Teaching institute of the Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin
The teaching institute of the Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin was founded in 1868 on the initiative of the Association of German Industrial Museum in Berlin as a training institute for the arts and crafts museum that was founded at the same time . Until 1921, the museum and school remained linked at different locations. Detached from the museum, the training institute merged in 1924 with the University of Fine Arts to form the United State Schools for Free and Applied Arts . This makes it one of the predecessor institutions of today's Berlin University of the Arts .
The history of the educational establishment
The German Industrial Museum Association in Berlin is the driving force
The world exhibitions in London in 1851 and in Paris in 1855 showed the growing industrial production but also the need for artistic promotion of trade and industry. Sample collections in the form of arts and crafts museums and training institutions - arts and crafts schools - should on the one hand train the artistic senses and on the other hand lead to better designed products. The German Industrial Museum Association in Berlin emerged as a driving force . The Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung wrote in 1882 on the occasion of the opening of the Berlin Museum of Decorative Arts:
“Guided by the encouraging encouragement of the Crown Princess [Victoria] of Prussia, who was very interested in the art industry , a number of insightful men from the circles of artists, scholars, officials and merchants in Berlin took the initiative in March 1867 by calling and forming a committee to energetic action and so initially came the association: Deutsches Gewerbe-Museum, which had the aim, moving within fairly wide boundaries, to 'make art and science accessible to the local art industry'. Correctly recognizing the need at hand, he envisaged the union of a teaching institution with a collection of exemplary handicraft models from the outset. "
The association received on August 5, 1867 by the Most High decree of the king (and later Emperor) Wilhelm I. the rights of a legal person . The advocacy of Crown Prince Friedrich also secured 45,000 gold marks from state funds for the trade association for purchases at the Paris World Exhibition of 1867.
Temporary arrangements at changing locations
On January 12, 1868, the educational establishment opened together with two collection halls of the Kunstgewerbemuseum in the former Gropius Diorama on the corner of Georgenstrasse and Stallstrasse, today's Universitätsstrasse, which was rented by the Association of the German Industrial Museum . The 230 students were taught two day courses as well as four Sunday and four evening courses. The first director of the Kunstgewerbemuseum and the collection was the architect Conrad Grunow . An exhibition of arts and crafts from the Royal Chamber of Art, various palaces of the royal family and from private property under the patronage of the Crown Prince in the Berlin armory in 1872 was the reason for the establishment of an actual arts and crafts museum as a separate department next to the teaching institution. Its director was the art historian Julius Lessing , who was already significantly involved in the exhibition in the armory and in building up the collection so far. Ernst Ewald took over the school again and ran it until 1904. Due to the increasing space requirements and since the diorama of the Berlin light rail had to give way, the educational establishment together with the Museum of Applied Arts moved into an old factory building of the Königliche Porzellanmanufaktur at Leipziger Straße 4 / Königgrätzer Straße at the end of March 1873 120, today's Stresemannstrasse.
The new building of the arts and crafts museum and the educational establishment on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße
In the years 1877 to 1881 a separate building for the Museum of Applied Arts was built at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 7 (today Niederkirchnerstraße ) according to the plans of the architects Martin Gropius and Heino Schmieden . School and museum were also united in this new building, today's Martin-Gropius-Bau . This significantly influenced the design of the building, as the commemorative publication for the opening of 1881 reveals:
“The disposition of the construction plan resulted from the requirement that the necessary number of collection rooms, library and administration rooms, with the classrooms and studios required for the educational establishment, were to be combined in the building to be constructed. Accordingly, all the rooms on the 1st and 2nd floors of the north front are intended for this latter purpose, and the shape and size of the windows resulting from this are recorded for the entire building. "
On the basement level, the educational establishment had six classrooms for teaching modeling, a room for storing the clay , two chasing workshops, a studio and three rooms for collecting plaster casts. The main entrance to the school and the museum was on the north side of the ground floor. The corridor to the right led to the library and its reading room as well as the internal stairwell of the classroom. The corridor to the left led to the administration rooms, some of which were on a drawn-in mezzanine. On the first floor, again on the north side, there were additional classrooms for day classes and teacher's studios. The second floor, completely allocated to the educational establishment, comprised, in addition to further studios and classrooms for the day classes, the teachers' room, classrooms for the evening classes, meeting rooms and a lecture hall for 260 people above the southern main staircase.
Growth and expansion
The school, which was named a state institute in 1885, grew steadily, so that further rooms at Wilhelmstrasse 89 had to be rented. In the years 1901 to 1905, the educational institution built an extension on the neighboring property at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, which was opened on October 1, 1905, according to plans by the secret building councilor Oskar Hoßfeld . In the west wing of the extension building, the library of the Kunstgewerbemuseum, which has been a separate museum department since 1894, found new space. It had grown significantly through the collection of ornamental hand drawings by the Parisian architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur, acquired in 1886, and the costume library of the Berlin publisher Franz von Lipperheide .
Association with the University of Fine Arts
After the death of the long-time director Ernst Ewald and the acting direction of Paul Mohn from 1905 to 1906, the architect Bruno Paul followed as director of the school in 1907 . When the Kunstgewerbemuseum moved to the Berlin City Palace in 1921, the teaching establishment of the Kunstgewerbemuseum separated from the association of the state museums. Director Bruno Paul pursued the unification of the educational establishment with the University of Fine Arts as a goal. After the successful merger of the two institutes on October 1, 1924, he took over the overall management of the new United State Schools for Free and Applied Art at Hardenbergstrasse 33 in Berlin-Charlottenburg until 1933 .
The library of the Kunstgewerbemuseum, renamed the State Art Library in 1924, remained at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8. The studios in the attic were still rented to artists. The former classrooms were rented by a private company whose lease expired on March 31, 1933. The Gestapo then took over the house and set up the Gestapo headquarters here in 1939 as Amt IV of the Reich Security Main Office . The building suffered severe war damage in 1944 and 1945 and was demolished in 1953/54. The cellars and foundations of the former educational establishment discovered in 1986/87 can be seen today in the Topography of Terror exhibition .
Training
The aim of the educational institution was to train students in the various fields of handicrafts and the art industry. The school consisted of the two independent departments of the day school and the evening school. The day school offered specialist classes of varying numbers and content in the main areas of architecture, sculpture and painting. In 1896, Berlin and its buildings named classes in the areas of architectural drawing , modeling, chiselling , decorative painting, wood carving , enamel painting, figure drawing and painting, pattern drawing, copperplate engraving , etching and art embroidery . In contrast to the practically oriented specialist classes of the day school with studios and training workshops, the evening school offered general and theoretical teaching branches, which grant support to all arts and crafts activities . Students in day classes therefore also attended evening classes to round off their previous education. For admission, the educational institution expected knowledge of a craft and previous artistic training, which the young people had mostly acquired in the Royal Art School at Klosterstrasse 75, which served as a “preschool” . An entrance exam had to be taken for day school, while a few test work was enough for evening school.
Students and teachers
In addition to the aforementioned directors Ernst Ewald, Paul Mohn and Bruno Paul, Hans Bernoulli , Karl Blossfeldt , Wilhelm Büning , Wilhelm Cremer , Emil Doepler , Ludwig Gies , Alfred Grenander , Meinhard Jacoby , Max Kaus , Max Friedrich Koch , Otto Lessing and Ferdinand taught Luthmer , Emil Orlik , Edmund Schaefer , Ernst Johann Schaller , Karl-Tobias Schwab , Franz Skarbina , Adolf Strübe, Ludwig Sütterlin , Joseph Wackerle , Emil Rudolf Weiß , Otto Stichling and Richard Wolffenstein at the school.
See category: University teachers (teaching institution of the Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin)
Otto Bollhagen , Johann Michael Bossard , Carl Buchheister , Josef Fenneker , Bernhard Frydag , August Gaul , Otto Gussmann , Arminius Hasemann , Erna Hitzberger , Hannah Höch , Peter Kollwitz , Karl Friedrich Lippmann , Maria May , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Oskar Nerlinger , Adolf Rettelbusch , Karl Peter Röhl , Otto Schmidt-Hofer and Egon Tschirch are just a few examples from the large group of schoolchildren who have attended the training institute in the more than 50 years of its existence.
literature
- Winnetou Kampmann, Ute Weström: Martin Gropius Bau - The history of its restoration . Prestel, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-7913-2061-0
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung , No. 40, October 7, 1882, p. 363 f.
- ^ The Kunstgewerbe-Museum zu Berlin: Festschrift for the opening of the museum building . Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1881
- ↑ a b educational institution of the arts and crafts museum. In: Berliner Bezirkslexikon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein . kaupert media, 2002, archived from the original on July 7, 2017 ; Retrieved September 2, 2006 .
- ^ A b Architects' Association in Berlin , Association of Berlin Architects (ed.): Berlin and its buildings , Volume I. Verlag Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1896, p. 20.
Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 23 " N , 13 ° 22 ′ 55" E