Lemon curd

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lemon curd
Carduelis citrinella -Plateau de Beille, Ariege, Midi-Pyrenee, France-8 (2) .jpg

Lemon siskin ( Carduelis citrinella )

Systematics
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Finches (Fringillidae)
Subfamily : Goldfinches (Carduelinae)
Tribe : Carduelini
Genre : Carduelis
Type : Lemon curd
Scientific name
Carduelis citrinella
( Pallas , 1764)

The lemon curly ( Carduelis citrinella , syn .: Serinus citrinella ), also called lemon girly, is a species from the finch family (Fringillidae). For a long time he was in the genre of Girlitze ( Serinus classified), but he is apparently closer to the Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ) related (Arnaiz-Villena et al., 1998).

Appearance

The lemon curly is yellowish-green in color and diffuse. It is 12 to 12.5 cm long and weighs 15 g. The short conical beak is pointed. The top of the head, the nape of the neck and sometimes the sides of the neck are gray to dark gray-brown. The top of the neck is gray-brown. The back is olive-green according to Einhard Bezzel and brown according to Glutz. The rump is light yellow-green according to Bezzel, but gray-brown without yellow according to Glutz. The lemon siskin exhibits a sexual dimorphism . The male has a yellowish-green to lemon-yellow underside and a similarly colored forehead. In the dark wing there are two yellowish-green wing bands. The female is similar, but less yellowish in color. Young birds are brown in color without yellow or green.

voice

The calls are very metallic and high, mostly a little nasal. The voice feeler call is a "die-die". The flight call is expressed in a "dit-dit". Other calls are two-syllable "zi-ä" and stretched "ziet". The singing is a lively twittering with little squeezing noises. It resembles the song of the goldfinch , in structure and tone sequence also the girlitz .

distribution and habitat

The lemon siskin is widespread in the mountains of Central and Southern Europe , especially in the Alps (mostly from 1200 to 1400 m) and the upstream low mountain ranges . But he also lives in the Pyrenees and some other high mountain landscapes in Spain . Small populations live in the Swiss Jura , in the Vosges and in the Black Forest . The lemon siskin is mainly short-range migrant from March to October . It winters in southwestern Europe, some specimens also in central Europe. It inhabits mixed forests, sunny rocky slopes, but also meadows and belts of coniferous forests.

nutrition

It feeds on conifer seeds, wild herbs, grasses and buds. Insects are also on the menu.

Reproduction

Carduelis citrinella

One or two broods take place between April and August. The nest is usually high on conifers, often in clearings where a few conifers are present. It consists of grass, roots, moss and lichen, inside it is padded with feathers and plant wool. Depending on the snow conditions, laying can begin in March or significantly later.

Taxonomy

The Corsican siskin ( Carduelis (c.) Corsicana ) was previously listed formally as a subspecies of the lemon siskin, but it differs from this in both morphology and vocal range (Cramp u Perrins 1994, Förschler and Kalko 2007). This assumption is confirmed by studies of the mitochondrial DNA (Sangster, 2000), so that they are now listed as separate species (Sangster et al., 2002).

Existence and endangerment

The German breeding population is estimated at 490 to 850 breeding pairs for the years 2005 to 2009. In the Red List of Germany's breeding birds from 2015, the species is listed in Category 3 as endangered.

literature

  • A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Guillén, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, E. Lowy, J. Zamora, P. Varela, D. Stefani, LM Allende: Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Vol. 58: 1159-1166, 2001, doi : 10.1007 / PL00000930 .
  • Einhard Bezzel : FSVO manual birds . BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3 .
  • Peter Clement , Alan Harris, John Davis, John: Finches and Sparrows. An identification guide. Christopher Helm, London 1993, ISBN 0-7136-8017-2 .
  • S. Cramp, CM Perrins (eds): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 8 . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
  • Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim : Handbook of the birds of Central Europe 14/2, Passeriformes . Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1997, ISBN 3-89104-610-3 .
  • MI Förschler, A. Borras, J. Cabrera, T. Cabrera, JC Senar: Inter-locality variation in reproductive success of the citril finch Serinus citrinella . Journal of Ornithology 146: 137-140, 2005, doi : 10.1007 / s10336-005-0072-y .
  • MI Förschler, EKV Kalko: Macrogeographic variations in food choice of mainland citril finches Carduelis [citrinella] citrinella and insular Corsican (citril) finches Carduelis [citrinella] corsicanus . Journal of Ornithology 147: 441-447, 2006, doi : 10.1007 / s10336-005-0032-6 .
  • MI Förschler, EKV Kalko: Breeding ecology and nest site selection in allopatric mainland Citril Finches Carduelis [citrinella] citrinella and insular Corsican Finches Carduelis [citrinella] corsicanus . Journal of Ornithology 147: 553-564, 2006, doi : 10.1007 / s10336-006-0079-z .
  • MI Förschler, A. Borras, EKV Kalko, J Cabrera, T. Cabrera, JC Senar .: Inter-locality variation in breeding phenology and nesting habitat of the Citril Finch Carduelis citrinella in the Catalonian Pre-Pyrenees . Ardeola 53 (1): 115-126, 2006, web link: [1]
  • MI Förschler: Absence of insular density inflation in Corsican Finches Carduelis [citrinella] corsicanus . Acta Ornithologica 41 (2): 171-175, 2006, doi : 10.3161 / 068.041.0202 .
  • MI Förschler, EKV Kalko: Age-specific reproductive performance in Citril Finches Carduelis [citrinella] . Ardea 94 (2): 275-279, 2006
  • MI Förschler, L. Förschler, U. Dorka: Flowering intensity of spruces Picea abies and the population dynamics of Siskins Carduelis spinus, Common Crossbills Loxia curvirostra, and Citril Finches Carduelis citrinella . Ornis Fennica 83: 91-96, 2006,
  • MI Förschler: Microgeographic variation in Citril Finch Carduelis citrinella abundance as a consequence of resource availability . European Journal of Wildlife Research 53: 29-34, 2007, doi : 10.1007 / s10344-006-0059-x .
  • MI Förschler: Seasonal variation in the diet of citril finches Carduelis citrinella: are they specialists or generalists? European Journal of Wildlife Research 53, 2007, doi : 10.1007 / s10344-006-0082-y .
  • MI Förschler, EKV Kalko: Geographical differentiation, acoustic adaptation and species boundaries in mainland citril finches and insular Corsican finches, superspecies Carduelis [citrinella] . Journal of Biogeography 34, 2007, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2007.01722.x .
  • E. Pasquet, J.-C. Thibault: Genetic differences among mainland and insular forms of the Citril Finch Serinus citrinella . Ibis 139 (4): 679-684, 1997, doi : 10.1111 / j.1474-919X.1997.tb04691.x .
  • PG Ryan, D. Wright, G. Oatley, J. Wakeling, C. Cohen, TL Nowell, RCK Bowie, V. Ward, TM Crowe: Systematics of Serinus canaries and the status of Cape and Yellow-crowned Canaries inferred from mtDNA and morphology . Ostrich 75: 288-29, 2004, doi : 10.2989 / 00306520409485457 .
  • George Sangster: Genetic distance as a test of species boundaries in the Citril Finch Serinus citrinella: a critique and taxonomic reinterpretation . Ibis 142 (3): 487-490, 2000, doi : 10.1111 / j.1474-919X.2000.tb04447.x .
  • George Sangster, Alan G. Knox, Andreas J. Helbig, David T. Parkin: Taxonomic recommendations for European birds . Ibis 144 (1): 153-159, 2002, doi : 10.1046 / j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x .
  • R. van den Elzen, F. Khoury: Systematics, phylogenetic analysis and biogeography of the large genus Serinus Koch, 1816 (Aves, Carduelidae) . Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 215: 55-65, 1999.

Web links

Commons : Lemon Siskin  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Detlef Singer: The birds of Central Europe . Kosmos Naturführer, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1998 ISBN 3-440-05906-5 p. 351
  2. ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.