Grosbeak (species)

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Grosbeak
Grosbeak (Coccothraustes coccothraustes), male in winter

Grosbeak ( Coccothraustes coccothraustes ),
male in winter

Systematics
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Finches (Fringillidae)
Subfamily : Goldfinches (Carduelinae)
Tribe : Grosbeak (Coccothraustini)
Genre : Coccothraustes
Type : Grosbeak
Scientific name of the  genus
Coccothraustes
Brisson , 1760
Scientific name of the  species
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
( Linnaeus , 1758)

The grosbeak ( Coccothraustes coccothraustes ) is the largest species of finches (Fringillidae) native to Europe . The large and powerful conical beak of the so-called "finch king" is a noticeable feature. The cutting of the upper bill and the hollowed guidance of the lower bill, in conjunction with the corresponding musculature, enable fruit kernels to be split, which requires considerable pressure. The grosbeak colonizes Europe, North Africa and eastward the areas to East Asia and Japan . Its diet consists mainly of seeds from deciduous trees and fruits , but also of insects and their larvae . The species is currently not considered endangered.

description

features

A female can be seen above, a male in the middle and a young bird below

The grosbeak is characterized by its compact shape and is easily recognized by its strong, round head, large conical beak and short tail. The eye is brown. The outer large arm covers form a white band that is easily recognizable as a crescent-shaped drawing in flight. There is also a white band in the area of ​​the hand wings, the wings are otherwise blue-black. Legs and toes are flesh-colored. Grosbeak reach a body length of 16.5 to 18 centimeters. The body weight is 48 to 62 grams. The wingspan is 29 to 33 centimeters. The control feathers are measured along the pen shaft in the male at most 22 to 23 mm and in the female 14 to 17 mm long.

The grosbeak has a poorly developed sexual dimorphism . The head of the male is yellow to reddish brown, but in some areas it is more cinnamon brown. It is connected to the dark brown back by a wide gray neck band. The black to gray-black tail with wide, white end bands is only slightly notched. Towards the middle, the color changes to a gray to light brownish shade. The reins, the narrow beak edging and the throat patch are deep black. The breast and the underside are reddish brown to brownish white, but in some areas more cinnamon brown. The rump is yellow-brownish to light brown. The female is lighter and less intensely colored. The colors are not as sharply defined as in the male. The skull is less red-brown and slightly grayish. The breast is reddish gray and the underside gray-white. The rump is yellow-gray. In female boys gray and in male boys black to metallic shimmering, the outer flags of the arm wings and the fourth to sixth hand wings. The throat spot is pale yellow in young females and golden yellow in young males. The belly, chest and flanks of the young birds are more spotted in the male than in the female. Albinotic grosbeak are extremely rare.

In the stage of independence the young birds are banded brown and have a yellow throat patch. The iris of the eye is gray-green. In the second year after the fall moult, the youth dress has completely disappeared. The hatched nestlings are reddish-yellow. The forehead, neck, back, shoulder, wings, stomach, thighs and lower legs are densely covered with gray-white down , which on the top can be 10 to 12 millimeters long.

The flight is strong, quick, and slightly arched. The hawfinch flies a single arc on short distances, and waves over long distances. In the mostly high flight, the white markings on the wings and tail are striking. The grosbeak can fly up and down very quickly, especially when it comes to hunting mockups and insect hunting. His gait on the ground is unsteady with pronounced jumps.

Mauser

Male in summer

The juvenile moult, a partial moult, begins at 10 to 13 weeks of age and lasts for eight to nine weeks. Depending on the hatching date, the change of the small plumage extends from July / beginning of August to October / end of November. First, the breast and underside plumage as well as the under tail and rump feathers are changed at the same time. This is followed by changing the back, hand and arm swing deck springs. Finally the head plumage follows with chin, throat patch and neck areas. The gray-green iris in young birds turns fawn-brown in the sixth month.

The moulting of the adult birds, a partial moult, takes place from January to the end of March, mostly in February. The breeding moult, a full moult, starts as early as June, depending on the bird's constitution and age, and continues until the end of October / beginning of November. Flywheels and control springs are changed here.

beak

Male with an open beak

The conical beak is blue-gray to dark gray-bluish in summer, in winter from dark gray to horn-colored to reddish yellow with a dark tip. The female's beak is more dull. The throat spot and the black border of the beak are usually smaller and more indistinct than in the male.

Nestlings have pink throats and tongues that lie between whitish knot balls. The yellow beak ridges are edged in red and purple. The change in color of the beak from dark yellow to dark blue-gray occurs in young birds mostly from mid-December to the end of February. The beak of young birds is not fully grown and hardened in the first autumn. Since they have considerable difficulty breaking down hard stone fruit kernels at this time, they switch to softer seeds. In rare cases, the female's beak retains its yellow color for life. The dark blue beak changes color again during the autumn moult, when it takes on the color of the adult birds.

Head of a grosbeak

The tip half of the upper bill is a cutting tool that is unique among finches . In the middle inside there are three parallel cutting edges, on the two outer edges there are two further cutting edges. The counterpart of the lower mandible is hollowed out accordingly to ensure guidance for a grain or the like. In the rear half of the beak, two knots in the lower beak work against a ribbed and reinforced upper beak.

In connection with strong muscles, the two five cutting edges can exert considerable pressure on small objects. Here be Kirschkerne packed with the seam down, since the lowest nip pressure is required. The force applied in this case is 270 to 430 N. Flat kernels, such as those of olives or plums , are held flat in the beak. Here the force is around 480 to 730 N.

Voice and singing

Hawfinches utter a hard "zick" as a voice- touch call, often during the flight. A very high-pitched and high-pitched "zrieh" serves as a cry of fear, while a "zig, zicke, zig" is made as a double call or in quick succession as an excitement and warning call. The contact and lure call is expressed at regular intervals in a "zieck" even with loners. Couples in flight are connected with a soft "pull". The birds show aggression by means of a squirrel (instrumental sound). To appease conspecifics, they quietly shout “büb, büb”.

During the breeding season, the female lets out begging sounds like “ziek”, “pulls” or “ziet” when she wants to be fed by the male. When looking for a nesting place and when building a nest, the couple communicates with “zrieck” or “zrie”. The begging call of the young birds is a very quiet "pull" from the first day. The later enticement and begging calls are also expressed by “Zrie”, “Zirk” or “Ziet” sounds. Fledged youngsters regularly let a "tziip" be heard as a location call. The pull call is expressed by a loud, drawn out "pull".

The song of the grosbeak, also known as chatter, is performed while sitting quietly with hanging wings on a tree top. It usually represents an irregular and constantly changing sequence of its call sounds. The singing is often introduced by sharp "zig-zicks-zick" and continued by very melodic wistful "zie-öh". This is usually followed by a particularly high i-tone with "Ziich-zi-ziet zick" sounds. The singing is often concluded by a softly mumbled "Zip-zschip". The composition of the call series is very variable and is sometimes presented with long pauses between the individual sounds. As one of the simplest songbirds , it can best be compared with that of the gray flycatcher . The singing serves to strengthen the cohesion of the couple and has no significance in determining or marking the territory, since excitement and warning calls, beak locks, beak clippers, as well as pecking and biting fulfill this function. It is presented a short time after moulting in autumn and then again from January / February.

distribution

Distribution area of Coccothraustes coccothraustes
yellow: mostly part migrants
green: annual bird , partly also winter visitor
blue: known wintering areas without breeding occurrences

The grosbeak is common in Europe , North Africa and eastward to East Asia and Japan . It inhabits North Africa from Tunisia to Morocco and is native to southern and central Europe including England and southern Scandinavia , but is absent on Iceland , Ireland , in large parts of Fennos Scandinavia , on some Mediterranean islands and partly in southern Italy . The grosbeak is also found in Asia Minor , the Caucasus region and northern Iran , northern Afghanistan and Turkestan . He also lives in Eastern Europe and South Siberia to Ussuriland , Manchuria and North Korea . He settled in the east Sakhalin , southern Kamchatka and in northern Japan Hokkaidō as well as occasionally southward the area to Mittelhonshū .

Coccothraustes coccothraustes

While the grosbeak is a resident bird in Central Europe , the northern and eastern European populations are partial migrants who migrate southwards either to Central Europe or into the Mediterranean area and also overwinter in Western Europe. The grosbeak is also often a line bird , which carries out long, partly food-related migrations that last from autumn to spring. The migration begins gradually from July and intensifies in September. The grosbeak migrates both during the day and at dusk. While the migration is undertaken in a swarm, the migration home takes place in small groups and occasionally from mid-February to April.

According to the American Ornithologist Union (AOU), this bird has an “Occasional” (C) status in North America because it has been sighted a number of times in Alaska .

habitat

The classic habitat is represented by light deciduous or mixed forests with undergrowth, especially during the breeding season . In Europe, the grosbeak is a typical representative of the oak and hornbeam forests . It can also be found in old deciduous forests with beech , ash and elm trees, as well as light riparian forests . The grosbeak often lives in areas near water. The settlement density in monotonous forests, especially in monotonous coniferous forests , is very low. In most European areas, the settlement density is far below one district per square kilometer.

The prerequisites for breeding occurrence are the availability of seeds and caterpillars and suitable nesting sites. Villages with agriculture, suburban districts with gardens, little built-up cities interspersed with avenues and groups of trees with parks, cemeteries with old trees as well as orchards and extensive orchards are ideal. Since 1970 there has been an increasing tendency towards urbanization based on winter feeding.

The grosbeak populates the flatlands and medium-high altitudes from 300 to 700 m, but the highest breeding occurrence can be found up to an altitude of 1000 m. In Switzerland it breeds sporadically up to the upper limit of the hardwood level at around 1300 m. On the train across the Alps , it can be found partially over the tree line at 2400 m in the Aletsch region . Along the valley floor, it often penetrates into the larger Alpine valleys. He also inhabits the heights of the Randen and the northern Jura .

Food and subsistence

Grosbeak eating bird seed in winter

The grosbeak feeds mainly on seeds from deciduous trees and fruits . In Central Europe, the seeds of hornbeam , field maple and red beech represent the preferred food supply alongside cherries , plums and plums . In spring, the food is supplemented by buds . In late summer, deciduous forests with a high population of beechnuts are popular and the fruits of maple trees and bushes are eaten. However, sloes , whitebeams , rose hips , bird cherries , seeds of ash, elm and alder are also consumed, but also the berries of holly , yew seeds , hazelnuts , walnuts and peas .

In the breeding season, animal food is used in connection with the rearing of young birds. In the first few days, the young are fed almost exclusively with caterpillars and other shredded insects. The food spectrum later includes not only complete insects and their larvae but also spiders and earthworms .

The foot is never used to help with food intake. In winter the foliage is turned over to pick up seeds from the ground. The grosbeak harvests the food completely from individual trees before switching to the next. It usually begins in the area of ​​the treetops . When disturbed, the bird carries away the entire fruit cluster. Once he has harvested trees or groups of trees, he finally cracks the seeds that have fallen on the ground in order to get to the inside. This behavior can be observed in particular on stone fruit trees. The optimal core size is 4 to 5 mm. For insect hunting, the grosbeak sits on a branch up to six meters above the ground. If he discovers an insect, he catches the prey and sits down on a branch on which he eats the prey. Sometimes he also catches insects while hunting. He also waits for a woodpecker to leave a woodpecker smithy in order to eat a walnut inside. Sparrows that may already be waiting are left behind due to its economies of scale.

Breeding biology

The grosbeak becomes sexually mature in the breeding period following hatching and leads a monogamous brood marriage. Couples typically stay together for several years. The breeding season of Central European birds extends from the beginning of April to the end of June. In Northern Europe it extends from May to July. The duration and location of the breeding season varies from year to year and depends on the weather and the food spectrum. The grosbeak breeds once a year. After the young birds of the first attempt at breeding were lost, up to two replacement clutches were found. The total incubation period is about 49 days; the egg-laying period is approximately 37 days.

Courtship and pairing

The courtship begins with the occupation of the breeding site by the males, in Central Europe sometimes from mid-February and especially in March. The pairing takes place both through the singing or imposing courtship as well as through the humility or begging courtship. In the former case, the singing male ruffles his head plumage, spreads his tail and swings his body to and fro, facing the female, with hanging wings. By slimming down and shuttling towards the male, the female shows her approval. This courtship does not always lead to copulation . In the second case, the male flies from branch to branch with rapidly vibrating wings and stilted tail. When she approaches the female in humility, she will be with her. Copulation can follow both types of courtship or combinations of both. They can be interrupted by beaks with and without handing over the food. In addition, the female can often be fed by the male with drooping and trembling wings (tenderness feeding).

Territory and choice of nesting site

In Central Europe, the territorial occupation takes place from March to the beginning of April. The male chooses the territory that can be both breeding and feeding space at the same time. The pair only defends a small nesting area from conspecifics, while other birds are driven away by both partners without exception. The size of the area is subject to large fluctuations from 0.5 ha to 5 ha per pair. Since one breeding pair is often followed by others, groups of three to six pairs usually breed together, but no more than 20 pairs. There are still cases of strict single broods.

The choice of nesting site is decided by both partners. The nests are usually built on the trunk in whorls and forks, in tree tops and on almost horizontal side branches of trees and bushes . In general, tall fruit trees, poplars and birches are popular. The nest is always on the sunlit side of the trees. It is usually built close to the trunk. The height of the nest depends first of all on a free approach and then on a suitable structure for the installation of the same. Usually the nest is at a height of two to eight meters, nest heights of 1 to 22 meters are rare. Deciduous trees and shrubs are generally preferred to conifers. However, this choice varies depending on the amount and height of the planting and the structure of the space.

If the male is interested in a place, it presses itself into a fork of a branch and attracts the female. They show their agreement with the proposal by sitting in the same place. The male then flies up and fetches a stick, which it finally gives to the female to build a nest. If, on the other hand, the female suggests a position, the male, with consent, limits himself to getting the branch without taking the place on the fork of the branch.

Nest building

The couple builds the nest together, but the female contributes 65 percent to the construction of the essential structure (substructure, intermediate layer). The material is collected from a distance of 5 to 60 m around the site. If the weather is good, the nest is ready in five to ten days.

The bowl-shaped nest of the grosbeak consists of the substructure, the intermediate layer and the padding. For the substructure, an average of 65 to 90 even broken small branches are placed irregularly on top of each other. The dimensions range from 15 to 18 cm in width and 20 to 26 cm in length. The thin intermediate layer is made from roots and coarse stalks. The approximately one centimeter thick padding is mainly made from thin roots and the finest stalks . The incorporation of feathers and moss mentioned in the literature is not confirmed by observations on aviary birds. Since other materials are preferred for the upholstery, the use of feathers and moss seems unlikely. Instead, verifiably dry leaves , green pine needles , deer hair and pig bristles are processed. The mostly oval nest hollows are 7 to 7.7 cm wide, 8 to 9 cm long and, depending on the design, 3 to 4 cm deep. The actual outside diameter of the straw nest without substructure is 9.5 to 10 cm wide and 10 to 11 cm long. The height of the total nest can be 7.5 to 12.5 cm. During the nest-building period, the couple searches for food together.

Egg laying and brood care

Coccothraustes coccothraustes

Egg-laying usually begins as soon as the nest building is finished. Since it is usually pushed back in cool weather, it often takes place at the latest one to two days afterwards. The eggs are laid in the early hours of the morning until about seven o'clock for about five days. The eggs are oval to long-oval. The basic color is light bluish gray to light greenish gray, more rarely brownish gray. They are mostly drawn relatively evenly with some strong black-brown dots and curlicues as well as lighter scribbles, some of which condense towards the blunt pole. The eggs of the nominate shape are on average 24.3 mm long and 17.83 mm wide. The fresh weight is 3.89 g, the shell weight 0.226 g.

Most clutches take place in May. The clutch size of the grosbeak is relatively constant in Central Europe and usually consists of five eggs. It increases in the distribution area, depending on the length of daylight, from south to north. The female usually begins incubation, which lasts 12 to 14 days, after laying the third egg. During this time, it is fed by the male. It usually lures the female from the nest so that she begs for food while vibrating wings, only to return to the nest shortly after feeding. If the male feeds poorly, the female has to search for food herself. The female breeds very firmly and persistently. When changing the sitting position, the eggs are turned regularly. In some cases the male breeds at noon to enable the female to find food or a place to swim.

If the female feels directly threatened, she takes a defensive position with her beak open and tries to bite. During incubation, females often doze with half-closed eyes or take care of their plumage. It only leaves its seat when the nest predator approaches it within its innate escape distance.

Development of the young birds

Young bird
Young bird

The young hatch asynchronously; usually three first, then the remaining one or two. Weather conditions can influence the time of hatching. The female eats the remains of the egg shell and hunts the young at intervals during the day and night until they fly out. In the first few days the excrement is eaten by the adult birds, later they carry it away. During this time, the female hounds intensely, so that the male takes over most of the feeding. In the beginning, the food is often passed on to the female, who feeds the young from the crop . While locking, the nestlings swing their heads to the side. Later both adult birds take part in the feeding. The male searches for food within a radius of two to three kilometers from the nest, but the female remains in the immediate vicinity of the nest.

On the day of hatching, the naked and blind young birds have a weight of around 5 g and quietly call “pull”. On the third day the drawing of the throat changes. On the fourth day the eyes open like a slit; on the fifth day they are fully open. The boys' seating arrangements are chest-to-chest up to the fifth day. This is followed by the ring seat, in which the body lies along the edge of the nest and the head lies on the rear part of the front cub. On the seventh day, the throat color changes again. The boys now give variable calls of bait and begging. In the last few days, sitting like a roof tile has been combined with ring seating. At 10 to 11 days, the young can leave the nest in case of danger. When they are 12 to 14 days old, they move to the branches near the nest (branching stage). At this point they weigh about 34 g. The young birds are fully capable of flight at 16 to 19 days and are divided between the adults in order to roam around in search of food. The last change in throat color occurs on day 26. After 30 to 31 days, the young birds are independent. They are threatened by hawk , sparrowhawk and peregrine falcon , but also from cats and martens .

The grosbeak has high brood losses, which are mostly due to the open nest location. The most common nest predators make jays , squirrels and martens are. Field way, the Red-backed Shrike a threat. In addition, many couples remain a year without young birds, although they create a Nachgelege. Investigations show that, even when considering the number of clutches, only every fourth breeding pair is successful in terms of the number of clutches. According to the number of eggs, the breeding success would be even lower. The asynchronous hatching of the young leads to the displacement of the youngest nestlings by the first hatched young so that they are not fed and die. As a result, usually only one to three, very rarely four, young leave the nest. This corresponds to a breeding success of 13 to 16 percent, in England it is 10 to 15 percent.

Free-ranging birds live to a maximum of twelve years (ring discovery). In captivity, they can live to be 15 to 20 years old.

behavior

Male in the branches of a tree in winter time

The hawfinch leaves the Schlafast at the beginning of dawn and comes back to it after sunset. The activity phase is often interrupted by rest and cleaning phases, in which the grosbeak often bathes extensively. Common sleeping places in the uppermost branches of tall conifers or in evergreen plants are the rule.

The food intake is almost always sociable, but only to a limited extent during the rearing of the young. During the breeding season, the grosbeak lives inconspicuously in small territories and fled at the slightest disturbance. Loose, colony-like breeding occurs often, but especially in Nordic countries. The couple cohesion remains in the winter. During this time, fake attacks on conspecifics and other birds often take place in order to save energy from fighting. After the breeding season, sometimes as early as June, families move to stone fruit trees that are to be borne , especially cherry trees . While increasingly larger family groups go looking for food together in autumn in order to look for a rich source of food in winter at feeding sites or in the vicinity of settlements, these associations slowly begin to shrink towards the end of winter. In search of food, the grosbeak stays in a tree for some time until it takes off quickly to fly, whereby it flies in a downward arc to the next tree due to its aerodynamic shapelessness and relative weight.

In spring the males change their behavior so that they chase and hunt the females. However, it can also happen that one male chases another. Rejection and threatening behavior is shown by a beak lock with a long neck and a raised head with wings spread depending on the intensity. If a bird wants to attack, it snaps audibly with its beak. Then they fight under heels and bites. The tail is often fanned out in the greatest excitement. The head plumage can also be raised as a preliminary stage to the mood of attack or flight. When excited and frightened, the bird flies upwards.

Systematics

External system

The grosbeak is in the genus Coccothraustes , which is probably monotypical . Occasionally, however, the two New World species, Abeille kebab and evening hawk, are placed in this genus, but according to other authors they are divided into a separate genus Hesperiphona . The phylogenetics of these three species has not yet been investigated in detail and a direct relationship between the two American species and the Eurasian grosbeak has not been proven. Anatomical studies from 1925 suggest a close relationship between Hesperiphona and the Asian juniper bite .

Investigations of the mitochondrial DNA showed in 2001 that the grosbeak is not closely related to the Asian genera Mycerobas and Eophona as previously assumed , but occupies a special position within the goldfinch-like (Carduelinae). However, another study in 2007 revised this view after a sample with a longer DNA sequence was examined. In this investigation it was shown that there is a clear relationship in particular to the examined Eophona species masked grosbeak and white-handed grosbeak .

Internal system

Various sources recognize six subspecies:

  • Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes is the nominate form. This is widespread throughout Europe north to the 60th parallel and south to the countries of the northern Mediterranean .
  • Coccothraustes c. buvryi is paler in color compared to the nominate form. The top of the head is more gray-brown, the rump and tail-coverts are lighter and kept almost pure gray. The inner flags of the control springs are less white in color. The distribution area includes Tunisia , Algeria and northern Morocco in North Africa.
  • Coccothraustes c. nigricans is darker but less brown than the nominate form. This subspecies inhabits the European and southeastern areas of the former USSR from the Crimea to the Caucasus .
  • Coccothraustes c. humii is generally very weakly colored, especially the rump. The underside and the sides of the body are more rust-colored, not wine-red, and lighter than in the nominate form. The female is gray, especially on the head and rump, and overall very pale gray. The subspecies colonizes northern India , Afghanistan and Pakistan in probably isolated populations .
  • Coccothraustes c. japonicus has a slightly lighter upper surface than the nominate form. The distribution area includes Japan , Korea , northern China , eastern Siberia and extends to a not yet exactly known border to the west.
  • Coccothraustes coccothraustes schulpini was not recognized by Wolters in 1975 because the existence of the subspecies as such was still uncertain. However, it has now been described and recognized internationally.

Inventory and inventory development

The worldwide distribution area of ​​the grosbeak is estimated at 12,700,000 km². The worldwide population is relatively large and comprises around 15,000,000 to 50,000,000 individuals. Therefore the species is classified as not endangered (LC). The stock depends on the food supply and therefore fluctuates greatly. Hard winters can lead to a decline in stocks in regions.

The size of the European breeding population makes up slightly less than half of the global distribution. It is very large with more than 2,400,000 pairs and was stable between 1970 and 1990. Although there were declines in some countries between 1990 and 2000, trends across much of Europe have been stable or increasing. Since the population as a whole is stable, the grosbeak is consequently classified as secure.

In Germany, wild-caught animals are illegal according to Section 44 (1) BNatSchG . However, in Malta the hawfinch can be legally caught from September 1st to January 31st under the EC Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Habitat of September 19, 1979, which Malta joined in 1994. In fact, however, this permit only applies to the period from October 1st to April 10th under Maltese law. The grosbeak are caught alive by bird hunting and trapping, in order to later be kept privately in small cages or sold at the bird market in Valletta .

Grosbeak and human

Etymology and naming

The names of the grosbeak almost all indicate the characteristic features of this bird, that is, the large conical beak and the ability to crack fruit kernels. In addition to the term “grosbeak”, “cherry stone bite” is particularly common. Other names are Kirschfink, Kirschvogel, Kirschenknipper, Kirschbeerfink, Kirschknacker, Steinbeisser and Knospenbeisser. Furthermore, this bird is called the “finch king” because it is the largest and most powerful among the European finch birds.

The scientific name Coccothraustes is made up of the Greek kokkos (the core) and thrauein (to break), i.e. the core breaker. The species name has changed several times over the centuries; Carl von Linné used the name Loxia coccothraustes in 1758 , Mathurin-Jacques Brisson gave the grosbeak the generic name Coccothraustes in 1760 . Peter Simon Pallas ' (1811) naming as Coccothraustes vulgaris lasted the longest. In the 20th century, ornithology, striving for uniform taxonomy, agreed on the current name of Coccothraustes coccothraustes .

Keeping as an aviary bird

The grosbeak was kept as a cage bird because of its confidence. The keeping took place in a close bird house. Sometimes he was allowed to fly free. To this day it is kept as an aviary bird. Wild-caught animals are prohibited in Germany according to Section 44 (1) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act, so that only animals bred in captivity may be kept with appropriate evidence.

Hawfinches attempt to mimic the songs of other birds in captivity. These include, among other things, the imitation of the blow of the dwarf quail , the trilling of the greenfinch and the reed of the house sparrow .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Siegfried Krüger: The Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes). Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Vol. 525, Westarp Sciences, Ziemsen Verlag , Wittenberg, 1995, ISBN 3-89432-371-X
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim: The breeding birds of Switzerland. Aarau, 1962
  3. ↑ H.-D. Fritsch: Grosbeak Albino. The aviary 194/83, 1983
  4. ↑ a b V. Ziswiler: On the knowledge of the opening of the semen and the structure of the horny palate. Journal of Ornithology No. 1, 1965
  5. ^ Einhard Bezzel : FSVO Handbook Birds. BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, pages 514-515, 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3
  6. ^ Einhard Bezzel: FSVO Handbook Birds. BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, pages 514-515, 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3
  7. ↑ Sound sample (WAV file; 47 kB), spectrogram
  8. ^ The AOU Checklist of North American birds, 7th edition, July 1998
  9. ^ Einhard Bezzel: FSVO Handbook Birds . BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, pages 514-515, 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3
  10. ^ H. Mildenberger: The birds of the Rhineland . Düsseldorf, 1984
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim: Handbook of birds of Central Europe 14/2, Passeriformes. Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1997
  12. ↑ E. Glück: Nistökologie Sonderung… Journal for Ornithology 124/36, 1983
  13. ↑ W. Fliess: observations during breeding. DEV 143/88, 1988
  14. ↑ Manfred Giebing: The grosbeak. The Aviary 22: 302, 1999
  15. ↑ Mountfort: The Hawfinch. London, 1957
  16. ^ P. Clement, A. Harris, J. Davis: Finches and Sparrows , Helm Identification Guides, London 1993/1999, ISBN 0-7136-5203-9
  17. ^ PP Sushkin: The Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona), the only American genus of a Palearctic group . The Auk 42, pp. 256-261, 1925
  18. ^ CG Sibley, JE Ahlquist: Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1990
  19. ↑ A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Guillén, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, E. Lowy, J. Zamora, P. Varela, D. Stefani, LM Allende: Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Vol. 58: 1159–1166, 2001, web link (PDF file; 270 kB)
  20. ^ A. Arnaiz-Villena, J. Moscoso, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, J. Gonzalez, R. Reguera, M. Wink, JI Serrano-Vela: Bayesian phylogeny of Fringillinae birds: status of the singular African Oriole Finch ( Linurgus olivaceus) and evolution and heterogeneity of genus Carpodacus , Acta Zoologica Sinica 53 (5), pp. 826–834, 2007 ( web link , PDF )
  21. ↑ ITIS Report: Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Linnaeus, 1758)
  22. ↑ Avibase Database: Grosbeak (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  23. ↑ Hans Edmund Wolters : The bird species of the earth . Berlin, 1975–1982
  24. ↑ ITIS Report: Coccothraustes coccothraustes schulpini (H. Johansen, 1944)
  25. ↑ BirdLife Factsheet: Hawfinch
  26. ↑ Birds in Europe: Hawfinch
  27. ↑ euronatur: Migratory Bird Hunting ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 1.2 MB)
  28. ^ H. Dost: Handbook of bird care and breeding. Jena, 1954
  29. ↑ Winkler: Grosbeak brood in a cage. Feathered World 201/74, 1974
  30. ↑ E. Glück: Grosbeak. The aviary 205/85, 1985
  31. ↑ Power: Grosbeak. AZN 12, 1988
  32. ↑ D. Meyer: Cherry stone bite. AZN 4/94: 284, 1994
  33. ↑ U. Reber: The Grosbeak. Die Aviere 15, H. 1: 7, 1992

literature

  • Einhard Bezzel : FSVO manual birds. BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3 .
  • Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel, Wolfgang Fiedler : The compendium of birds in Central Europe. Volume 2: Passeriformes - passerine birds. Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Aula Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-89104-648-0 .
  • Horst Bielfeld : siskins, giraffe, bullfinches and grosbeak. Origin, care, species. Ulmer Verlag 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3675-9 .
  • H. Dahte: On the biology of the grosbeak . Contributions to the reproductive biology of birds with consideration of the oology. Berlin 16, 1940, p. 30.
  • Manfred Giebing: The grosbeak. The aviary 22, 1999, p. 302.
  • Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim : Handbook of the birds of Central Europe 14/2, Passeriformes. Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-89104-610-3 .
  • E. Hartert: The birds of the Palearctic fauna. Vol. 1. Cramer Verlag 1969.
  • HW Huebners: Almanac. Munich 1990.
  • Siegfried Krüger: The grosbeak (Coccothraustes coccothraustes). Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Vol. 525, Westarp Sciences, Ziemsen Verlag , Wittenberg 1995, ISBN 3-89432-371-X .
  • H. Mildenberger: The birds of the Rhineland. Düsseldorf 1984.
  • Richard Mohr: To determine the sex of nest-young grosbeak ( Coccothraustes coccothraustes ). In: Journal of Ornithology 115, 1974, January 1.
  • Mountfort: The Hawfinch. London 1957.
  • K. Warga: Intoxicated cherry stone peckers. Aquila 1925-1926, 1926, p. 296.
  • W. Wüst: The breeding birds of Europe. Munich 1970.
  • V. Ziswiler: On the knowledge of the opening of the semen and the structure of the horny palate. In: Journal for Ornithology 1, 1965.

Web links

Commons : Hawfinch ( Coccothraustes coccothraustes )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Hawfinch  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations