Theodor Fischer

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Theodor Fischer 1933

Theodor Fischer (born May 28, 1862 in Schweinfurt , † December 25, 1938 in Munich ) was a German architect , urban planner and university professor .

Life

Theodor Fischer was born as the sixth child of Ferdinand and Friederike Fischer in Schweinfurt. After the early death of his father in 1869, who was a wholesaler in indigo, colored wood and wool, Theodor Fischer attended the humanistic grammar school in Schweinfurt . There he already showed his preference for drawing and caricaturing. From 1880 to 1885 he studied architecture at the Technical University of Munich . He was a student of Friedrich Thiersch and his assistant Karl Hocheder , a master of architectural drawing, and was introduced to ancient architecture and proportion theory by Thiersch's brother August , which he applied to his buildings. However, he soon set himself apart from the historicism taught by Friedrich Thiersch and developed his own style based on the regional and socio-cultural requirements of the respective environment, taking into account the social situation, such as the life of residents and users in and with those of made the domestic, ecclesiastical, official and urban spaces designed for him the starting point.

Theodor Fischer died on December 25, 1938 in the Laimer Schlössl , his residence in Munich, where he had lived with his wife Therese for thirty years and in close proximity to his architectural office. He was buried - only by a few friends - in the forest cemetery in Munich and was forgotten.

Professional background

After completing his studies, Fischer initially worked from 1886 to 1889 in the building office of the Reichstag under the direction of Paul Wallot in Berlin. There he also attended lectures at the university and made important acquaintances, for example with Otto Rieth , who later became his colleague at the university, and Wilhelm Rettig , who later became the head of the Munich City Planning Office, who brought Fischer to the urban expansion office in 1893. After sharing an office with the Dresden architect Richard Reuter between 1889 and 1892, Fischer worked briefly with Gabriel von Seidl in Munich. As chairman of the urban expansion department in the municipal building administration of the city of Munich from 1893 to 1901, Fischer prepared a general development plan for Munich, which was binding until the Second World War and which still shapes the image of Munich in some urban regions today. Its staggered building regulations as an early form of land-use planning were accepted until the early 1990s.

In 1901 he accepted the call to the Technical University of Stuttgart and was there until 1908 professor for building designs including urban planning. Fischer's most successful and most intensive creative period as an architect began with his appointment to Stuttgart; At the same time, he attracted the younger generation with his new teaching method, which was characterized by handicrafts and urban planning, and his openness to the ideas of his students. As the architect Fritz Schumacher put it , he was “the educator of an entire generation of architects” who subsequently shaped the image of cities as traditionalists and progressives until after the Second World War. Representatives of the " Stuttgart School " known in the Weimar Republic (e.g. Paul Schmitthenner , Heinz Wetzel ) regarded Fischer as their "spiritual father". Characters as opposed to one another worked in his office, such as Bruno Taut and Paul Bonatz , who became his assistant and later his successor at the Stuttgart chair and in the 1940s he became a fierce critic of Fischer, from whose spell he was the first to break out of his spell when he built the Stuttgart train station have solved. He accused Fischer of disorder, a lack of systematics and clarity in architecture and urban planning and characterized his buildings, such as the Munich school buildings or the Jena University, as "Franconian dumpling".

In 1908 Fischer returned to the Technical University of Munich as a professor of architecture, where he had already been a lecturer in 1901. a. René von Schöfer was his assistant. In the same year the University of Jena awarded him an honorary doctorate on the occasion of the completion of the university building he had designed . He published the idea of ​​an urgent study reform in 1917 in his “Manifesto for German Architecture”, in which he vehemently advocated a new architectural education: after two years of university, three years of teaching workshop under the guidance of a master should follow. Bruno Taut took up these ideas in his “Architecture Program”, which became the basis for the Bauhaus Manifesto. Although skeptical of the radicalism of the New Building , which the National Socialists pursued as "Bolshevik" art directed against the German spirit, Fischer defended this new school: both in 1932 in an appeal to preserve the Bauhaus and in his memorable speech to celebrate the Kampfbund for German culture in the Golden Hall of the Augsburg town hall in October 1933, to which the Nazi celebrities had appeared. With this he - after his retirement as a professor in Munich in 1928 - was "put aside and disliked" according to his own statements. The architect of the extension to the University of Munich and the Deutsches Museum, German Bestelmeyer , overtook him during this last time in Munich. After the war, Theodor Fischer designed a series of skyscrapers with 22 to 27 storeys for Munich, none of which, like corresponding projects by his colleague Otho Orlando Kurz , were approved.

Aftermath

In 1946, Fischer's students, impressed by the destruction of the World War, founded the Theodor Fischer Institute and looked for solutions for reconstruction in a lecture series opened by Walter Gropius . The heirs of his children Wilhelm Fischer (1894–1945) and Lore Wetzel (1896–1987) contributed to the fact that Theodor Fischer received a first comprehensive commemorative exhibition with a critical catalog raisonné on the 50th anniversary of his death in Munich and Stuttgart. Winfried Nerdinger praised his work as "the most influential and important architect before the First World War", who left behind over 100 buildings; Not to mention numerous unexecuted projects for buildings and urban spaces with which he entered competitions or sketched his ideal ideas. His abundant lecture activities, essays and articles for professional journals offer an insight into his world of ideas, which moved almost dialectically between old and new, tradition and modernity, in the sense of a curious progression.

The so-called fisherman's arch is named after Fischer , a special architectural form of the arch that he invented.

Memberships

In 1907, Fischer was a co-founder and subsequently chairman of the committee of the German Werkbund and a member of the German Garden City Society . He was involved in the development of the first German garden city, Hellerau , in an advisory and creative capacity . His work is shaped by the examination of the effects of the Wilhelminian era and the overcoming of historicism at the beginning of modern architecture.

student

Famous students of Fischer were: Karl Barth , Dominikus Böhm , Paul Bonatz , Ella Briggs , Martin Elsaesser , Hugo Häring , Richard Kauffmann , Ferdinand Kramer , Johannes Ludwig , Ernst May , Erich Mendelsohn , Franz Mutzenbecher , JJP Oud , Oskar Pfennig , Richard Riemerschmid , Franz Roeckle , Heinz Schmeißner , René von Schöfer , Otto Ernst Schweizer , Bruno Taut , Lois Welzenbacher , Heinz Wetzel and Gustav Wolf . Paul Schmitthenner joined Fischer as an architect, but saw him as a role model for his teaching at the TH Stuttgart. The architects Sigurd Lewerentz , Herbert Rimpl and Willibald Braun , Siegmund von Suchodolski were Fischer's employees; the Munich architect Oskar Pixis was head of the architecture office von Fischer in Munich-Laim from 1908 to 1936.

Awards

The Central Institute for Art History in Munich awards the Theodor Fischer Prize every year as an international award for young talent for outstanding research on the history of architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Works

Buildings and designs

Draft drawing of the school on Haimhauser Strasse, 1897
Main building of the University of Jena
Bismarck tower on Lake Starnberg
Gebsattelbrücke Munich
Single home in Munich

The list names the works that Fischer carried out chronologically according to the year of the first drafts. The actual realization was partially later and were u. a. carried out by others.

Schönberg Tower near Pfullingen
Evangelical rectory in Munich-Perlach
Hessian State Museum in Kassel
  • "Seeburg" student residence in Kiel, 1907
  • Higher girls' school in Sondershausen , 1907
  • Sparkasse in Freudenstadt , 1908
  • Camsdorf Bridge in Jena , 1908
  • Pauluskirche , former Protestant garrison church, Frauenstrasse in Ulm , 1908–1910
  • Single-family houses in the garden city of Hellerau near Dresden , 1909
  • House of the “Germania” student association in Jena, 1909
  • Elementary school and prayer room in Lana (South Tyrol, then Austria), 1909
  • New police building in Munich, 1909–1915
  • Residential buildings in Munich-Neu-Westend, 1909
  • Single-family houses in Munich-Neuwittelsbach, 1909
  • Single-family house in Schweinfurt, 1909
  • Art building on Schlossplatz in Stuttgart , 1909–1913 (1956–1961, after being destroyed in the war, modified and restored by Paul Bonatz and Günther Wilhelm)
Art building Stuttgart
Entrance building of the Allianz headquarters with Jakob Pfaller
  • Single-family house and grave monument in Tübingen , 1910
  • Post office in Hall in Tirol (Austria), 1910
  • Residential buildings of the Westend construction company in Munich, 1910
  • Glöckle House in Schweinfurt, 1910
  • Workers' housing colony in Limburgerhof (Palatinate), 1911
  • Small house colony Gunzenlehstrasse in Munich- Laim 1911
  • Fischer's summer house in Schlederloh (Isar Valley), 1911
  • Conversion of the former Augustinian Church in Munich (“ White Hall ”), 1914/15 installation of the staircase in the former choir
  • Palace complex in Forbach (Moselle) , 1912–1914
  • Wiesbaden Museum in Wiesbaden , 1912–1915
  • Sugar Industry Insurance Building (Asekurační spolek průmyslu cukrovarnického) in the New Town of Prague (1912–1915, together with Josef Zasche - neo-baroque building with cubist and neoclassical elements) - Praha-Nové Město, Senovážné náměstí 976 / 31–33 (under monument protection No. 12366 / 1-2194 )
  • Single-family house in Kassel , 1913
  • Evangelical Interim Church in Munich-Laim (today: INTERIM-Theater ), 1913
  • Spa facility and Hotel Quellenhof in Aachen , together with Karl Stöhr , 1913–1916
  • Single-family house in Traunstein (Obb.), 1913
  • Agricultural winter school in Fürth (Bavaria), 1914
  • Main hall of the Werkbund exhibition in Cologne , 1914
  • Elementary school in Landau in the Palatinate , 1914
  • Household school in Lindenberg im Allgäu , 1916
  • “Gasthof zum Rößle” in Lindenberg im Allgäu , 1916
  • Factory for the Bavarian Gun Works in Munich- Freimann , 1916
  • Single-family house in Blaichach (Bavaria), 1918
  • Residential buildings of the building cooperative in Marktredwitz , 1918
  • "Alte Haide" settlement in Munich-Nordschwabing, 1919–1930
  • Buildings for a housing cooperative in Nördlingen , 1918
  • Inn of the building cooperative in Marktredwitz, 1918
  • Single-family house in Munich- Bogenhausen , 1919
  • Residential buildings of the Bauverein in Schweinfurt , 1919
  • Silo "Mühlturm" in Bad Tölz , 1919
  • Evangelical Lutheran Christ Church in Gauting , 1926–1928
  • Reconstruction of the town hall in Nördlingen, 1921
  • House in Bad Orb , 1921
  • Sparkasse building in Würzburg, 1921–1928
  • City villa for Abraham Adelsberger in Nuremberg, 1924
  • Industrial administration building in Schweinfurt, 1923
  • Agricultural school in Kaufbeuren , 1924
  • Evangelical Forest Church in Planegg , 1925–1926 (most important late work)
  • Single-family house in Sonthofen , 1925
  • Evangelical church and community hall in Munich-Laim, 1925
  • Agricultural school in Nördlingen, 1925
  • Single-family house in Bamberg , 1926
  • Single home Munich , 1927
  • Kunsthaus on Goethestrasse in Munich, 1928
  • Garage and driving school in Munich, 1928
  • House on Luisenstrasse in Munich, 1928
  • Commercial hall in Bad Tölz, 1928
  • Rhein-Main-Donau administration building with Jakob Pfaller , 1929 (under monument protection )
  • Extension of the Löwen Brewery in Munich, 1935
"Laimer Schlössl"

He also acquired the dilapidated farm building on Agnes-Bernauer-Strasse in Munich , built under the Bavarian Elector Max Emanuel , and had it extensively renovated. The “Laimer Schlössl” is one of the sights of Munich-Laim today.

Wells, tombs and monuments

→ Column sorting 
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image year object place
1895 Family graveyard Fischer Schweinfurt
  • Heron fountain Regerplatz Muenchen-1.jpg
 1897 Heron fountain Munich-Au
1901 Winthir Fountain , destroyed in the war Munich-Neuhausen
1902 Memorial to commemorate the 100-year membership of the city of Schweinfurt in Bavaria Schweinfurt , Max Bridge
1903 Fritz Weinmann Mausoleum Leoni
  • Rückertbrunnen.jpg
 1904 Rückert fountain gain
  • Theodor Fischer, Schön tomb, Worms.jpg
 1904 Tomb beautiful.
Illustration: drawing by Theodor Fischer		 Worms
  • Assenhausen, Brunnenhaus am Bismarck Tower.jpg
 1908 Fountain by the Bismarck Tower Assenhausen
  • Theodor Fischer, Hermann Staigmüller tomb, Pragfriedhof, department 18.jpg
 1909 Hermann Staigmüller's tomb Stuttgart, Pragfriedhof
  • Nuremberg Bismarck Horseman Statue Wöhrder Wiese - back (aka) .jpg
 1911 Bismarck monument Nuremberg , Prinzregentenufer
1912 Tomb of Adolf Wilbrandt Tübingen
  • Theodor Fischer, Rudolf von Scharpff tomb, Pragfriedhof, department 22.jpg
 1914 Rudolf von Scharpff's tomb Stuttgart, Pragfriedhof
1915 Erwin Rohde tomb Heidelberg
1916 War memorial Zabern (Alsace)
1917 Tomb Schweinfurt
1921 Siebeck tomb Tübingen
  • Bamberg, Ulanenplatz, Ulanendenkmal, 20150927, 003.jpg
 1921 Ulanenkmal Bamberg , Ulanenplatz
1925 War memorial Schweinfurt
1925 Tomb Worms

Publications

  • City expansion issues with special consideration for Stuttgart. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1903 ( digitized version ).
  • School at Fangelsbachfriedhof Description. Project description Heusteigschule. Transcription of the manuscript by Theodor Fischer, 1904. In: #Krebber 1996 , pages 117-118.
  • The schoolhouse from an aesthetic point of view. Transcription of the typescript by Theodor Fischer, December 12, 1907. In: #Krebber 1996 , pages 119-125.
  • Six lectures on urban architecture. R. Oldenbourg, Munich a. a. 1920.
  • Memorandum on the general development and settlement plan for Augsburg and the surrounding area. Augsburg 1930.
  • Contemporary questions of artistic culture. Filser, Augsburg 1931.

Movies

Theodor Fischer, Bavarian architect and city planner. A film documentation by Bernhard Graf . Bayerischer Rundfunk, 2005.

literature

  • Gustav Keyssner: Theodor Fischer: residential buildings. For Theodor Fischer's 50th birthday. Arnd, Leipzig 1912, Online, .pdf .
  • Hans Daiber on Professor Theodor Fischer: The royal art building in Stuttgart. Württembergischer Kunstverein in Stuttgart, 1988. Reprint for the 75th anniversary of the building in the edition from: Der Profanbau Leipzig. Arnd 1914.
  • Julius Baum : The Pfullinger Halls. Piper & Co., Munich 2nd edition 1916.
  • Hans Karlinger : Theodor Fischer. A German builder. Callwey, Munich 1932.
  • Hermann Leitenstorfer :  Fischer, Theodor. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , p. 206 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Rudolf Pfister : Theodor Fischer. Life and work of a German builder. Callwey, Munich 1968.
  • Ulrich Kerkhoff: A departure from historicism or a path to modernity. Theodor Fischer. Karl Krämer, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-7828-1493-2 .
  • Winfried Nerdinger : Theodor Fischer. Architect and town planner 1862–1938. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-433-02085-X . (Exhibition catalog of the architecture collection of the Technical University of Munich and the Munich City Museum.)
  • Michael Schmidt: Later Historicism and Functional Museum - Architecture, Building History and Collection Concept of the Hessian State Museum Kassel. In: 75 years of the Hessisches Landesmuseum Kassel , Darmstadt 1988, ISSN 0452-8514.
  • Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart (Ed.): Theodor Fischer in Württemberg , Stuttgart 1989.
  • Kerstin Krebber: Theodor Fischer's Heusteigschule in Stuttgart 1904–1906. With a description of Theodor Fischer's school and his essay fragment “The schoolhouse from the aesthetic point of view”. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1996, ISBN 3-608-91797-7 .
  • Ulrich Hangleiter: Theodor Fischer as a church builder. Anton H. Konrad, Weißenhorn 1999, ISBN 3-87437-424-6 .
  • Uwe Hinkfoth: The Evangelical Garrison Church in Ulm (1905–1910) by Theodor Fischer and the construction of the Garrison Church in the German Empire. Olms, Hildesheim 2001.
  • Lukeš, Zdeněk: Settling the debt: German-speaking architects in Prague 1900–1938 ( Splátka dluhu: Praha a její německy hovořící architekti 1900–1938 ). Fraktály Publishers, Prague 2002, ISBN 80-86627-04-7 , pp. 39-41.
  • Suzane von Seckendorff: Theodor Fischer in Laim. In the footsteps of 'Zeus von Laim'. Book for the exhibition, INTERIM, Munich 2003/2004, Münchner Forum e. V.
  • Hermann Taigel (Ed.): The Pfullinger Hallen and their founder Louis Laiblin , Contributions to Pfullinger Geschichte 15, Pfullingen, 2nd edition 2007. ISSN 1436-8390.
  • Matthias Castorph (ed.), Theodor Fischer: Six lectures on urban architecture. (Extended reprint of the 1st edition from 1920, supplemented by a note by the editor and a selection of 17 lecture sketches by Theodor Fischer from the collection of the Architekturmuseum der Technische Universität München) Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-9811425-7 -0 .
  • Alfred Lutz: Theodor Fischer . In: Maria Magdalena Rückert (Ed.): Württembergische biographies including Hohenzollern personalities. Volume II. On behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-17-021530-6 .
  • Sophie Wolfrum, Chair for Urban Development and Regional Planning, Technical University of Munich (ed.), Alexandra Block (research and planning synopsis), Markus Lanz (photo documentation): Theodor Fischer Atlas, Urban Planning in Munich. Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-943866-00-1 .
  • Rose Hajdu, Dietrich Heißenbüttel: Theodor Fischer. Architecture of the Stuttgart years. Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, Tübingen and Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-8030-0795-7 .

Web links

Commons : Theodor Fischer  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Memorandum 1907 ( Memento of June 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 22, 2014.
  2. ^ Deutsche Bauzeitung , 42nd year 1908, Supplement 35 to No. 69 (from August 26, 1908), p. 138.
  3. ^ Real estate report : Fischer, Theodor. Retrieved September 18, 2019 .
  4. ^ Central Institute: Theodor Fischer Prize
  5. ^ Otto Schilling: Inner city expansion . Der Zirkel, Architekturverlag, GmbH, Berlin 1921, p. 92 .
  6. ^ Winfried Nerdinger: Theodor Fischer . Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1988, ISBN 978-3-433-02085-2 , pp. 44, 215 .
  7. ↑ mediatum.ub.tum.de: House Adelsberger
  8. ↑ Die Waldkirche , accessed on October 22, 2014
  9. ↑ Insurance building in Munich - DETAIL inspiration. Retrieved August 23, 2020 .
  10. ↑ mediaTUM, Memorial 100 Years .
  11. ↑ mediaTUM, Weinmann grave .
  12. ↑ mediaTUM, Tomb Schön .
  13. ↑ Munich Wiki, Fountain at the Bismarck Tower .
  14. ↑ mediaTUM, Wilbrandt tomb .
  15. ↑ mediaTUM, Rohde grave .
  16. ↑ mediaTUM, Zabern war memorial .
  17. ↑ mediaTUM, Siebeck grave .
  18. ↑ mediaTUM, Schweinfurt war memorial .
personal data
SURNAME Fischer, Theodor
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect, urban planner and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH May 28, 1862
PLACE OF BIRTH Schweinfurt
DATE OF DEATH December 25, 1938
Place of death Munich