Paul Wallot

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Portrait of Wallot with signature

Johann Paul Wallot (born June 26, 1841 in Oppenheim , † August 10, 1912 in Langenschwalbach ) was a German architect and university professor . He is best known for the design of the Reichstag building in Berlin, which was built between 1884 and 1894 .

Life

Wallot's birthplace in Oppenheim (Krämerstrasse 7)

As a descendant of the Huguenot Vallot family , which presumably originated in southern France , Paul Wallot was born on June 26, 1841 in the house at 7 Krämerstrasse in Oppenheim. In the years 1856 to 1859 he attended the higher trade school in Darmstadt . He then studied for a year at the Polytechnic School in Hanover with Conrad Wilhelm Hase and in 1861 switched to the Berlin Building Academy . He completed his studies at the Ludwigs-Universität Gießen with Hugo von Ritgen .

After completing his studies, Wallot worked for a year as a construction graduate in Hesse . Between the years 1864 and 1868 he worked again in Berlin with the architects Heinrich Strack , Richard Lucae and Friedrich Hitzig . But Wallot was also able to sit in in the shared studio of the architects Martin Gropius and Heino Schmieden .

In the years 1867 to 1868 Wallot undertook extensive study trips through Italy and Great Britain . In the year of his return he settled in Frankfurt am Main as a freelance architect. There he was responsible for various private and commercial buildings and became a member of the Freemason Lodge Socrates for Steadfastness . In Frankfurt he also worked with the architects Heinrich Burnitz and Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli .

In 1872 Wallot undertook a second study trip to Italy, during which he was particularly interested in works by the architects Andrea Palladio and Michele Sanmicheli . After returning from this trip, he took part in various architecture competitions, for example in 1883 for the Niederwald Monument and in 1880 for the Frankfurt Central Station . But his plans did not come to fruition.

Wallot in his studio

Wallot only made his breakthrough when he emerged victorious in the second competition for the Reichstag building in Berlin in 1882 . Wallot shared the 1st prize with his colleague Friedrich von Thiersch , but his design was almost unanimously chosen for execution by the jury. In 1883 Wallot settled in Berlin in order to better monitor the construction. The laying of the foundation stone was celebrated on June 9, 1884 , and a good ten years later, on December 5, 1894, the keystone was ceremoniously laid .

The glazed iron dome over an official building like the Reichstag building was amazing and can be called progressive with a view to further developments in architecture. Nevertheless, the construction was highly controversial throughout its construction period. Originally 67 meters high, the dome was higher than that of the Berlin City Palace . In the building commission for the Reichstag sat competitors who were inferior to him in the competition. The architecture layman Kaiser Wilhelm II spoke derogatory of the Reichsaffenhaus , among other things , which, however, also referred to the democratic legal form of parliamentarism. A key scene in Wallot and Wilhelm II's falling out was Wilhelm's visit to the studio, during which Wilhelm picked up a pen, edited a floor plan with lines and then told Wallot, eighteen years older,: “My son, that's how we do it.” Wallot replied then: “Your Majesty, that doesn't work!” In addition, the building commission pushed through several serious changes to the building, as not only the wishes of the Prussian government, but above all those of the German Emperors Wilhelm I , Friedrich III. and Wilhelm II. had to be implemented.

In 1889, Wallot had already thought about the interior design and had signed the painter Franz von Stuck (two monumental ceiling paintings) and the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (two ballot boxes). When the drafts were presented to the Reichstag on March 1, 1899 and were to be voted on, there were tumultuous scenes. The spokesman for the critics was MP Philipp Ernst Maria Lieber of the Center Party from Bad Camberg . The rejection was so great that Wallot resigned his position as head of the decoration commission on the same day. As a result, Lieber was admitted to this commission. The drafts of the paintings and the urns have disappeared to this day.

Presumably since Wallot rejected a change request from Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1889, the relationship between the two had been disturbed. Despite recommendations to the contrary, the emperor refused the architect several awards. Instead of the large gold medal at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in 1894, Wallot only received the small gold medal, not with the Order of the Red Eagle , but only with the title of Secret Building Councilor .

At the same time he took on teaching positions at the Dresden Art Academy and at the Technical University of Dresden , which he held until 1911. In Dresden he was also entrusted with the construction of the Saxon State House on Brühl's Terrace . Oswin Hempel , Karl Paul Andrae , Wilhelm Kreis and Wilhelm Fränkel were some of his students.

From Dresden he also directed the construction of the presidential building for the Reichstag from 1897 to 1907. In the years 1898 and 1899 Paul Wallot headed the competition for the erection of Bismarck monuments in the German Reich, which the German student body had announced. In 1911 he resigned from office and retired. He retired to his retirement home in Biebrich on the Rhine. During a stay at a spa, Paul Wallot died at the age of 71 on August 10, 1912 in Langenschwalbach, today's district town of the Rheingau-Taunus district of Bad Schwalbach . He was buried in the family grave designed by Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli in Oppenheim.

Honors

Special postage stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost, 1991
  • In 1898 the newly laid out Wallotstrasse in the Berlin colony of Grunewald was given its name.
  • When the Moltkviertel in Essen was laid out in 1908, a street was named after him.
  • On the occasion of his 150th birthday, the Deutsche Bundespost issued a special postage stamp in 1991.
  • In 1926 the former Ludwig-Richter- Strasse was named after Paul Wallot in Dresden .
  • He was an honorary doctor of the Technical University of Dresden.

plant

Buildings (selection)

Reichstag building at the end of the 19th century, view from the Victory Column
  • 1875: Residential and commercial building in Frankfurt (Main), Kaiserstraße 25 / Neue Mainzer Straße 26 for the Frankfurt banker Carl Müller
  • 1878: Residential and commercial building in Frankfurt (Main), Kaiserstraße 10 / 10a
  • 1881: House for ER Osterrieth in Frankfurt (Main), Gutleutstrasse 89
  • 1884–1918: Reichstag building in Berlin-Tiergarten
  • 1894: Hall of the dead in the Johannisfriedhof in Dresden-Tolkewitz
  • 1897–1904: Reichstag presidential building (Reichstag presidential palace ) in Berlin-Tiergarten, opposite the Reichstag building (today the seat of the Parliamentary Society )
  • 1899: House for Cabinet Councilor Gustav Römheld in Darmstadt, on Mathildenhöhe, Alexandraweg 14
  • before 1900: Neidlinger residential and commercial building in Frankfurt (Main), Zeil
  • 1901–1906: Saxon State Parliament, so-called “ Ständehaus ”, in Dresden, on Brühl's Terrace

Fonts

literature

Essays

  • Susanne Bräckelmann: In the footsteps of Paul Wallot. In: Heimatjahrbuch 2010, Mainz-Bingen district , ISSN  0171-8304 , pp. 181-184.
  • Susanne Bräckelmann: A famous stranger. Paul Wallot (1841–1912) from Oppenheim - architect of the Reichstag in Berlin. In: Oppenheimer Hefte 37/2009, pp. 35-63, ISBN 978-3-87854-223-0 .
  • Tilmann Buddensieg : The people's dome. On the controversy surrounding the dome of the Berlin Reichstag . In: Ders .: Berlin labyrinth. Prussian grid . Wagenbach, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-8031-5143-0 , pp. 74-82, limited preview in the Google book search
  • Tilmann Buddensieg: Paul Wallot's Reichstag. Riddles and answers to its formal language . In: Ders .: Berlin labyrinth, revisited. From Schinkel's “Unter den Linden” to Foster's Reichstag dome . Wagenbach, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-8031-2345-3 , pp. 85-97.
  • Gerald Kolditz: Wallot, Johann Paul. In: Saxon Biography
  • Alexander Kropp: 100th anniversary of the death of the imperial architect Paul Wallot on August 12, 2012 . (PDF) In: Scientific Services of the German Bundestag , No. 21/12 (August 9, 2012).
  • Peter Wolff: Paul Wallot. The architect of the Berlin Reichstag building and his death in the Untertaunus. In: Yearbook 2009 of the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis , Volume 60, 2008, pp. 133-134, ISSN  1439-0779 .

Books

  • Michael S. Cullen : The Reichstag. Parliament, monument, symbol . 2., completely revised and exp. Edition. be.bra-Verlag , Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-930863-65-0 .
  • Andreas Denk , Josef Matzerath : The three Dresden parliaments. The Saxon state parliaments and their buildings. Indicators for the development from the class to the pluralized society. Edition Minerva, Wolfratshausen 2000, ISBN 3-932353-44-7 .
  • Walter Mackowsky: Paul Wallot and his students . Wasmuth, Berlin 1912.
  • Josef Matzerath (Ed.): Variants of Modernism 1868 to 1952 (= aspects of the history of the Saxon state parliament ; Vol. 4). With contributions by Andreas Denk , Silke Marburg, Mike Schmeitzner . Saxon State Parliament, Dresden 2003.
  • Julius Posener : Berlin on the way to a new architecture. The Age of Wilhelm II. (=  Studies on 19th Century Art . Volume 4 ). Prestel, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-7913-1476-9 .
  • Heinz Raack: The Reichstag building in Berlin . Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-7861-1161-8 (also dissertation , TU Berlin).

Movie

  • The German people. Paul Wallot, architect of the Reichstag. Documentary, Germany, 2016, 29:35 min., Script and director: Ute Kastenholz, production: SWR , series: Known in the country , first broadcast: June 5, 2016 on SWR television , synopsis by ARD , online video , etc. a. with Michael S. Cullen and the historian Susanne Bräckelmann.

Web links

Commons : Paul Wallot  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ulrike Glatz, Joachim Glatz: "... read in a stone document": Places of history and remembrance in Rhineland-Palatinate. Nünnerich-Asmus Verlag, Mainz 2013, ISBN 978-3-943904-21-5 , limited preview in the Google book search.
  2. ↑ The history of the Berlin Reichstag building . In: Berlin for the Blind , accessed on July 20, 2017.
  3. ↑ Ute Kastenholz: To the German people. Paul Wallot, architect of the Reichstag . In: SWR , June 5, 2016, see video section from 19:40 min.
  4. ↑ Ulrich Gerecke: Creator of the symbol of German history . In: Allgemeine Zeitung (Mainz) , June 25, 2016.
  5. ↑ Karsten Packeiser ( epd ): "Peak of Tastelessness" . In: Badische Zeitung , August 10, 2012, only beginning of article.
  6. ↑ a b Uwe Fleckner: The democracy of aesthetic experience. Gerhard Richter's mural Black Red Gold in the Berlin Reichstag building , in: Inge Stephan, Alexandra Tacke (Eds.), NachBilder der Wende , Böhlau Verlag, Cologne Weimar, 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-20083-1 , pp. 283-3300 , Quotation Document, p. 286.
  7. ^ John CG Röhl : Wilhelm II. The structure of the personal monarchy , pp. 1003-1006.
  8. ^ The student body and Bismarck: Part 2 - Drafts. In: bismarcktuerme.de. Retrieved April 19, 2015 .
  9. ^ Wallotstrasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near  Kaupert )
  10. ^ Wallotstrasse. In: Stadtwiki Dresden. Retrieved April 19, 2015 .
  11. ↑ Honorary doctoral students of the TH / TU Dresden. In: Technical University of Dresden . Retrieved July 20, 2017 .
personal data
SURNAME Wallot, Paul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Wallot, Johann Paul (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH June 26, 1841
PLACE OF BIRTH Oppenheim
DATE OF DEATH August 10, 1912
Place of death Langenschwalbach