Eberwurzen

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Eberwurzen
Silver thistle (Carlina acaulis)

Silver thistle ( Carlina acaulis )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cynareae
Genre : Eberwurzen
Scientific name
Carlina
L.

The Eberwurzen or golden thistle ( Carlina ) are a lime-loving , thistle-like plant genus in the family Asteraceae (Asteraceae). The bracts of the inflorescence close or open depending on the current humidity .

Two species are common in Central Europe : the silver thistle ( Carlina acaulis ), also known as stemless boarwort, and the golden thistle ( Carlina vulgaris ), also called the common boarwort.

description

Eberwurzen are annual to perennial plants with a thistle-like appearance. They have an angular stem . The leaves are alternate or basal, mostly toothed with thorns. They are lanceolate with protruding veins on the underside.

The cup-shaped inflorescences have a diameter of 2 to 13 centimeters. They stand individually or in dold-like overall inflorescences, seated or with short stems. The bracts are like roof tiles in several rows, the innermost is dry-skinned and rigid, yellow or silver-gray. The inside is shiny and elongated, simulating ray florets. The bracts close in wet weather. The bottom of the cup is flat and has chaff leaves, sometimes bristles. The cardboard hairs are feathered. The flower heads consist only of tubular flowers .

Subgen. Heracantha : acanthus-leaved boarwort ( Carlina acanthifolia )
Subgen. Heracantha : Silver Thistle ( Carlina acaulis subsp. Caulescens )
Subgen. Heracantha : Ebensträußige thistle ( Carlina corymbosa )
Subgen. Carlina : Stiff Boarwort ( Carlina biebersteinii subsp. Biebersteinii )
Subgen. Carlina : golden thistle ( Carlina vulgaris )
Subgen. Chamaeleon : gum spindleweed ( Carlina gummifera )

Systematics

The genus Eberwurz ( Carlina ) is divided into six subgenera. 32 species are recognized:

  • Subgen. Carlowizia (Canary Islands, Madeira)
  • Subgen. Lyrolepis (Rech.f.) Meusel & Kästner (Crete, Southeast Aegean)
  • Subgen. Mitina (Adans.) Meusel & Kästner (Mediterranean area)
    • Carlina lanata L .: It occurs in the Mediterranean from Morocco and Spain to the Middle East.
    • Grape Boarwort ( Carlina racemosa L. ): It is native to Morocco, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia and Sardinia.
  • Subgen. Heracantha (DC.) Meusel & Kästner (Mediterranean area to Central Europe)
    • Acanthus-leaved boarwort or Pyrenean boarwort ( Carlina acanthifolia All. ), With three subspecies:
      • Carlina acanthifolia subsp. acanthifolia
      • Carlina acanthifolia subsp. cynara (DC.) Arcang.
      • Carlina acanthifolia subsp. utzka (Hacq.) Meusel & Kästner
    • Silver thistle ( Carlina acaulis L. ), with two subspecies:
      • Carlina acaulis subsp. acaulis
      • Carlina acaulis subsp. caulescens (Lam.) Schübl. & G.Martens (Syn .: Carlina acaulis subsp. Simplex (Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman )
    • Carlina atlantica pomel , occurs only in Algeria and Morocco.
    • Carlina barnebiana B.L.Burtt & PHDavis , occurs only in Eastern Crete and Karpathos .
    • Carlina brachylepis (Batt.) Meusel & Kästner , occurs only in Algeria and Morocco.
    • Ebony boarwort ( Carlina corymbosa L. ): It occurs in southern Europe from Portugal to Turkey.
    • Carlina curetum Halácsy : It occurs in Crete, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, with two subspecies:
      • Carlina curetum subsp. curetum , occurs only in the mountains of Crete.
      • Carlina curetum subsp. orientalis Meusel & Kästner
    • Carlina Graeca Heldr. & Sartori : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, on Crete, in the Aegean Sea and in Turkey.
    • Carlina guittonneaui Dobignard , occurs only in Morocco.
    • Spanish boarwort ( Carlina hispanica Lam. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, Menorca, France, Italy, Sicily, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, with three subspecies:
      • Carlina hispanica subsp. hispanica : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Gibraltar, Spain, Portugal and France.
      • Carlina hispanica subsp. globosa (Arcang.) Meusel & Kästner : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
      • Carlina hispanica subsp. major (Lange) Meusel & Kästner : It occurs in Algeria, Spain and Menorca.
    • Carlina involucrata Poir. : It occurs in Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily and Malta.
    • Carlina kurdica Meusel & Kästner : It occurs in the area of ​​Lebanon and Syria.
    • Carlina libanotica Boiss. : It occurs in Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Turkey.
    • Carlina pygmaea (Post) Holmboe , occurs only in Cyprus .
    • Carlina sicula Ten. : It occurs in Italy, Libya, Sicily and Malta.
    • Carlina sitiensis Rech.f. , occurs only in Eastern Crete and on Kasos .
  • Subgen. Carlina (Mediterranean area to Central Europe)
    • Stiff Eberwurz or Stiff Golddistel ( Carlina biebersteinii Hornem. ) With three subspecies:
      • Carlina biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii
      • Carlina biebersteinii subsp. brevibracteata (Andrae) K. Werner
      • Carlina biebersteinii subsp. sudetica Kovanda : It only occurs in the Czech Republic.
    • Carlina Frigida Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon and Syria.
    • Large-headed boarwort ( Carlina macrocephala Moris ): It occurs in Corsica, Sardinia and Croatia.
    • Carlina nebrodensis DC. : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
    • Little-headed boarwort ( Carlina oligocephala Boiss. & Kotschy ): It occurs in Turkey and Syria, with three subspecies:
      • Carlina oligocephala subsp. oligocephala : It occurs in Turkey.
      • Carlina oligocephala subsp. microcephala (Boiss.) Meusel & Kästner : It occurs in Syria and Turkey.
      • Carlina oligocephala subsp. pallescens (competition) Meusel & Kästner : It occurs in Turkey.
    • Common golden thistle or small boarwort ( Carlina vulgaris L. )
  • Subgen. Chamaeleon : (Mediterranean area).
    • Carlina comosa (explosive) Greuter : It occurs in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.
    • Gum spindleweed ( Carlina gummifera (L.) Less. , Syn .: Atractylis gummifera L. ): It occurs in southern Europe, North Africa and Turkey.
    • Carlina macrophylla (Desf.) DC. : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.

literature

  • David J. Keil: Carlina. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 84 (English, online ). .
  • Hermann Meusel , Arndt Kästner: Life story of the gold and silver thistles. Monograph of the Mediterranean-Central European composites genus Carlina. Volume I. Spectra of characteristics and habitats of the genus. (= Memoranda. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mathematical and Natural Science Class. Volume 127). Springer, Vienna / New York 1990, ISBN 3-211-86544-6 (PDF file; 70 MB).
  • Hermann Meusel, Arndt Kästner: Life story of the gold and silver thistles. Monograph of the Mediterranean-Central European composites genus Carlina. Volume II. Species diversity and tribal history of the genus. (= Memoranda. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mathematical and Natural Science Class. Volume 128). Springer, Vienna / New York 1994, ISBN 3-211-86558-6 .
  • Hermann Meusel, Arndt Kästner, Ernst Vitek: The evolution of Carlina - A hypothesis based on ecogeography. In: DJN Hind et al. (Ed.): Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference. Volume 1, Kew 1994, pp. 723-737.
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2. Vascular plants: Grundband, Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 469.
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos-Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora. Over 1600 species of plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Werner Greuter: Compositae (pro parte majore):Carlina . In: Werner Greuter , Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
  2. ↑ a b c d Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 , p. 319-320 .
  3. ↑ N. García Jacas, T. Garnatje, A. Susanna de la Serna, R. Vilatersana i Lluch: Tribal and Subtribal Delimitation and Phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A Combined Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Analysis. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 22, No. 2, 2002, pp. 51-64, DOI: 10.1006 / mpev.2001.1038 .
  4. ^ Werner Greuter: The Euro + Med treatment of Cardueae (Compositae) - generic concepts and required new names. In: Willdenowia. Volume 33, No. 1, 2003, pp. 49-61 (PDF file) .
  5. ^ Christian Friedrich Lessing: De Generibus Cynarocephalarum atque de Speciebus Generis Arctotidis. Trowitzsch, Berlin 1832, p. 12, preview in the Google book search

Web links

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