Goldfinch-like

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Goldfinch-like
Greenfinch (Chloris chloris)

Greenfinch ( Chloris chloris )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
without rank: Passerida
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : Finches (Fringillidae)
Subfamily : Goldfinch-like
Scientific name
Carduelinae
Vigors , 1825

The goldfinch-like (Carduelinae) are a subfamily of the finches . They occur worldwide. The main area of ​​distribution is in Eurasia . The subfamily includes 149 species. The goldfinches native to Central Europe include the girlitz , the greenfinch and the goldfinch .

features

The goldfinches differ from the species that belong to the closely related subfamily of the noble finches by the presence of a goiter . Most species are birds that eat plant matter such as ripe seeds, leaves, shoots, buds and fruits, and invertebrates. A few species only eat animal food, while others only eat plant foods. When the young are cared for, this food is carried in the crop. This distinguishes them from the noble finches, which bring food to the young in their beak. Goldfinches tend to hop on the ground.

Goldfinches only build cup-shaped nests. Only the female is involved in the construction. The clutches include four to six eggs . These are whitish, pale green to pale blue in color. Most eggs also have dark spots, spots or scrawls. Only the female breeds. The incubation period is between eleven and sixteen days.

Newly hatched young birds are usually flesh-colored. The throat is orange to red in color. The beak ridges are whitish or yellow. The nestling period is short, between eleven and sixteen days. In most species, the male feeds the young birds for another two to three weeks after they have fled. You are then completely airworthy. Many of the goldfinches can raise two to three broods per year.

Systematics

The internal system of goldfinches experienced a major upheaval between 2001 and 2012. For example, the systematics of the so-called four “stone pennants”, to which the white-winged bullfinch , the desert bullfinch , the Mongolian bullfinch and the red-winged bullfinch belong, was very controversial. Some authors, including Charles Sibley , united all or some species in the genus Rhodopechys . Other authors, however, saw a subdivision into the genera Bucanetes (desert and Mongolian bullfinch), Rhodopechys (red-winged bullfinch) and Rhodospiza (white-winged bullfinch). Further investigations from 2006 showed that the white-winged bullfinch is closely related to the siskin . This is not only indicated by the DNA and the sounds of the white-winged bullfinch, but also by the black rein of the male. According to the researchers, the common ancestor of the siskin and the white-winged gimp lived about six million years ago and was possibly a kind of semi-arid habitat. It is conceivable that, based on this ancestor, a line (siskin) that specialized more in forest habitats and one that was strongly influenced by life in arid habitats (white-winged bullfinches) developed.

The genus of the siskin was also in a state of upheaval during this period. By DNA -Untersuchungen of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, it was found that the cross-bills ( Loxia ) in the genus Carduelis are included. In addition, outside of the genus , the goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ) is most closely related to the lemon girly ( Serinus citrinella ). To avoid paraphyly , it is classified as lemon siskin ( Carduelis citrinella ) in the same genus. Through several years of captive observations on Asian and European goldfinch subspecies and the three Chloris species, the greenfinch ( Chloris chloris ), Himalayan finch ( Chloris spinoides ) and China finch ( Chloris sinica ), it was shown that the different subspecies of the goldfinch and the three examined greenfinch species are two self-contained , without transitional forms, form separate groups of the Carduelis genus.

The system achieved a breakthrough in 2012 with the publication of a molecular genetic study of finch birds by D. Zuccon et al. which detailed the relationships within the goldfinch family. The rearrangements at generic level carried out as a result of this study are currently (2018) widely recognized. The following description is based on the list of the International Ornithological Union (IOU) based on this study .

The following cladogram shows the systematics of the goldfinch-like up to the genus level. The large clades , which are named and end in -ini, are the five tribes : Cocothraustini (hawfinch relatives), Drepanidini (hawk birds ), Carpodacini ( carmine pinnacles ), Pyrrhulini (relatives the real bullfinch) and Carduelini (siskins, giraffe, crossbills and relatives). Since the inner systematics of the honeysuckle has not yet been fully clarified, some further branches in this tribe are still relatively uncertain. Genera that are already extinct are not included. The basis of this part of the cladogram is also a study by Lerner et al. from 2011. All branches outside of this clade have been completely resolved by the underlying study, so that all sister clades can be identified. The links with which the genus names are connected point to the corresponding genus or, if no generic article is available, to a taxon in which birds of the genus are described. The number in brackets after the genus name represents the number of species in the genus.

 Goldfinches (Carduelinae)   
 Cocothraustini 

 Mycerobas  (4)


   

 Hesperiphona  (2)


   

 Kernbeißer ( Cocothraustes ) (1)


   

 Eophona  (2)





   


 Drepanidini 

White-cheeked honeycreeper ( Melomprosops - †?) (0-1)


   
 Branch runner 

 Akikiki ( Oreomystis ) (1)


   

 Paroreomyza  (1-2)



   


 Telespiza  (2)


   

 Palila ( Loxioides ) (1)



   


 Mamos ( Drepanis ) (1)


   

 Crested bird ( Palmeria ) (1)


   

 Apapane ( Himatione ) (1)




   


 Yellow-hued bird ( Magumma ) (1)


   

 Amakihi birds ( Chlorodrepanis ) (3)




   

 Parrot's beak ( Pseudonestor ) (1)


   

 Hemignathus  (3)









   
 Carpodacini 

 Carrion Pickle ( Carpodacus ) (27)




   

 Pyrrhulini 


 Gimpel hook ( Pinicola ) (1)


   

 Common bullfinch ( Pyrrhula ) (7)



   


 Rhodopechys  (2)


   

 Bucanetes  (2)



   


 Blanford Bullfinch ( Agraphospiza ) (1)


   

 Burton Penny ( Callacanthis ) (1)


   

 Golden-necked Pennant Pyrrhoplectes  (1)




   

 Thin-billed bullfinch ( Procarduelis ) (1)


   

 Snowfinch ( Leucosticte ) (6)






 Carduelini 

 Americ. Carrion Pickles ( Haemorhous ) (3)


   




 White-winged bullfinch ( Rhodospiza ) (1)


   

 Golden-winged bullfinch ( Rhynchostruthus ) (3)



   

 Greenfinches ( Chloris ) (5)



  


 Golden Oriole ( Linurgus ) (1)


   

 Africa. Giritzes ( Crithagra ) (37)



   


 Linnets ( Linaria ) (4)


  

 Siskin ( Acanthis ) (3)


   

 Crossbills ( Loxia ) (6)




   


 Malay Girlitz ( Chrysocorythus ) (1)


   

Carduelis (3)



   

 Giraffe ( Serinus ) (8)


   

 Siskin ( Spinus ) (20)













Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Genera and selected species

The genera and species of goldfinch-like include:

Grosbeak (Coccothraustini)

Evening grosbeak ( Hesperiphona vespertinus ) female

Clothes birds (Drepanidini)

13 genera and 34 species, of which 12 to 13 are already extinct.

Carpodacini

Carrion Pickle ( Carpodacus erythrinus )

Pyrrhullini

Bullfinch ( Pyrrhula pyrrhula )
Rose-bellied Snowfinch ( Leucosticte arctoa )

Carduelini

European siskin ( Acanthis flammea )
Siskin ( Spinus spinus )

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bielfeld, p. 6
  2. ↑ Zamora , Jorge; Lowy, Ernesto; Ruiz-del-Valle, Valentin; Moscoso, Juan; Serrano-Vela, Juan Ignacio; Rivero-de-Aguilar, Juan & Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2006): Rhodopechys obsoleta (desert finch): a pale ancestor of greenfinches ( Carduelis spp.) According to molecular phylogeny. Journal of Ornithology 147 (3): 448-456. doi : 10.1007 / s10336-005-0036-2 (HTML abstract). Erratum, Journal of Ornithology 147 (3): 511-512 doi : 10.1007 / s10336-006-0072-6
  3. ↑ A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Guillén, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, E. Lowy, J. Zamora, P. Varela, D. Stefani, LM Allende: Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Vol. 58: 1159-1166, 2001, web link: PDF
  4. ^ A. Arnaiz-Villena, M. Álvarez-Tejado, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, C. García-de-la-Torre, P. Varela, MJ Recio, S. Ferre. J. Martínez-Laso: Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 54: 1031-1041, 1998
  5. ↑ Avibase Database: Citron girlie (Carduelis citrinella) (Pallas, 1764)
  6. ↑ Hans Rudolf Güttinger: Relationships and song structure in goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and green relatives (Chloris spec.) . Journal of Ornithology, Volume 119, Number 2 / April 1978, pp. 172-190, 2005, doi: 10.1007 / BF01644587 .
  7. ↑ D. Zuccon, R. Prŷs-Jones, P. Rasmussen and P. Ericson: The phylogenetic relationships and generis limits of finches (Fringillidae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 62 , no. 2 , February 2012, p. 581-596 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.10.002 ( nrm.se [PDF]).
  8. ^ List of bird names in the IOU IOC World Bird List
  9. ↑ HRL Lerner, M. Meyer, HF Meyer and RC Fleischer: Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the Sextant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers . In: Current Biology . tape 21 , 2011, p. 1838-1844 , doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2011.09.039 , PMID 22018543 .