Bruno Paul

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Bruno Paul in his studio in 1907.

Bruno Paul (born January 19, 1874 in Seifhennersdorf ; † August 17, 1968 in Berlin ) was an architect who paved the way for modern functional architecture, as well as a caricaturist , furniture designer and interior designer. He worked for many years as a university lecturer and influenced important artists such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Adolf Meyer , George Grosz and Hannah Höch .

Life

After graduating from high school, Bruno Paul first attended the Friedrichstadt teachers' seminar in Dresden at the request of his father . It was only when his father was convinced of his son's artistic talent that Paul was able to study painting at the Dresden Art Academy from 1892 to 1894 . He continued his artistic training with Paul Hoecker at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich ; the later Simplicissimus draftsmen Wilhelm Schulz and Eduard Thöny studied in the same class. In 1896 Paul published his first drawings in the magazine Jugend, founded in the same year . In 1897 he switched to the satirical weekly Simplicissimus as a cartoonist . In the same year he founded the Munich United Workshops for Art in Crafts together with Bernhard Pankok , Richard Riemerschmid and Hermann Obrist . He now worked at the same time as a caricaturist and as a designer of furniture and interior fittings. He began teaching in 1907 when he was appointed head of the teaching establishment of the Berlin Museum of Decorative Arts . Also in 1907 he was a co-founder of the Deutscher Werkbund and received a small gold medal at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition . In 1910 he was given the artistic direction of the German Department at the World Exhibition in Brussels. From 1911 he worked with the Deutsche Werkstätten Hellerau . In 1919 he was appointed to the Prussian Academy of the Arts .

Also in 1919 he had published the programmatic publication “Education of Artists in State Schools”. In 1924, Bruno Paul, who at that time already had an extensive body of works, became director of the United State Schools for Free and Applied Arts ("VS", today University of the Arts ) in Berlin .

December 31, 1932 before the seizure of power of the Nazis , he put this office down the line and got a master studio of architecture at the Academy of Arts, from this office he was transferred to the immediate retirement on 29 September 1,933th As an architect and designer, however, he was able to continue working as a member of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts and continued the atelier for architecture Bruno Paul in Berlin. In 1935 Paul designed the add-on furniture program “The growing apartment” for Karl Schmidt-Hellerau , which was also produced in the Deutsche Werkstätten Hellerau until around 1958 after the Second World War . In the summer of 1937 he was invited to join Ernst Barlach , Rudolf Belling , Ludwig Gies , Karl Hofer , Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , Oskar Kokoschka , Emil Nolde , Max Pechstein , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Christian Rohlfs and Emil Rudolf Weiss , from the Prussian Academy of To quit the arts, he responded to this request in writing on July 10, 1937. In December 1940 he applied for membership in the NSDAP and was admitted to the party on January 1, 1941 with membership number 8735788. In the final phase of the Second World War , in September 1944 he was included in the God-gifted list of the most important architects, which should save him from being deployed in the war, including on the home front .

Honorary grave of Bruno Paul in the forest cemetery in Zehlendorf

After the end of the Second World War, he first worked in Wiesenburg / Mark , then in Frankfurt am Main and Hanau . In 1949 he moved to Höxter and later to Düsseldorf , where he mainly worked in engineering and bridge construction for the Gollnow & Son company. In 1955 he was accepted into the newly founded Academy of the Arts (West Berlin) . Bruno Paul moved to Berlin in 1955, where he died in 1968 at the age of 94.

His grave is located in the Zehlendorf forest cemetery in Berlin-Nikolassee . The grave in Dept. XIII-W-875 is one of the graves of honor in the State of Berlin .

plant

Caricature, design

Bruno Paul went public with his first humorous drawings for the literary-artistic weekly Jugend 1896. Between 1897 and 1906 he drew mostly political caricatures for Simplicissimus 492 , which became more and more vicious over the years. With a few exceptions, these drawings are now in the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München . With his appointment to Berlin, Paul completely gave up this activity, which could have caused problems as a Prussian professor. His last five caricatures in Simplicissimus therefore appeared under the pseudonym Ernst Kellermann. In addition to his caricatures, he also created posters for exhibitions and institutions such as in 1903 for the notorious Munich political cabaret Die Elf Scharfrichter .

In parallel to his work as a caricaturist, Bruno Paul had also worked out a position as a sought-after furniture designer and interior designer. He designed costly one-offs for the luxury segment, but also standardized furniture for serial production. His study was awarded a Grand Prix at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair . As a result, he designed the waiting room at Nuremberg Central Station - an order from the Bavarian State Government - as well as the equipment and interior fittings for the twin-screw express mail steamer Kronprinzessin Cecilie , a transatlantic liner for North German Lloyd , one of the most ambitious and successful German passenger ship projects of the 20th century counts. In addition to Paul, the longtime artistic director of Lloyd, Johann Georg Poppe , Joseph Maria Olbrich and Richard Riemerschmid were involved in this commission. Following this work, Poppe was replaced by Bruno Paul as the house architect of the North German Lloyd. In the period up to 1909 Paul was responsible for equipping three other ships, including the fast steamer Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm . The built-in piano that was once installed in the dining room of this ship and designed by Paul and made by piano maker Ibach has been preserved to this day.

Together with Sergius Ruegenberg , who was still young at the time , he developed the interior fittings and design of the new standard car for the Berlin tram in 1924 , of which a total of 501 railcars and 803 sidecars were built.

architecture

Kathreiner high-rise in Berlin (1929–1930)

As an architect, Bruno Paul was close to the so-called “ New Objectivity ”. This trend in architecture distinguished itself on the one hand from Expressionism , on the other hand, recognizable by the use of the word “new”, from a preceding movement towards simplicity and practicality that was associated with the departure from Art Nouveau in Germany in 1906/1907 . The New Objectivity was made famous especially by the architects of the Bauhaus School, but it also includes numerous buildings and urban development projects by other workshops.

Bruno Paul delivered his first work sample as an architect in 1907 with “Haus Westend”, Berlin-Charlottenburg , Ebereschenallee 16. From 1907 to 1908 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe worked in the architecture office of Bruno Paul and studied under Paul at the School of Applied Arts in Berlin the reform architecture of the Munich School, which he represented . Adolf Meyer, a central pioneer of industrial architecture in Germany in the 20th century, worked in Bruno Paul's office from 1909 to 1910. Since 1921, he and his brother-in-law Franz Weber had a construction office in Cologne. It was from here that his projects in western Germany were overseen, including prestigious villas and country houses, for example in Cologne-Marienburg and Soest , to which he owed his reputation as an “architect of society”. Between 1926 and 1931 three villas (of the Sternberg, Plange and Jahn families) and a rowing home on the Möhnesee were built in Soest according to designs by Bruno Paul, and an event room was also converted in addition to a residential building (by the Hagen family). The exterior of the three villas is almost in their original condition and is a listed building . The Villa Plange is owned by the Soest district; since 2009 a room has been furnished there with restored furniture by Bruno Paul.

The planning of the " Disch-Haus " - named after the client, a Cologne company group - went back to the old friendship with Richard Riemerschmid, who had meanwhile become director of the Cologne factory schools . The office and commercial building with a strongly outwardly curved facade and pronounced horizontal ribbon windows was built in 1930 and is considered the most important testimony of the New Building in the cathedral city. It is one of the architect's main works, just like the extension buildings for the administration of the Gerling Group in Cologne. This group of outstanding works also includes the villa for leather manufacturer Edmund Traub from 1928/1930, one of the most important examples of functionalism in Prague, but above all the Kathreiner skyscraper built at the same time on Kleistpark in Berlin. This first pure office tower in the capital - there have already been a few factory towers - has twelve floors and two six-story wings. Today it is a listed building.

buildings

  • 1903–1906: Equipping the representation rooms in the so-called Faberschloss in Stein (Middle Franconia) .
  • 1906: Weinhaus for the Bavarian Anniversary State Exhibition in Nuremberg 1906
  • 1907–1908: Westend house in Berlin-Westend , Ebereschenallee 16
  • 1908–1909: Sports store of the Berlin Lawn Tennis Club in Berlin-Grunewald
  • 1909: Börnicke Castle near Bernau for Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
  • 1909/10: Dr. B. (country house for Heinrich and Lily Braun ) in Kleinmachnow
  • 1909–1910: Sallentin house in Berlin-Grunewald
  • 1909–1910: Fanny Herxheimer's house in Frankfurt am Main, Zeppelinallee 47
  • 1910: Garden room at the Brussels World Exhibition in 1910
  • 1910: Interior of the Villa Feinhals of the Cologne entrepreneur Josef Feinhals in Cologne-Marienburg , Lindenallee 5 (architecture based on a design by Joseph Maria Olbrich †)
  • 1910–1911: Zollernhof office building in Berlin-Mitte , Unter den Linden 36–38
  • 1910–1915: Villa Gans (Haus Hainerberg) in Koenigstein im Taunus (1938–1945 rest home of the Deutsche Reichspost, until 1997 Hainerberg Clinic of the State Insurance Institution of Hesse), Altenhainer Strasse 1
  • 1910–1911: Design of the dining room in the Robert Bosch House in Stuttgart
  • 1911: Sanatorium Pützchen , Pützchen near Bonn
  • 1911–1912: Prof. Dr. Gotthold Herxheimer in Wiesbaden, Rösselstrasse 35
  • 1911–1913: Nellini pencil in Frankfurt am Main, Foundation of Rose Livingston, Cronstettenstrasse 59
  • 1912–1915: Julius Oppenheimer's house in Strasbourg , 40 Rue de Verdun
  • 1913: House Waltrud of the Walter Sobernheim family on Schwanenwerder
  • 1913–1914: Ernst Röchling's house in Duisburg , Düsseldorfer Strasse 193
  • 1913–1914: House Nelly Herz, b. Gans, in Berlin , Dohnenstieg 10–12 (from 1937 to 1944 Heinrich Himmler's official residence )
  • 1914: Buildings at the Cologne Werkbund exhibition
  • before 1916: Extension of the Heyls-Schlößchen at the cathedral in Worms
  • 1914–1925: Asian Museum in Berlin-Dahlem , Arnimallee
  • before 1916: House S. in Königsberg
  • before 1916: Extension of the educational establishment of the Kunstgewerbe-Museum in Berlin
  • 1915–1917: Friedwart House in Wetzlar , Laufdorfer Weg 6, interior design
  • 1920–1921: Ernst Fraenkel house in Hamburg, Krumdahlsweg 9
  • 1923–1924: Neven DuMont house in Cologne, Goethestrasse 68
  • 1924–1925: Conversion and extension of residential building / clinic Prof. Dr. János Plesch in Berlin, Budapester Strasse
  • 1924–1925: Salomon / Schmidt semi-detached house in Cologne, Bayenthalgürtel 34 / Goltsteinstrasse 191
  • 1924–1925: Auerbach house in Berlin-Dahlem, Clayallee 34
  • 1923–1926: Collignon house in Berlin-Wannsee , Am Großen Wannsee 72–76
  • 1924: Remodeling of the Prieger country house in Berlin-Grunewald, Lassenstrasse 32–34
  • 1924: Panel house 1018 for the Deutsche Werkstätten in Hellerau (a surviving copy of the panel house 1018 is in Dresden-Hellerau, Auf dem Sand 26)
  • 1926–1927: Riffarth house in Munich, Agnes-Bernauer-Strasse 101
  • 1926–1927: Villa Plange in Soest , Sigefridwall 20
  • 1927: Villa Sternberg in Soest , Roßkampfgasse 2
  • 1927: Charlotte Simon house, b. Sobernheim, in Berlin , Inselstrasse 18
  • 1927–1928: Walther Lange house in Berlin-Nikolassee , Libellenstrasse 9
  • 1927–1928: Sinn & Co. GmbH textile department store in Gelsenkirchen , Bahnhofstrasse 41–43
  • 1927–1928: Mia and Karl Bergmann house in Dresden, Goetheallee 37
  • 1928: Ruderheim am Möhnesee
  • 1928–1929: House Jenny and Siegmund Bergmann in Dresden, Waldparkstrasse 6
  • 1928–1929: Villa Traub in Prague-Střešovice, Pod hradbami 658/17
  • 1928–1930: Kathreiner House in Berlin, Potsdamer-Strasse 186
  • 1928–1930: Disch House in Cologne, Brückenstrasse / Herzogstrasse
  • 1929: Memorial for the dead from the First World War in Seifhennersdorf in collaboration with Waldemar Raemisch
  • 1929–1931: Villa for the Jewish merchant family Paul Lindemann in Berlin, on the high bank of the Rupenhorn above Stößensee (from 1935 to 1941 Hanns Kerrl's residence , since 2003 the seat of Touro College Berlin ).
  • 1930–1931: Villa Jahn in Soest , Pagenstrasse 41
  • 1930: South wing of the administration of the Gerling Group in Cologne
  • 1934: IG Farben housing developments in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Goethestrasse
  • 1935: Housing developments in Cologne, Luxemburger Strasse / Neuenhöfer Allee / Nonnenwerthstrasse / Sülzgürtel
  • 1936: Housing developments in Cologne, Vorgebirgstraße
  • 1937: Remodeling of Café Blum in Wiesbaden, Wilhelmstrasse 60
  • 1937: Lucia Antoine house in Berlin, Trabener Strasse 74
  • 1949–1950: Weser Bridge in Holzminden
  • 1952/53: Office building in cooperation with Hanns Koerfer in Cologne, Gereonsdriesch 9–11

Awards

literature

  • Bruno Paul. In: Die Woche , Moderne Illustrierte Zeitschrift , Volume II, No. 25, pp. 1090-1094.
  • Alfred Digit (Ed.): Bruno Paul. German spatial art and architecture between Art Nouveau and Modernism. Munich 1992.
  • Sonja Günther: Bruno Paul, 1874–1968. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1992.
  • Jost Schäfer: Bruno Paul in Soest. Villas from the 20s and their equipment. Bonn 1993.
  • Alfred Numbers, Christoph De Rentiis: Bruno Paul and the Deutsche Werkstätten Hellerau . Hellerau-Verlag, Dresden 1993. ISBN 3-910184-18-9 .
  • Dresden History Association V. (Ed.): Gartenstadt Hellerau. The everyday life of a utopia. Dresden 1997, ISBN 3-910055-42-7 .
  • Lukeš, Zdeněk: Settling the debt: German-speaking architects in Prague 1900–1938 (Splátka dluhu: Praha a její německy hovořící architekti 1900–1938). Praha: Fraktály Publishers, 2002, 217 pp. ISBN 80-86627-04-7 . Section Bruno Paul, pp. 148–149
  • Andreas Strobl , Barbara Palmbach: Bruno Paul. Simplicissimus. Exhibition catalog, Pinakothek der Moderne , Munich. State Graphic Collection Munich 2003.
  • Thomas Steigenberger: Mies van der Rohe a student of Bruno Paul? In: Johannes Cramer, Dorothée Sack (ed.): Mies van der Rohe. Early buildings. Problems of conservation, problems of valuation. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2004, pp. 151-162.
  • Thomas Steigenberger: role model and enemy image. Munich Art Nouveau in Berlin. In: Nicola Bröcker, Gisela Moeller, Christiane Salge (eds.): August Endell . 1871-1925. Architect and form artist. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86568-654-1 , pp. 282-293.
  • Alfred Digit:  Paul, Bruno. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 112 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Thomas Drebusch, bruno paul - beauty is joy , ikonom Verlag, Soest 2019, ISBN 978-3-9820169-5-5 .

Web links

Commons : Bruno Paul  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Alfred number: Looking back on a century. In: Alfred Digit (Ed.): Bruno Paul. German spatial art and architecture between Art Nouveau and Modernism. Munich 1992, p. 9 (with explicit reference to incorrect information on the training path in other literature)
  2. ↑ Thomas Drebusch, bruno paul - beauty is joy , ikonom Verlag, Soest 2019, p. 31.
  3. ↑ cf. Landesarchiv Berlin: Personal files of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts; A Rep 243-04 No. 6535
  4. ↑ Thomas Drebusch, bruno paul - beauty is joy , ikonom Verlag, Soest 2019, p. 33.
  5. ↑ Federal Archives, R9361-IX index 31,780,261
  6. ↑ Federal Archives, R55 / 20252/9.
  7. ↑ Eberhard Mertens (ed.): The Lloyd Schnelldampfer. Kaiser Wilhelm the Great, Crown Prince Wilhelm, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Crown Princess Cecilie. Olms Presse, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-48708110-5 , p. 14.
  8. ↑ New tram cars . In: Vossische Zeitung , October 24, 1924, evening edition, p. 4 bottom left, accessed on July 7, 2019.
  9. ↑ Franz Schulze: Mies van der Rohe. Life and work. Berlin 1986, p. 34f.
  10. ^ Hans M. Wingler: The Bauhaus. 3rd edition, Bramsche 1975, p. 236ff.
  11. ↑ Thomas Drebusch: The Soester Villas. In: Alfred Digit (Ed.): Bruno Paul. German spatial art and architecture between Art Nouveau and Modernism. Munich 1992.
  12. ↑ P. Veverka, R. Sedláková, D. Dvořáková, P. Krajči, Z. Lukeš, P. Vlček: Great Villas of Prague , Foibos, Prague 2009, ISBN 978-80-87073-01-8 , pp. 122f.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Thomas Drebusch, bruno paul - beauty is joy , ikonom Verlag, Soest 2019.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Josef Popp: Bruno Paul. With 319 pictures of houses and apartments. Bruckmann Verlag, Munich 1916.
  15. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  16. ^ Manfred F. Fischer: Kleinmachnow. Jérôme in the Alder Path; the Landhaus Braun by Bruno Paul . In: Brandenburgische Denkmalpflege 21, 2012, 1, pp. 57–68.
  17. ↑ Wasmuth's monthly magazine for architecture and urban development , year 1914/1915, issue 1.
  18. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  19. ^ Martin Wörner, Gilbert Lupfer, Ute Scholz: Architectural Guide Stuttgart. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-496-01290-0 , p. 106.
  20. Jump up ↑ Art and the Beautiful Home , Volume 28
  21. ↑ Sanatorium Pützchen, photo (1912/1920) farm yard with car depot , on German digital library
  22. ^ Max Creutz : The Sanatorium Pützchen near Bonn , Decorative Art XVI, 1913
  23. ↑ Heike Stange, Sobernheim family ... and the "Waltrud House" on Schwanenwerder , Berlin 2015
  24. ↑ Wasmuth's monthly magazine for architecture and urban development , year 1914/1915, issue 4.
  25. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  26. ^ Alfred numeral: Bruno Paul, Friedwart House, Wetzlar . Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart, London 2008, ISBN 978-3-932565-67-0
  27. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  28. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  29. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  30. ^ Valentin Fuhrmann: Bruno Paul's houses . In: Interior Decoration, Vol. 40, 1929, pp. 38–57 ( digitized version ).
  31. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  32. ^ German art and decoration , issue 11/1928
  33. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  34. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  35. ↑ Valentin Fuhrmann: A country house in Westphalia. By Prof. Bruno Paul u. Reg. Tree. Franz Weber. In: Innen-Decoration , Vol. 42, 1931, pp. 146–161 ( digitized version ).
personal data
SURNAME Paul, Bruno
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect, designer and cartoonist
DATE OF BIRTH January 19, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Seifhennersdorf
DATE OF DEATH 17th August 1968
Place of death Berlin