Cirsium subcoriaceum
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Cirsium subcoriaceum , |
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Cirsium subcoriaceum is a plant from the genus of thistles ( Cirsium ). It grows as an annual or perennial herbaceous plant and is found in the mountains of Mexico and Central America .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Cirsium subcoriaceum is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant that grows up to 4 m high. The yellowish green to coffee brown, upright growing main axis is heavily branched in the upper part. The branches are initially hairy spiderweb-tomentose, with age the hair becomes flaky. The basal leaves are stalked, the stem leaves sitting with a more or less stem-encompassing base that does not run down the stem. The spreading of the basal leaves and the lower stem leaves are 60 cm long and 35 cm wide or even larger. They are elongated-lanceolate to elliptical in shape and deeply pinnate with elongated, roughly toothed lobes. The spreading of the uppermost leaves are up to 25 cm long and 6 cm wide and divided less deeply. The leaf teeth end in strong, 5–12 mm long spines . The leaf blades are initially hairy spiderweb-tomentose and then later become rough-haired or somewhat shaggy-stiff-haired. The undersides of the leaves are usually covered with a dense, whitish to grayish cobweb-like felt.
Generative characteristics
The basket-shaped inflorescences are usually single, occasionally two to five more or less nodding at the ends of the branches. Their approximately bell-shaped to hemispherical high-leaved envelope is 4.5–6 cm high and 3–4 (–7) cm wide. The approximately (100–) 200 bracts are in 8–19 rows. The slightly bent back outer bracts are lanceolate, 4.5–5 mm wide and 25–30 mm long at the base. At the edge they are comb-shaped with small thorns and narrow at the tip into a 4-5 mm long thorn. Along the edges they are loosely protruding spiderweb hairs and, in contrast to the Cirsium mexicanum, which occurs in the same area, have no sticky edge on the back. The upright, at the tip orange-red or reddish yellow inner bracts are linear, 40–60 mm long and 1–3 mm wide. The flat or convex basket base has a diameter of (1–) 2–3 cm and offers space for (50–) 100–400 flowers .
The pink-purple or yellowish-white colored corollas are 40–60 mm long. The coronet is divided almost to the base into five 15–30 mm long lobes and significantly longer than the 17–28 mm long corolla tube. The pink to yellow colored anthers are 10-17 mm long, the stamens are hairy down. The stylus is 53-65 mm long, the stamen tube surmounted by up to 5 mm and has two 2-2.5 mm long pen branches.
The elongated, flattened achenes are shiny dark brown, 5–8 mm long and about 2 mm in diameter. The dirty-white pinnate pappus hairs are 20–35 mm long and of varying lengths.
The plant blooms and produces fruit from January to March, more rarely at other times of the year.
Chromosomes
Cirsium subcoriaceum has a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 34.
distribution and habitat
The species is distributed from the central highlands of Mexico to the Barú volcano in western Panama . Cirsium subcoriaceum has smaller area gaps in those areas where the highlands are interrupted by lower regions, i.e. in the area of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and in central and southern Nicaragua . Cirsium subcoriaceum is found mainly at altitudes between 1500 and 3500 m above sea level. Occurrences in deep areas below 900 m above sea level are very rare.
The species grows in Guatemala in damp to wet locations in open terrain, in thickets and light forests and occasionally in pine , oak , cypress and alder forests . At the northern edge of their area in Mexico it is given for moist oak forests, which sometimes also include pines and firs .
ecology
The flightless longhorn beetle Apteralcidion lapierrei , the only species of its genus, occurs in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama on Cirsium subcoriaceum . The larvae of this small beetle appear to be feeding on the hollow stems of this thistle.
Taxonomy
The species was by Christian Friedrich Lessing in 1830 as Carduus subcoriaceus described . In 1856 Carl Heinrich Schultz added it to the genus Cirsium . The type locality is Mount Macuiltépec in the city of Xalapa in the Mexican state of Veracruz . Cirsium heterolepis Benth. , Cirsium maximum Benth. , Cirsium pinnatisectum ( Klatt ) Petr. (= Cnicus pinnatisectus Klatt ) and Cirsium platycephalum Benth. are synonyms .
etymology
The specific epithet subcoriaceum is derived from the Latin coriaceus ( from leather , leathery ), which in turn is derived from the Latin corium ( leather ), and means slightly leathery . It evidently refers to the leaves, which were described in the first Latin description as slightly leathery ( foliis ... subcoriaceis ). The genus name Cirsium is derived from the Latin cirsion and from the ancient Greek κίρσιον ( kírsion ), both names from the 1st century for a thistle-like plant.
use
Cirsium subcoriaceum is used in folk medicine in Mexico against rheumatic complaints , among other things . The plant contains the flavonoid pectolinarin. Both this substance and an aqueous extract from the above-ground parts of the plant containing it have shown analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in a test on mice and rats.
Danger
The occurrences in the Mexican states of Guanajuato and Querétaro are considered endangered due to their rarity.
swell
- Dillon MO 2001: Cirsium Mill. In: Stevens WD, Ulloa Ulloa C., Pool A., Montiel OM (Eds.): Flora de Nicaragua. Vol. 1: Introducción, Gimnospermas y Angiospermas (Acanthaceae - Euphorbiaceae). (Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 0-915279-95-9 . - online
- Gardner RC 1975: Tribe XI. Cardueae. In: Woodson RE & Schery RW (eds.): Flora of Panama. Part IX: Family 184. Compositae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62: 1272-1275.
- García López E., Koch SD 1995: Familia Compositae. Tribu Cardueae. In: Flora del Bajío y de regiones adyacentes. Fasc. 32. Instituto de Ecología, AC, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, 51 pp. - PDF
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
- Nash DL 1976: Tribe IX. Cynareae. In: Nash DL & Williams LO (eds.): Flora of Guatemala. Part XII: Compositae. Fieldiana, Botany 24 (12): 423-428. - online
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ownbey GB, Raven PH, Kyhos DW 1975: Chromosome numbers in some North American species of the genus Cirsium. III. Western United States, Mexico, and Guatemala. Brittonia 27: 297-304. - doi: 10.2307 / 2805509
- ^ Cirsium subcoriaceum , Herbarium specimens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 23, 2013.
- ^ Nash DL 1976 , p. 428. - Online
- ↑ a b García López E., Koch SD 1995 , p. 39. - PDF
- ↑ Hovore FT 1992: A new genus and species of flightless longhorned beetle from Central America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Insecta Mundi 6: 37-41. - abstract
- ↑ a b Lessing CF 1830: Synanthereae Rich. Cass. In: Schlechtendal DFL by, Chamisso LKA by: Plantarum Mexicanarum a cel. viris Schiede et Deppe collectarum recensio brevis. Linnaea 5: 128-164. - online
- ^ Schultz CH 1856: Compositae. In: Seemann B .: The botany of the voyage of HMS Herald, under the command of Captain Henry Kellett, RN, CB, during the years 1845–51. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 297-315. - online
- ↑ Genaust H. 1996 , p. 177. - Preview with the Google book search
- ↑ Genaust H. 1996 , p. 158. - Preview with the Google book search
- ^ Cirsium subcoriaceum. In: Biblioteca Digital de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, accessed April 23, 2013 .
- ↑ Martínez-Vázquez M., Ramírez Apan TO, Lastra AL, Bye R. 1998: A comparative study of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of pectolinarin isolated from Cirsium subcoriaceum and linarin isolated from Buddleia cordata. In: Planta Medica 64: 134-137. - doi: 10.1055 / s-2006-957390
