Hooked bullfinch
| Hooked bullfinch | ||||||||||||
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Hooked bullfinch (male) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Pinicola | ||||||||||||
| Vieillot , 1808 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Pinicola enucleator | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The hooked bullfinch ( Pinicola enucleator ) is a songbird from the finch family . It is the only representative of the genus Pinicola .
features
The 23 cm long hooked finch is one of the largest species of finch. They are roughly the size of a thrush, robustly built finches with powerful beaks. The sexes differ, similar to the crossbills, in the plumage color, whereby the males show more or less intense red areas, the females show more yellowish green plumage. In the case of the intermediate clothes (older females and young males), these parts play into orange or brownish tones. The plumage of the male is pink to red on the head, chest and rump and gray on the back and flanks. The female is yellow on the rump and breast, and gray on the back and underside. Both sexes have black wings with white feather edges, a dark forked tail and a distinctive beak.
Occurrence
The hooked bullfinch has a Holarctic distribution and is a inhabitant of the northern forest zone of North America, Siberia and Europe. It predominantly inhabits open forests of the boreal coniferous forest zone , but also in some places undergrowth and stands of stunted dwarf shrubs. Populations north of the Arctic Circle migrate south in winter, while others are partial migrants , stationary birds or line birds . The style trends in nutrient-poor winters strongly Evasionen .
behavior
The hooked bullfinch feeds on buds, berries, seeds and insects. With its large beak it can crack out larger seeds and buds. In winter, hooked bullfinches gather in swarms to look for food.
Reproduction
The hooked pimp builds a shell nest from twigs high up in a conifer, which is padded with moss and heather. The female incubates three to four eggs for 13 to 15 days and is provided with food by the male during this time. Both parent birds feed the chicks with insects and spiders, and later with vegetable food. During the breeding season, the adult bird forms a special throat pouch in which food for the young can be stored.
Systematics
External system
The genus Pinicola is monotypical or comprises two species , depending on the view . These are the Holarctic hooked pimp ( Pinicola enucleator ), the only species classified in this genus by the International Ornithological Union, and the south-east Palearctic rhododendron pimp ( Carpodacus subhimachalus , syn .: Pinicola subhimachala ), which is also sometimes placed in the monotypical genus Propyrrhula . However, this is only recognized by a few authors. More recent phylogenetic studies support the classification of the rhododendron bimp in the genus Carpodacus and rule out a sister relationship to the hooked beak.
While the hooked pimp is more similar to the cross beaks in many features , there are many indications of a close relationship to the carmine pimp in the rhododendron pimp . Both species are thrush-sized, robustly built finches with powerful beaks. The sexes differ, similar to the crossbills, in the plumage color, whereby the males show more or less intense red areas, the females show more yellowish green plumage. In the case of the intermediate clothes (older females and young males), these parts play into orange or brownish tones.
Despite all the similarities, the structural differences between the two species are significant. The plumage of the hooked beak is soft and full, that of the rhododendrons is much firmer. The beak of the former kind is hook-shaped and quite high with a round ridge. The beak of the rhododendron bimp is broad with a curiously flattened upper beak. The nostrils of the rhododendrons are exposed and are only slightly flanked by the fine feathers of the beak root. With the hooked bullfinch, they are hidden under a dense brush of stiff bristle feathers, similar to those of corvids .
For a long time there was a lack of meaningful studies on the relationship between the two species, and although there was much to be said for at least one genus of its own, Propyrrhula , only a few authors recognized it. There were indications of the taxonomic classification of the hooked beak, which successfully reproduced in captivity with the purple pimple and the crossbill . Investigations of the mitochondrial DNA revealed a very close phylogenetic relationship to the genus of the bullfinch proper ( Pyrrhula ). In the cladogram , the family relationships are roughly as follows.
| Finches (Fringillidae) |
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Internal system
The International Ornithological Union currently (2018) distinguishes eight subspecies.
- P. e. enucleator ( Linnaeus , 1758) - Scandinavia to Central Siberia
- P. e. kamtschatkensis ( Dybowski , 1883) - Northeast Siberia
- P. e. sakhalinensis Buturlin , 1915 - Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, northern Japan
- P. e. flammula Homeyer , 1880 - Coastal region of southern Alaska and western Canada
- P. e. carlottae A. C. Brooks , 1922 - Queen Charlotte Island (Canada)
- P. e. montana Ridgway , 1898 - inland southwest Canada to western central USA
- P. e. californica Price , 1897 - Eastern California
- P. e. leucura ( PL Statius Müller , 1776) - inland western and central Alaska to eastern Canada and northern New England (USA) contains P. e. alascensis and P. e. eschatosa
Others
In 1986, the hooked bullfinch was depicted on the Canadian 1,000 dollar bill .
literature
- Colin Harrison & Alan Greensmith: Birds. Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 1993, 2000, ISBN 3-8310-0785-3 .
- Bryan Richard: Birds. Parragon, Bath, ISBN 1-4054-5506-3 .
Web links
- Pinicola enucleator in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed January 6 of 2009.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Pinicola enucleator in the Internet Bird Collection
- Feathers of the hooked bull
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c D. Zuccon, R. Prŷs-Jones, P. Rasmussen and P. Ericson: The phylogenetic relationships and generis Limits of finches (Fringillidae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 62 , no. 2 , February 2012, p. 581-596 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.10.002 ( online [PDF]).
- ↑ Clement et al. (see literature), p. 293.
- ↑ a b Glutz v. Blotzheim (see literature), p. 1101f.
- ↑ A. Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2001 and 2007), s. Literature.