Carmine (genus)

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Carmine
Carrion rasp (Carpodacus erythrinus) male

Carrion rasp ( Carpodacus erythrinus ) male
Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Finches (Fringillidae)
Subfamily : Goldfinches (Carduelinae)
Tribe : Carpodacini
Genre : Carmine
Scientific name of the  tribe
Carpodacini
Bonaparte , 1853
Scientific name of the  genus
Carpodacus
Kaup , 1829
Sinai Rosefinch ( Carpodacus synoicus )

The carmini ( Carpodacus ) are a genus from the family of finch birds (Fringillidae), which, with one exception, inhabits a purely Asian distribution area. The genus probably originated in the Himalayas or in an area north of it; most species have at least part of their range in this region. Only the carmine pickle ( C. erythrinus ) occurs in Europe. It inhabits large parts of the Palearctic and has spread westward to Central Europe in the course of the 20th century. In Germany it breeds scattered in the north, east and in the foothills of the Alps.

description

Carrion pimples are medium-sized to large finches that usually have a fairly pronounced sexual dimorphism. The males show striking carmine to wine red or dark to light pink areas in their splendid plumage. The females are - like the young birds - less conspicuous grayish to brownish in color, with a lighter underside and noticeable dark stripes. The strong beak is conical and higher than broad at the base. It is designed for cracking hard seeds. The round nostrils are covered with feathers. The rather long tail is notched or ends straight. The singing is melodic and consists of whistling and fluting tones.

Way of life

Most species occur in the high mountains, including one of the two songbirds with the highest nesting sites in the Palearctic - the rock bullfinch ( C. puniceus ). Both in the mountains and in the lowlands, predominantly open landscapes with meadows, shrubbery and loose woodland are populated as habitat. The nest is cup-shaped and is made of twigs and moss. The eggs are bluish in color and sometimes show fine spots.

Systematics

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus were extensively studied between 2007 and 2012. After investigations of the mitochondrial DNA , the genus formed a polyphyletic taxon in its earlier composition with 21 species , which resulted in a division into several genera. In addition, several species from monotypical genera were incorporated.

A particularly striking difference was evident between the three species with nearctic distribution and the group of Eurasian Carpodacus species. A study from 2007 revealed that the two North American species of house bullfinch ( C. mexicanus ) and cassing finch ( C. cassinii ) within the subfamily of goldfinch-like (Carduelinae) are quite far removed from the Eurasian carmill.

In the cladogram , the relationships are roughly as follows. The subspecies of the specimens examined are also given.

 Finches  (Fringillidae)  


Fringillini


   
 Carduelini 

Grosbeak (genera Coccothraustes , Mycerobas and Eophona )


   


Bullfinch ( Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis )


   

Cassingimpel ( Carpodacus cassinii )



   

Genera Pyrrhula and Pinicola


   

Clothes birds ( Drepanidini )


   



Scarlet Bullfinch ( Haematospiza sipahi )


   

Karmingimpel ( Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus )



   

Rose Gimpel ( Carpodacus roseatus )


   


Bindengimpel ( Carpodacus trifasciatus )


   

Thura pimple ( Carpodacus thura )



   

Mountain Bullfinch ( Carpodacus rubicilloides lucifer )


   

Titfinch ( Uragus sibiricus lepidus )






   

Different representatives of the genera Carduelis , Rhodospiza , Loxia , Serinus and Linurgus






Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Further investigations from 2011 confirmed the polyphyly relationship with regard to the three Nearctic species. The American Ornithologists' Union followed the suggestion to classify the three species into a separate genus in 2012 in its 53rd Supplement to the Check List of North American Birds . They are now in the Haemorhous genus established by William Swainson in 1837 . The thin-billed bullfinch ( C. nipalensis ) has also dropped out of the genus and was placed in its own genus Procarduelis, which is related to the genus Leucosticte .

The two species of mountain bullfinch ( C. rubicilla ) and mountain bullfinch ( C. rubicilloides ) are apparently closely related to the tit bullfinch ( Uragus sibiricus ), so that it was also incorporated into the genus Carpodacus . If the species status is justified, the subspecies severtzovi of C. rubicilla could also be included as C. severtzovi . Finally, the scarlet bullfinch ( C. sipahi ) was incorporated into the genus Carpodacus . Sometimes the subspecies grandis of the rose-coated bullfinch is regarded as a separate species, the great red-coated carminer ( Carpodacus grandis ).

The Roborowskigimpel ( C. roborowskii ) is often placed in its own genus Kozlowia and the carmine pimple ( C. erythrina ) is sometimes separated as a separate, monotypical genus Erythrina .

species

Rose garlic ( Carpodacus roseus )

literature

  • P. Clement, A. Harris, J. Davis: Finches and Sparrows. Helm Identification Guides, London 1993/1999, ISBN 0-7136-5203-9 .
  • Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim , KM Bauer : Handbook of the birds of Central Europe. Volume 14 / II: Passeriformes. Part 5: Fringillidae - Parulidae. AULA-Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-923527-00-4 , pp. 1035-1052.
  • A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Guillén, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, E. Lowy, J. Zamora, P. Varela, D. Stefani and LM Allende: Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. In: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58, 2001, pp. 1159-1166.
  • A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Moscoso, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, J. Gonzalez, R. Reguera, M. Wink, JI Serrano-Vela: Bayesian phylogeny of Fringillinae birds: status of the singular African Oriole Finch (Linurgus olivaceus) and evolution and heterogeneity of genus Carpodacus. In: Acta Zoologica Sinica. 53 (5), 2007, pp. 826-834 ( PDF ).

Web links

Commons : Common carmine (genus) ( Carpodacus )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b A. Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2001 and 2007), s. literature
  2. ↑ a b A. Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2007), p. literature
  3. ↑ Heather RL Lerner, Matthias Meyer, Helen F. James, Michael Hofreiter, Robert C. Fleischer: Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers , Current Biology 21, pp. 1–7, 2011, doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2011.09.039
  4. ^ R. Terry Chesser, Richard C. Banks, F. Keith Barker, Carla Cicero, Jon I. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. v. Remsen, JR., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, Kevin Winker: Fifty-third Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds , The Auk 129/3, pp. 573-588, 2012, ( PDF )
  5. ↑ http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List29.html
  6. ↑ https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=DE&avibaseid=2FF259E0C92D72C5
  7. ↑ Roborowskigimpel at Avibase