cirsium matsushimense Kitam. , Cirsium nipponicum var. Alpestre Kitam. , Cirsium pseudopendulum Nakai ): The depending on Author about three subspecies occur in southern Korea and on the Japanese island of Honshu.
Cirsium nishiokae Kitam.
Cirsium nivale (Kunth) Sch.Bip.
Cirsium norikurense Nakai
Cirsium novoleonense G.L. Nesom
Cirsium numidicum Spreng.
Cirsium nuttallii DC. : They occur on the southern coastal plain from southeastern Virginia to southern Florida and west to eastern Louisiana .
Cirsium oaxacanum G.L. Nesom
Cirsium oblongifolium K. Koch : It occurs in Georgia.
Cirsium obvallatum (M.Bieb.) M.Bieb.
Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jeps. : It occurs in numerous varieties in the US states of Oregon, Nevada and California.
Cirsium occidentalinipponense Kadota
Cirsium ochrocentrum A.Gray : It occurs in two varieties in the western United States, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico.
Cirsium odontolepis Boiss. ex DC. : It occurs in Morocco, Spain and France.
Cabbage thistle , cabbage thistle ( Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. ): It is widespread in Eurasia .
Cirsium oligophyllum (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum.
Cirsium oreophilum (Rydb.) K.Schum.
Cirsium orizabense Sch.Bip. ex Klatt
Cirsium osseticum (Adams) Petr.
Cirsium otayae Kitam.
Cirsium ownbeyi S.L.Welsh : It occurs in the US states of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah.
Marsh thistle ( Cirsium palustre (L.) Coss. Ex Scop. , Syn .: Cirsium horridum (Posp.) Trotter non Fisch. ): It is widespread in Eurasia.
Hungarian seared thistle ( Cirsium pannonicum (L. f.) Link , Syn .: Cirsium zugazae Losa & P.Monts. ): It occurs in Spain and is distributed from Switzerland, Italy and Austria to Eastern and Southeastern Europe.
Cirsium parryi (A. Gray) Petr. : It occurs in the US states of Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico.
Cirsium pascuarense (Kunth) Spreng.
Cirsium patens Kitam.
Cirsium pectinellum A. Gray
Cirsium pendulum fish. ex DC. : It occurs in China, Russia, Korea, Mongolia and Japan.
Cirsium periacanthaceum C.Shih : It only thrives in Sichuan at altitudes of 2400 to 2600 meters.
Cirsium perniveum H. Lindb .
Cirsium perplexans (Rydb.) Petr. : It thrives only in Colorado at altitudes of 1,800 to 2,100 meters.
Cirsium perplexissimum Kitam.
Cirsium phulchokiense Kitam.
Cirsium phyllocephalum Boiss. & Blanche : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.
Cirsium pilosum Kitam.
Cirsium pinetorum Greenm.
Cirsium pitcheri (Torr. Ex Eaton) Torr. & A.Gray : It occurs in Ontario and in the US states of Indiana , Michigan , Illinois and Wisconsin .
Cirsium poluninii P.H.Davis & Parris : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium polyanthemum (L.) Spreng.
Cirsium polycephalum DC.
Cirsium praeteriens J.F. Macbr. : It used to occur at Palo Alto in California and is now considered extinct.
Cirsium pratense DC.
Cirsium prativagum Petr.
Cirsium pringlei (S.Watson) Petr.
Cirsium provostii Franch.
Cirsium pseudobracteosum P.H. Davis & Parris
Cirsium pseudolappaceum Kharadze
Cirsium pseudopersonata Boiss. & Balansa ex Boiss. : It occurs in Georgia, the Caucasus region and Turkey.
Cirsium pubigerum (Desf.) DC.
Cirsium pugnax Sommier & Levier : It occurs in Azerbaijan, Georgia, in the Caucasus region and in Turkey.
Cirsium pulcherrimum (Rydb.) K.Schum. : It occurs in two varieties in the US states of Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho and Nebraska .
Cirsium pumilum Spreng. : It occurs in Ontario and in the central and eastern United States.
Cirsium purpuratum (Maxim.) Matsum.
Cirsium pyramidale Bornm.
Cirsium pyrenaicum (Jacq.) All. : It occurs in Morocco, Spain, Portugal and France.
Cirsium quercetorum (A. Gray) Jeps. : It occurs in California.
Cirsium racemiforme Ling & C.Shih : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 1300 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Fujian , northeastern Guangxi, southwestern Guizhou, southwestern Hunan, northeastern Jiangxi, southeastern Yunnan.
Cirsium radians Benth.
Cirsium rassulovae B.A.Scharip.
Cirsium rassulovii B.A. Sharip.
Cirsium reglense Sch.Bip. ex Klatt
Cirsium × reichardtii Jurotzka
Cirsium × reichenbachianum M. Loehr
Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. : It occurs in three varieties in Washington, Oregon, and California.
Cirsium repandum Michx. : It occurs in Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Cirsium rhaphilepis (Hemsl.) Petr.
Cirsium rhinoceros (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai
Cirsium rhizocephalum C.A.Mey.
Cirsium rhothophilum S.F.Blake : It occurs in California.
Cirsium richterianum Gillot : It occurs in three subspecies in Spain and France.
Cirsium rigens (Aiton) Wallr.
Cirsium rigidum DC. : It occurs in Armenia, Georgia and Turkey.
Bach thistle ( Cirsium rivulare (Jacq.) All. , Syn .: Cirsium salisburgense (Willd.) G.Don , Cirsium tricephalodes (Lam.) DC. ): It is widespread in Europe.
Cirsium roseolum Gorl.
Cirsium rosulatum Talavera & Valdés : It occurs in Spain.
Cirsium rydbergii Petr. : It is endemic to the Colorado Plateau of northern Arizona and southeastern Utah.
Cirsium sairamense (C.Winkl.) O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Xinjiang.
Cirsium scabrum (Poir.) Bonnet & Barratte : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Italy.
Cirsium scariosum (Poir.) Nutt. : It occurs in numerous varieties in western Canada, in the western United States, in New Mexico and in northern Mexico and is a neophyte in the Canadian state of Quebec.
Cirsium schantarense Trautv. & CAMey. : It occurs in Russia and China.
Cirsium schelkownikowii Petr. : It occurs in Azerbaijan, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and Armenia.
Cirsium schimperi (Vatke) C.Jeffrey ex Cufod.
Cirsium semenovii rule : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Xinjiang.
Cirsium semipectinatum Spreng.
Cirsium senjoense Kitam.
Cirsium serratuloides (L.) Hill : It occurs in Mongolia, Russia and Xinjiang.
Cirsium serrulatum (M.Bieb.) Fish.
Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai
Cirsium setschwanicum (Petr.) Petr.
Cirsium shansiense Petr. : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam and in China.
Cirsium shidokimontanum Kadota
Cirsium shihianum Greuter : This endemic thrives in forests in mountain valleys and on grasslands at altitudes of 1400 to 1600 meters only in the Altay Shan in Xinjiang.
Cirsium shinanense Shimizu
Cirsium Sieboldii Miq.
Cirsium sieversii (Fish. & CAMey.) Petr. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Russia and Xinjiang.
Cirsium silesiacum Sch.Bip. ex Nyman
Cirsium simplex C.A.Mey.
Cirsium sintenisii Freyn : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium sipyleum O.Schwarz : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium skutchii S.F. Blake
Cirsium sommieri Petr. : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium sorocephalum fish. & CAMey.
Cirsium sosnowskyi Kharadze : It only occurs in Georgia .
Cirsium souliei (Franch.) Mattf. ex Rehder & Kobuski : It comes from Sikkim , Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, southern Ningxia , Qinghai and Sichuan.
Cirsium spathulatum (Moretti) Gaudin
Cirsium spectabile DC.
Cirsium spicatum (Maxim.) Matsum.
Alpine thistle ( Cirsium spinosissimum (L.) Scop. ): It thrives in the Alps from France , Germany , Switzerland and Austria to Italy.
Cirsium spinosum Kitam.
Cirsium steirolepis Petr. : It occurs in European and Asian Turkey and on Aegean islands.
Cirsium straminispinum C. Jeffrey ex Cufod.
Cirsium strigosum (M.Bieb.) Fish.
Cirsium subcoriaceum (Less.) Sch.Bip. ex Sch.Bip. (Syn .: Cirsium pinnatisectum (Klatt) Petr. ): It is distributed from southern Mexico via Costa Rica to Panama .
Cirsium subgriseum Petr.
Cirsium subulariforme C.Shih (Syn .: Cirsium subuliforme C.Shih non GBOwnbey ): It thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 2500 meters in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan.
Cirsium succinctum Ledeb.
Cirsium suffultum (Maxim.) Matsum.
Cirsium sugimotoi Kitam.
Cirsium suzukaense Kitam.
Cirsium suzukii Kitam.
Cirsium svaneticum Sommier & Levier : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus.
Cirsium swaticum Petr.
Cirsium sychnosanthum Petr. : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Cirsium syriacum (L.) Gaertn.
Cirsium tanegashimense Kitam. ex Kadota
Cirsium taquetii (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai
Cirsium tashiroi Kitam.
Cirsium tataricum DC.
Cirsium tauschii DC.
Cirsium tenoreanum Petr. : It only occurs in Italy.
Cirsium tenue Kitam.
Cirsium tenuifolium C.Shih
Cirsium tenuipedunculatum Kadota
Cirsium tenuisquamatum Kitam.
Cirsium texanum Buckley : It occurs in the US states of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana and in northern Mexico.
Cirsium tianmushanicum C.Shih : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of around 1300 meters only in Tianmu Shan in the Chinese province of Zhejiang.
Cirsium tibeticum Kitam.
Cirsium tolucanum (BLRob. & Seaton) Petr.
Cirsium toraiense Nakai ex Kitam.
Cirsium tamastoloniferum Kadota : It wasfirst describedin 2012 from the central part of the Japanese island of Honshu .
Cirsium toyoshimae Koidz.
Cirsium trachylepis Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
Cirsium trachylomum S.F.Blake
Cirsium tracyi (Rydb.) Petr. : It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 2900 meters in Colorado, New Mexico and Utah.
Cirsium tricholoma fish. & CAMey.
Cirsium trifurcum Petr.
Bulbous thistle ( Cirsium tuberosum (L.) All. , Syn .: Cirsium bulbosum (Lam.) DC. ): It occurs from western to central to southern Europe .
Cirsium turkestanicum (rule) Petr.
Cirsium turneri Warnock : It occurs in Texas and neighboring Mexico.
Cirsium tymphaeum Hausskn. : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia and Greece.
Cirsium uetsuense Kitam.
Cirsium ugoense Nakai
Cirsium ukranicum Better ex DC. : It occurs in Ukraine, Moldova and Russia.
Cirsium uliginosum (M.Bieb.) Fish.
Cirsium umezawanum Kadota
Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. : It is widespread from Canada to the United States to northern Mexico.
Cirsium uninervium (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai
Cirsium valentinum Porta : It occurs in Spain.
Cirsium validum Formánek
Cirsium vallis-demonis Lojac. : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
Cirsium × vancouverense R.J. Moore & Frankton
Cirsium variegatum Arv.-Touv.
Cirsium velatum ( S. Watson) Petr.
Cirsium vernonioides C.Shih : This endemic occurs only in Yangshuo in the Chinese province of Guangxi.
Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Spreng. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam and Tibet.
Cirsium vinaceum (Wooton & Standl.) Wooton & Standl. : It only occurs in New Mexico .
Cirsium virginianum (L.) Michx. : It occurs in the coastal plains of the US states from Delaware to Florida.
Cirsium viridifolium (Hand.-Mazz.) C.Shih : It thrives at altitudes of 200 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Jilin and Inner Mongolia .
Cirsium vlassovianum fish. ex DC. : It occurs in Russia, Korea, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Jilin , Liaoning and Shanxi .
Common scraper thistle , lancet scraper ( Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. , Syn .: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Non Hill , Cirsium linkii Nyman , Cirsium microcephalum Lange non Moris , Cirsium strigosum Cout. Non (M.Bieb.) Fish. ): There are at least three subspecies, e.g. Widespread in Eurasia and North Africa are:
- Cirsium vulgare subsp. crinitum (DC.) Arènes
- Cirsium vulgare subsp. silvaticum (exchange) Arènes
- Cirsium vulgare subsp. vulgar
Arm-headed thistle ( Cirsium waldsteinii Rouy , Syn .: Cirsium pauciflorum (Willd.) Spreng. Non Lam. ): It is widespread from Austria to Eastern and Southeastern Europe.
Cirsium wakasugianum Kadota
Cirsium wallichii DC.
Cirsium wankelii Reichardt
Cirsium welwitschii Coss. : It only occurs in Portugal.
Cirsium wheeleri (A. Gray) Petr. : It occurs from the western United States, Texas, New Mexico to northern Mexico.
Cirsium woodwardii H.C. Watson ex Nyman
Cirsium woronowii Petr.
Cirsium wrightii A.Gray : It occurs from the US states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona to Mexico.
Cirsium xenogena Petr.
Cirsium yakusimense Masam.
Cirsium yatsu-alpicola Kadota & Y.Amano
Cirsium yezoense (Maxim.) Makino
Cirsium zamoranense Rzed.
Cirsium zawoense Kadota
Cirsium zenii Nakai

Pollination of the field thistle ( Cirsium arvense )

swell

David J. Keil: Cirsium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 95 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , pp. 157-171 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj David J. Keil: Cirsium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 95 (English, online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c Cirsium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 8, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Cirsium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : Cirsium. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Enter taxon in search mask at The Global Compositae Checklist .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as Zhu Shi, Werner Greuter : In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011. Cirsium Miller. , Pp. 160-165 - the same text online as the printed work .
↑ ^a ^b Cirsium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Yuichi Kadota: Taxonomic Studies of Cirsium (Asteraceae) in Japan XXIII. A New Species from Hachiôji, Tokyo Prefecture, Central Japan. In: Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. , Series B, Volume 38, Issue 1, pp. 1-10, 2012. Full text PDF.

Web links

Commons : Thistles ( Cirsium ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Cirsium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Cirsium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Cirsium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Datasheet in the Flora of New Zealand .
Cirsium In: Flora Ibérica , RJB / CSIC, Madrid. Full text PDF.

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj David J. Keil: Cirsium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 95 (English, online ).

[Tropicos-2] Cirsium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 8, 2014.

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Cirsium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 17, 2018.

[Euro+Med-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : Cirsium. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.

[GCompositaeCheck-5] Enter taxon in search mask at The Global Compositae Checklist .

[FoC-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as Zhu Shi, Werner Greuter : In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011. Cirsium Miller. , Pp. 160-165 - the same text online as the printed work .

[FloraNicaragua-7] Cirsium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[CirsiumTamastoloniferum-8] Yuichi Kadota: Taxonomic Studies of Cirsium (Asteraceae) in Japan XXIII. A New Species from Hachiôji, Tokyo Prefecture, Central Japan. In: Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. , Series B, Volume 38, Issue 1, pp. 1-10, 2012. Full text PDF.