Faculty of Architecture at the Technical University of Munich

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Faculty of Architecture, Technical University of Munich
logo
founding 1868
place Munich
state Bavaria
country Germany
dean Andreas Hild
Students approx. 1,500 (2018)
Website www.ar.tum.de

The Faculty of Architecture at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), with around 200 scientists at 29 professorships and over 1,500 students, offers the only university architecture training in Bavaria. The faculty has an unusually extensive portfolio of topics. The methodological focus of design ("Architectural Design") serves as a fundamental basis for teaching and research. The three fields of competence “Urban and Landscape Transformation”, “Integrated Building Technologies” and “Cultural Heritage, History and Criticism” are characteristic.

Architecture museum

As a place and meeting point for all those interested in architecture, the Architecture Museum of the Technical University of Munich has been showing a wide-ranging program of changing exhibitions in the Pinakothek der Moderne since 2002, which is supplemented by publications, expert guided tours, discussions, lectures and other events. Due to its unique position in Germany as a university institution with archive and exhibition rooms, the Architecture Museum combines collection, teaching and research.

courses

BA Architecture, B.Ed. Structural Engineering, B.Sc. Landscape Architecture, MA Architecture, M.Sc. Industrial Design, M.Sc. Energy-efficient and sustainable building, MA landscape architecture , M.Sc. Urbanism - landscape and city

Teaching and research units (professorships)

  • Energy-efficient and sustainable planning and building
  • Design and create
  • Visual arts
  • Room art and lighting design
  • Design, renovation and preservation of monuments
  • Architectural informatics
  • Urban architecture
  • Design and construction
  • Design and building envelope
  • Building history, historical building research and monument preservation
  • Theory and history of architecture, art and design
  • Architectural history + curatorial practice
  • Restoration, Art Technology and Conservation Science
  • Building realization and building robotics
  • Sustainable urban and rural development
  • Building construction and building materials science
  • Structural engineering
  • Newer monument maintenance
  • Building technology and climate-friendly construction
  • Industrial design
  • Design and timber construction
  • Urban design
  • Urban planning and housing
  • Spatial development
  • Landscape architecture and industrial landscape
  • Landscape architecture and public space
  • Landscape architecture of regional open spaces
  • Architectural Design and Participation
  • Green Technologies in Landscape Architecture

history

prehistory

From 1766 there was also a public drawing school, which was run by Elector Max Joseph III from 1770 . was supported. However, only basic lessons were given here. On March 26, 1792, the "Holiday Drawing School" was founded by Hermann Mitterer to supplement the training provided by the guilds for apprentices and journeymen . In 1793, Franz Xaver Kefer founded the Munich public holiday school for apprentices and journeymen . Both schools were merged shortly afterwards, as it was recognized that, in addition to basic knowledge such as reading, writing and arithmetic, mastering the art of drawing was essential for all trades. Until the opening of the construction school at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich in 1808, there was no academic training for architects and builders in Bavaria.

1823 by Gustav Vorherr modeled after the Paris Polytechnique École and the Berlin Academy of Architecture as the first of its kind in the German-speaking world, the Royal Baugewerkschule founded in Munich. Should here are different than in these cities, modern, oriented to the needs of local construction in the foreground, einbezog that even the hitherto neglected rural areas and practically gifted builders and Parliere continuously formed to become builders.

The building school of the Academy of Fine Arts

Carl von Fischer

In 1808 the building school of the Academy of Fine Arts was opened in Munich and remained the most important place of architectural training in Bavaria for the following decades. Classes began in 1809 in the basement of the former Jesuit college (Wilhelminum) on Neuhauser Straße. In 1812 an additional building was opened in the courtyard of the Wilhelminum. The admission criteria for the construction school were not very restrictive: the 13 to 14 year old students only had to be able to read, write and do arithmetic. In 1827 knowledge of geometry , stereometry , shade determination, wood construction, architectural drawing and knowledge of the column arrangement according to Vignola were also required. In 1847 a preliminary examination was also held.

Every year between 22 and 60 students began studying at the building school. The construction school was initially headed by Carl von Fischer . After his death in 1820 Friedrich von Gärtner was appointed professor of architecture by King Ludwig I , and when he became director of the art academy in 1841, August von Voit took over the management of the building school. Gärtner died in 1847 and Voit was appointed senior building officer, so that the post of head of the building school became vacant again. Ludwig I appointed Ludwig Lange as director, who outsourced the state building service from the building school in an academy reform. Since Maximilian II, in contrast to his father Ludwig I's passion for antiquity, raised an independent architectural style to the program ("Maximiliansstil"), the head of the building school was also changed in 1855 and Georg Friedrich Ziebland received this office.

In the second half of the 19th century, however, the architectural training at the art academy lost much of its importance and increasingly shifted to the polytechnic. In 1873 the chair for architecture was abolished and the teaching in higher architecture at the art academy was taken over from now on by the holder of the chair for higher architecture at the polytechnic.

The architecture training at the Polytechnic School

Since the academy closed itself off from dealing with industry and technology, a polytechnic school was founded in Munich in 1833 . When, in the 1850s, the school, at which there was as yet no separation between civil engineer and architect, opened the way to the state examination for "civil engineering", the important title for state building officials, a change in Munich architecture education emerged led to the construction of the "new polytechnic school" opened in 1868 - today's TU Munich - and to the end of the construction school in 1873 at the academy.

New building and Neureuther Renaissance 1868–1882

At the "new polytechnic school" - from 1877 technical university, since 1970 technical university - the training of architects and engineers was separated for the first time in Bavaria. The four professors Gottfried von Neureuther (higher architecture), Rudolf Gottgetreu (construction), Albert Geul (civil construction) and Joseph Mozet (drawing) as well as the sculptor Conrad Knoll and the only assistant August Thiersch taught at the "Hochbauschule" . The number of architecture students rose from 18 to 161 between 1868 and 1878. The dominant teacher was Gottfried von Neureuther, who represented the design language of the Italian Renaissance in the design. A stylistically definable Neureuth school did not develop in the 14 years of his teaching activity until 1882.

Gottfried von Neureuther built the founding building for the "new polytechnic school" in 1864–1868 as a magnificent neo-renaissance building with a central wing and recessed side wings directly opposite the Alte Pinakothek based on the model of Gottfried Semper's Zürcher Polytechnikum (today ETH Zurich). A 90 m wide building site was available on Arcisstrasse, less than half of the current site, which is delimited by Arcis, Theresien, Luisen and Gabelsbergerstrasse . Chemistry and physics were housed in the southern side wing and the mechanical-technical department and rooms for geology and mineralogy in the northern wing. The main building comprised the architecture and civil engineering departments on the upper floors. Today only parts of the ground floor along Gabelsbergerstrasse and in the courtyard behind the "Bestelmeyerbau" (south) remain of the foundation building that was destroyed in World War II.

Gottfried von Neureuther tried, through his position as the only design teacher of higher architecture, to develop his neo-Renaissanceism into an independent style, but was unable to establish himself with this program despite numerous well-known students ( Seidl , Hocheder, Mellinger, Graff and Löwel ). The architecture training in Munich was still overshadowed by the much more successful architecture school of the Stuttgart Polytechnic (among others with Christian Friedrich von Leins ).

The Thiersch era 1882–1921

The Munich school only gained supraregional importance under his successor Friedrich von Thiersch , who was appointed for the seriously ill Neureuther in 1879. Numerous new appointments under Thiersch (including from Schmidt, Hocheder, Fischer, Bühlmann, Sporrer, Pfann, Wittmann, von Mecenseffy) and the expansion of teaching led to the Munich Faculty of Architecture in 1909, with 577 students enrolled, becoming the leading one Technische Hochschule Berlin overtook and became the most important architecture school in the German Empire.

The first female architecture student was enrolled in the summer semester of 1907, after Bavaria had already admitted women to the Technical University in 1905. However, as there was still only a small number of female high school graduates, the number of female architecture students remained low.

With Thiersch, the Renaissance monumental building dominated the teaching of the architecture faculty until the 20th century, whereby above-average students at Thiersch were able to use a great freedom in design. His students also worked on numerous construction projects. Many of the most influential architects of the early 20th century such as Max Berg , Paul Bonatz , Martin Dülfer , Martin Elsaesser , Ernst Fiechter , Theodor Fischer , Hans Grässel , Otho Orlando Kurz , Ernst May , Hubert Ritter , Otto Rudolf Salvisberg , Fritz Schumacher studied at Thiersch and Heinrich Tessenow . Heinrich von Schmidt , the son of the Viennese cathedral builder Friedrich von Schmidt , who was appointed second architecture teacher in 1883, was of far less importance . He was mainly responsible for the Gothic and Romanesque theory of forms. With the appointment of Carl Hocheder in 1898, civil construction , which he founded as a new design style, civil architecture , gained greater weight.

From 1901 after Berlin, Dresden and Aachen, urban planning was now also taught in Munich, initially in the form of a teaching position from Hocheder, then from 1908 with the appointment of Theodor Fischer to his own professorship for design and urban planning. With Paul Pfann , who previously worked for Paul Wallot , a professor for drawing lessons who was famous for his freehand drawings was appointed in 1899.

The first significant structural expansion of the university was carried out under Friedrich von Thiersch: In the southwest of the area along Gabelsbergerstrasse and Luisenstrasse, Thiersch created three-storey wing buildings between 1910 and 1916 with a connection to the old building and a tower building dominating the L-shaped complex, today's landmark of the TU . In the wing on Gabelsbergerstrasse, the library and the architectural department's collection of plans were housed on the second floor in a suite of rooms that was magnificently furnished by Thiersch. According to the state of the art of construction technology at the time, the partition walls can be moved by reinforcing the reinforced concrete ceilings with steel girders and allow flexible use.

Reaction and Awakening 1918–1933

TU wing structures from Bestelmeyer

After the First World War, the "style schools" gradually changed into "construction schools". During the Weimar period, numerous new appointments shaped the training at the Faculty of Architecture at the Technical University. In 1917 Richard Schachner was appointed to the specially established chair for interior construction, technical and health systems in buildings, as well as industrial buildings . With Schachner, the builder of the Schwabing hospital, building hygiene and hospital construction also gained in importance. In 1920, a second professorship for construction was established in addition to Mecenseffy, to which Sigismund Göschel was appointed. The replacement of the Thiersch chair with the conservative German Bestelmeyer , who was not only appointed president of the academy, but was also commissioned to build the extension buildings on Arcisstrasse, had extremely significant consequences . Architectural training in Munich lost its reputation and attractiveness, and the number of students fell.

But initially there were two modern counterpoles to Bestelmeyer's conservative orientation with the newly appointed Adolf Abel (1928) and Robert Vorhoelzer (1930). The moderately modern Fischer student Abel took over the urban planning chair and the more radical founder of the Vorhoelzer Post Building School was appointed to the Schmidt chair, which he converted into a student studio.

In 1923–1926, Bestelmeyer expanded the Neureuther building on the open space on Arcisstraße with two wing structures in front of it, based on Italian palazzi. This gave the TH a representative entrance courtyard, which was artistically framed with two "horse tamer" sculpture groups by the sculptors Bernhard Bleeker and Hermann Hahn.

Architect training under National Socialism 1933–1945

After Abel's plans for a new art exhibition building on the site of the destroyed Glass Palace had been rejected in 1933 and Adolf Hitler publicly criticized him in 1937 , the latter could no longer play a role in public construction, but remained a teacher at the TH. However, he largely lost his responsibilities to Friedrich Gablonsky, who was newly appointed in 1938 . Vorholz, on the other hand, was systematically eliminated by the National Socialists. His works were criticized as Bolsheviks as early as the early 1930s, and after he publicly criticized a lecture by Paul Schultze-Naumburg , the founder of the National Socialist League for German Culture, in 1931 , he was won over by convinced National Socialists such as Georg W. Buchner and German In spite of the defense by his (also National Socialist) students Theodor Fischer, Paul Schmitthenner and even Rudolf Heß, Bestelmeyer was on leave in 1933 because of “un-German art direction” and was given early retirement in 1935. From 1933, modern building no longer played a role at the TH.

In 1935 planning began for a new building for the entire Technical University around the Nymphenburg Palace Park in order to clear the campus on Arcisstrasse for the NSDAP . The foundation stone was laid on a site on Menzinger Strasse, opposite the administration building of the Botanical Garden. The monumental new building plans by Bestelmeyer (1938) and Gablonsky (1938), however, became obsolete with the appointment of Hermann Giesler as general building officer for the city of Munich. The beginning of the war then ensured that the new building plans were not pursued any further.

There were also several new appointments during National Socialism. The Vorhoelzer chair was filled in 1936 with the conservative Roderich Fick, who was later given leave of absence from teaching because of the construction of the party buildings on the Obersalzberg and his appointment as Reich Building Councilor for the city of Linz. In 1932 Alwin Seifert received the Grässelian teaching position for garden and cemetery design and in 1936 was rewarded by Hitler with the title of professor for his contribution as a landscape lawyer in the construction of the autobahns. Particularly controversial was the appointment of the fanatical National Socialist and racist Alexander von Senger to the chair for building research, which was established especially for him. Because of his political contacts with Alfred Rosenberg and Paul Schultze-Naumburg, Senger was appointed to the TH as a pioneer of National Socialism, although he had hardly any professional qualifications. His content-related contributions moved into the background next to his denouncing activities for the Gestapo . Julius Schulte-Frohlinde , who was appointed to succeed Bestelmeyer in 1942, also played a role less as a university professor than as a political activist for National Socialism.

During this time, however, Hans Döllgast was also appointed , who held numerous teaching assignments for the TH before his appointment as associate professor in 1939 and full professor for architectural drawing in 1942, who, alongside Thiersch and Fischer, was to be one of the most influential teachers in the architecture faculty.

New beginning between tradition and modernity 1946–1968

New TU building by Johannes Ludwig

As early as the summer of 1946, architects were trained again at the Technical University. The two professors Robert Vorhoelzer and Adolf Abel, who fell out of favor during National Socialism, resumed teaching, and Döllgast and the statics professor Alfred Zenns were also able to continue teaching. Even Friedrich Krauss , Sigismund Göschel teaching after the war, but sometimes only helping out. Roderich Fick, Julius Schulte-Frohlinde, Alexander von Senger and Friedrich Gablonsky were fired and not reinstated. Alwin Seifert was only brought back in 1949 for a teaching position and in 1954 for a temporary professorship.

An urgent task, however, was the reconstruction or new construction of the destroyed premises of the technical university. For this purpose, a special commissioner for the reconstruction of the TH was subordinated directly to the Supreme Building Authority. This post was given to Vorhoelzer, who also became deputy rector of the university. In 1948 Vorhoelzer built the new building on Arcisstrasse, for which a large part of the old Neureuther building had to be demolished.

In 1948 Martin Elsaesser was newly appointed as a design teacher. The former city planning officer of Frankfurt, who was unemployed during National Socialism, was no longer given a full professorship, but had to be content with a substitute. In contrast, the Munich city planning officer Hermann Leitenstorfer , who also carried out numerous building projects during National Socialism, was given a full professorship in 1950. From 1946 Franz Hart taught building construction and in 1954 Georg Werner, a post construction student from Augsburg, was appointed to the Abel chair. In 1957 the second professor for building construction, Werner Eichberg , also received a full professorship.

In the 1950s, there was another redistribution of the chairs between modern and moderately modern at the Munich School: Gerhard Weber and Gustav Hassenpflug stood for a modernism oriented towards Mies van der Rohe , while Josef Wiedemann and Johannes Ludwig taught a more artisanal modernism. Ludwig and Wiedemann also shaped the strong Scandinavian architectural influence at the Technical University of Munich.

After Döllgast retired in 1957, his teaching areas were redistributed: spatial art and architectural drawing were taken over by Johannes Ludwig, the descriptive geometry came to the building history of Friedrich Krauss, building construction to Franz Hart . Walter Karnapp now taught freehand drawing and perspective, while Robert Lippl was now responsible for basic teaching.

Two new chairs were added in the 1960s: Helmut Gebhard taught rural design and construction from 1967 and Gottfried Müller taught spatial research, regional planning and regional planning from 1968 . The student revolts expressed themselves primarily in the criticism of poor teaching and high failure rates in the intermediate diploma subjects at other faculties. In the 1970s, students mainly complained about the lack of theoretical reflection on building and its normative requirements. The result was the student frustration report . Although half of the chairs were filled in during the 1970s, the “Munich Line” (“no revision, no experiments, no opening to theoretically reflective design”) continued.

Munich Architecture Pragmatics 1968–1993

From 1946 to 1968 the number of chairs rose from 10 to 17, and the design chairs increased from four to six. The number of students increased from 850 to 1300 between 1968 and 1993. From the theoretical discussion of the 1968 " student revolution" a chair for the introduction to design emerged. The replacement of more than half of the chairs in the 1970s did not result in a change of course for the pragmatic, practice-oriented architecture school in Munich. The focus and strength of the Munich architecture school was the solid, building construction-based design training. In the course of a new study regulation, the subject Introduction to Design was abolished in 1991 and the concept of a constructive design was expanded as a perspective for the 1990s.

In 1968, Johannes Ludwig added two storeys to Vorhoelzer's two-storey administration building on Arcisstrasse like a tower. At the end of the 1970s, a number of vacant buildings in the densely built-up university courtyard were torn down. After winning the competition, Rudolf Wienands was able to create the last important rounding-off between 1990 and 1994, an inner university street with a central open space in front of a set-back, elongated institute building and an auditorium Maximum, which opens up in segments to the newly designed center.

Start of internationalization since 1993

In the 1990s, the faculty sharpened its profile and increased its reputation by appointing a number of internationally recognized architects to design chairs. The construction and technical focus of the faculty was strengthened through the establishment of a technical center and the historical focus of the architecture museum .

In the course of the " Bologna Declaration " of 1999 and the study reform of 2002, the internationally comparable Bachelor and Master degrees were introduced at the Technical University of Munich. The Faculty of Architecture at the Technical University of Munich currently offers three bachelor's degrees and five master's degrees.

Systematic internationalization is one of the strategic development goals of the Munich School of Architecture: for example, the anchoring of a one-year study abroad for all BA students in the 3rd year is a unique selling point among European architecture schools . The TUM Faculty of Architecture has been continuously expanding its contacts with universities around the world since 2008. The faculty currently has 85 partner universities in 37 countries. In the 2014/15 academic year, 188 architecture students from the TU attended a partner university abroad for one to two semesters. At the same time, the Faculty of Architecture welcomed 204 exchange students from numerous worldwide partner universities in 35 countries - including Italy, France, Spain, Denmark and Belgium, North, Central and South America, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, China and Mexico.

With over 1,500 students and around 200 scientists at 29 professorships, the Faculty of Architecture is currently pursuing a research-oriented teaching approach in cooperation with public organizations and companies in Munich as well as with academic institutions around the world. It has an unusually extensive portfolio of topics: In addition to the methodological focus on design ("Architectural Design"), the other strong focus areas "Urban and Landscape Transformation", "Integrated Building Technologies" and "Cultural Heritage, History and Criticism" are characteristic.

Since the structural development of the main site has been completed since the mid-1990s with the "Wienandsbau", structural situations have been continuously improved since then, thereby increasing the attractiveness of the university. In 2010 the so-called Vorhoelzer Forum was created on the roof of the main building through renovation. In 2011 the main entrance on Arcisstraße was redesigned and a new wayfinding system developed.

Current professors at the Technical University of Munich (2018)

Former architecture teachers and professors

Building school of the Academy of Fine Arts

Polytechnic school

New polytechnic / technical university

Technical University of Munich (selection)

Selected alumni

literature

  • Winfried Nerdinger and Katharina Blohm (eds.): Architekturschule München 1868-1993. 125 years of the Technical University of Munich. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-7814-0350-5 .
  • Winfried Nerdinger (Ed.), Construction time. Planning and Building, Munich 1945-1950 (exhibition cat. City Museum Munich 1984), Munich 1984
  • Wolfgang A. Herrmann (Ed.), Technical University of Munich. The history of a science company , Munich / Berlin 2006
  • Franz Hart, Die Bauten , in: Technische Hochschule München (Ed.), Technische Hochschule München 1868–1968, Munich 1986, pp. 135–179

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nerdinger and Blohm, p. 130

Coordinates: 48 ° 8 ′ 56 "  N , 11 ° 34 ′ 5.1"  E