Gottfried Müller (room planner)

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Gottfried Müller (born December 10, 1910 in Lebach ; † February 23, 1991 in Hilden ) was a German economist, spatial and regional planner. During the Second World War , Müller a. a. as a provincial administrator for the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in Riga . Müller belonged to the room department (main department II) of the RKO under Werner Essen . The 'Spatial Planning Sketch' (November 1942) developed by Müller for the "Ostland" provided for a comprehensive population exchange to create a "German settlement area". Many local population groups (Jews, Russians, Poles) were already expelled, murdered or were to be instrumentalized for the purposes of the Nazi regime (the peoples of the Baltic States ). After the end of National Socialism , Gottfried Müller worked successfully for decades in spatial and regional planning in the Federal Republic of Germany. He made u. a. Expert opinion in the course of municipal regional reforms in North Rhine-Westphalia .

Education and professional experience under National Socialism

Gottfried Müller was born as the 10th child of the miner August Müller and his wife Marie. In 1911 the family moved from Saarland to Hanover. There he first attended elementary school, then upper secondary school . Gottfried Müller studied economics in Berlin (1930/31) and Göttingen (1931–1934). In Göttingen, Müller also came into contact with regional planning; from 1934 to 1935 he was a research assistant at the University of Göttingen, where he headed the Lower Saxony university district and regional structural studies. Müller worked from 1936 to 1937 at the Archives for Regional Studies and Regional Planning of the Hannover Provincial Administration. From 1937 to 1939 he was a district planner in Stade , at the same time he was the department head for regional planning and statistics at the regional president in Stade. At the same time, Müller was in the service of the state planning association Hanover-Braunschweig , which was headed by the spatial planner Kurt Brüning , who from 1944 also became head of the realm working group for spatial research for a short time. As a result of this activity, Müller did his doctorate with Kurt Brüning with a study on "The investigation of the social structure as a preparatory work for the preparation of spatial plans, presented in the planning area Unterweser-Lesum" (University of Göttingen, Rechts- u. Staatswiss. F., Diss. 31 Aug 1942, Dr. rer. Pol.). The study was based on a mass survey (18,000 questionnaires) typical of social research during National Socialism , which was also carried out through the use of numerous student assistants. Müller had already started the survey work in 1935. Methodically, he referred u. a. on the empirical work of the folklorist Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl . In addition to the original writings by Riehl, Müller also referred to Friedrich Bülow (main scientific clerk of the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung , RAG), for whom Riehl's social policy was characterized by the fact that it "rests on the two pillars of a national and spatial order besides the social problem, he poses the spatial problem, so that the cultural considerations save him from thinking purely sociologically in his social ethnology. " In concrete empirical research, however, this meant for Gottfried Müller:

"Riehl's natural history method calls for statistics that are regionally, that is, communal, prepared statistics in which the survey unit is the family, but the survey characteristics are occupation, living and working conditions. At the same time, he rejects the unilateral survey of occupational characteristics and demands so-called combined survey characteristics. He does not want record the profession, but the social profession. "

Gottfried Müller, like so many other researchers of his time, was convinced that influencing spatial developments could also have a significant impact on the structure of society and social integration (the aim of his study was to "build a social community" in the National Socialist sense) . But the opposite way seemed possible. Spatial development only seemed to be influenceable through the social. Müller was thus one of a number of researchers who, like him, were supported by RAG and transferred their knowledge of empirical-sociological research to spatial planning, such as Ludwig Neundörfer ( sociography ), Adolf Münzinger , Max Rolfes , Hans Linde , Herbert Morgen , Gunther Ipsen , Carl Brinkmann , Walter Hildebrandt (all agricultural sociology or rural social science ).

From 1939 to 1941 Gottfried Müller was called up for military service ( Army Group North ). In 1941 he was assigned to the military " Wirtschaftsinspektion Nord", the predecessor of the civil administration of the RKO . While he was working as a provincial administrator in Riga , Müller presented the “Structural Report for the East” (March 1942). In his “Spatial Planning Sketch” (November 1942) - according to Wolfgang Istel, a technical term used in Reich and regional planning since 1940 - Gottfried Müller estimated the future “human needs” for the “Ostland”. He wrote cynically of the "failure of Judaism ". And further: “The native peoples are to be fully deployed against Bolshevism and Polishism.” In conclusion, Müller came to the conclusion that with the “deployment of around 800,000 German people in the East, all tasks could be solved to the necessary extent. At the same time, all decisive positions can be secured and held. ”Müller's tasks also included assessing future transport policy in the“ Ostland ”(waterways, roads and railways).

His supervisor at the time, the population scientist Werner Essen , who was the first director of the Herder Institute in Marburg after the war , like Gottfried Müller, initially remained connected to the Federal Republic of Germany's spatial research after 1945.

According to Wolfgang Istel, a student of Müller, Müller ended up in the celebrity prison camp in Stalingrad after only a short military service (second half of 1944).

Career in German spatial planning

After his return from captivity in Stalingrad (1949), Gottfried Müller managed to get back into spatial and regional planning in 1950. In the rank of senior government councilor and department head for regional planning and statistics, Müller again worked for the regional council in Stade (until 1961). Only then did he move to the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, where from the same year he worked as a consultant in the department for state planning in the Ministry for state planning, housing and public works (until 1967). According to Herbert Reiners, the development of a spatial planning cadastre for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (or its state planning authority) can be traced back to Gottfried Müller.

In 1967 the Technical University of Munich appointed him full professor for spatial research , spatial planning and regional planning (until 1976). Müller was a co-founder of the Munich Central Institute for Spatial Planning and Environmental Research (1973).

For the historian Ariane Leendertz, Gottfried Müller was one of those actors in spatial planning who broke away from traditional ' models ' of spatial planning after 1960 . These included u. a. 'Wrong' demands on spatial planning (e.g. the previously required 'de-agglomeration' of settlement and economic areas). This reorientation (the 'liberal pragmatism') corresponded to the emerging criticism of sociology of the traditional type of spatial planning. Spatial planning had to modernize in the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In addition to the racist 'models' that emerged during National Socialism, the longer lasting agrarian and social control 'models' of spatial planning were now on the defensive, as the sociologist and contemporary witness Hans Linde noted. On the other hand, the socio-political function of spatial planning was revalued again in the 1960s under changed political circumstances ; it really picked up speed for a short time, only to give way to renewed disillusionment in the 1970s .

Wolfgang Istel sees in Müller's work for the Reichskommissariat Ostland (see also Hinrich Lohse , Alfred Rosenberg ), which he understands as military-strategic space development, roots for the later developed model of the ' point-axial development concept ', which was especially developed as a result of the state development program NRW (1964 ) would have taken effect. Only Konrad Meyer , Josef Umlauf , Herbert Morgen, probably Gerhard Ziegler and a few other employees in spatial research would have known about it.

Fonts (selection)

  • (with Willi Kühn) Development planning in Burundi: a model for other small states in the Third World? In: International Africa Forum. (in cooperation with the European Institute for Political, Economic and Social Issues eV), Bonn: Weltforum-Verlag, Volume 18, 1982, 3, pp. 273–277.
  • The space requirements of solitary cities, determined from their interrelationships: examined and illustrated using the example of the cities of Aachen, Hamm, Münster and Siegen / Technical University of Munich / Chair for spatial research, spatial planning and regional planning. Munich (around 1975).
  • The influence of regional planning goals and procedures on the settlement structure: interrelationships between federal, state and regional structures . In: On the order of the settlement structure. Research report of the “Urban Planning” committee of the Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning. ( Gerd Albers ...). Hanover 1974, ISBN 3-7792-5074-8 . (= Publications of the Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning: Research and Session Reports; 85; Urban Planning 1), pp. 139–169.
  • Objectives and instruments for the future settlement structure. In: ARL (ed.): Tasks and possibilities of spatial planning in our time. Lectures and discussion report on the occasion of the Scientific Plenary Meeting in Stuttgart in 1971. Hanover: Jänecke 1972, (= publications by the Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning: Research and Session Reports. 78; ARL. 11), pp. 25–32.
  • Entries "Spatial planning", "Spatial planning policy", "Spatial planning" in: Concise dictionary of spatial research and spatial planning. Edited by the Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning. Hanover Jänecke 1970.
  • Development of practically applicable principles and methods for the coordination of the use of spatially effective federal funds: in the area triangle delimited by the city regions of Bamberg, Bayreuth and Erlangen, including the entire district of Ebermannstadt . Munich: TU Munich 1970
  • Objectives of spatial planning and regional planning based on the principle of functional society settlement structure . In: Functional administration in the changing industrial society: Lectures and contributions to discussions at the 37th Political Science Training Conference of the University of Administrative Sciences Speyer 1969. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1969 (= series of publications of the University of Speyer. 43), pp. 25-48.
  • Modern transport policy: tasks and possibilities ; [Conference] / Siegfried Eichler; Gottfried Müller; Ernst Müller-Hermann; Wilhelm L. Schneider, approx. 1968, Munich [u. a.]: Olzog, 1969 (= series of publications. Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung eV , Academy for Politics and Current Affairs. 3)
  • (with Hans K. Schneider) Regional planning . Cologne: Braunsfeld 1966 (= contributions and studies / Institute for Settlements and Housing of the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster. 63)
  • (with Hans-Gerhart Niemeier) Spatial planning as an administrative task . Hanover: Jänecke 1964 (= publications of the Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning. Treatises. 43)
  • The “Teufelsmoor” in Lower Saxony as an example of an agricultural emergency area . In: information. Published by the Institute for Spatial Research , 1951, Issue 18, pp. 1-4.
  • The social structure in the Unterweser -Lesum planning area: Evaluation of surveys from a Göttingen student holiday camp . Oldenburg: Stalling 1944 (= publications of the Provincial Institute for Regional Planning and Lower Saxony Regional and Folk Research Hanover-Göttingen ; Series A: Research on Regional and Folklore, I Nature and Economy; also publications by the Economic Society ).
  • (with Jekab Jureviz, Hermann Warren) Ostland in numbers. Baltic border states. Reichskommissariat für das Ostland, Dept. 2, Raum, Riga 1942 (= structural report for the Ostland. 1)
  • (with Jekab Jureviz, Hermann Warren) Ostland Atlas. Baltic border states. Reichskommissariat für das Ostland, Dept. 2, Raum, Riga 1942 (= structural report for the Ostland. 2)
  • The investigation of the social structure as a preparatory work for the preparation of spatial plans, presented in the planning area Unterweser- Lesum (University of Göttingen, Rechts- u. Staatswiss. F., diss. Of 31 Aug. 1942, [Maschinenschr.]) - (Not fd Exchange).

Expert opinion u. Ä. (selection)

  • Scientific report on ecological planning principles in the conurbation of Nuremberg-Fürth-Erlangen-Schwabach. Edited by Gottfried Müller; edited by Günther Aulig u. a., on behalf of the city of Nuremberg. Munich 1977.
  • Objectives for the further expansion of the federal highways in Bavaria: with special consideration of structural developments (Gottfried Müller: editor). Munich: Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior 1974
  • On the local reorganization of the Siegen area: a contribution to the 3rd reorganization law . (Editor: Gottfried Müller. Statistics and plans: Herbert Schlegel. Munich: Technical University 1973)
  • The importance of the territorial reform for the structural development in the area of ​​polycentric and solitary urban interdependencies, the example of the city triangle of Dortmund, Hamm and Münster . Hamm: Stadt Hamm 1973 (facts and reports. Series of publications by the city of Hamm. 11).
  • Investigations into the local reorganization of the Bielefeld area. Summary of the report. Bielefeld: District planning office 1970.
  • (together with W. Istel) Development axes of supraregional and regional importance and development priorities in Bavaria . Scientific report on behalf of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich 1970.
  • (Participation in) the state development program for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (1964)
  • (Participation in) the State Planning Act of North Rhine-Westphalia (1962)
  • The district of Osterholz. Spatial plan (1954)

Honorary positions (selection)

  • Advisory Board for Regional Planning at the Federal Minister of the Interior (1970–1976)
  • Member of the expert commission for the municipal and state restructuring of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia
  • Expert Commission to Investigate the Urban-Surrounding-Problem in Bavaria (1973–1974)
  • Member of the Space and Population Research Committee of the Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning (ARL)
  • Member of the research committees for space and commercial economy and urban planning of the ARL
  • Member of the Scientific Council of the ARL (1963–1965)

Web links

literature

  • Lemma Gottfried Müller. In: Academy for spatial research and regional planning (ed.): 50 years of ARL in facts. Hanover: ARL 1996, ISBN 3-88838-514-8 , pp. 212-213.
  • Martin Seckendorf: The "Spatial Planning Sketch" for the Reichskommissariat Ostland from November 1942 - regional concretisation of the eastern planning . In: Mechtild Rössler, Sabine Schleiermacher (ed.) With the assistance of Cordula Tollmien : The “ General Plan East ”. Main lines of the National Socialist planning and extermination policy. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1993 (= writings of the Hamburg Foundation for Social History of the 20th Century ), ISBN 3-05-002445-3 , pp. 175–197.
  • Heinrich Lowinski: Gottfried Müller - pioneer for an administrative and politically relevant state planning . In: Institute for State and Urban Development Research of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (Ed.): Contributions to spatial research, spatial planning and regional planning (Festschrift for Gottfried Müller). Dortmund 1985, ISBN 3-8176-1042-4 , (series of publications state and urban development research of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia; series 1, state development. 42), pp. 9-14.
  • (Festschrift for Gottfried Müller) Directory of scientific papers . In: Institute for State and Urban Development Research of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (ed.): Contributions to spatial research, spatial planning and regional planning. Dortmund 1985, ISBN 3-8176-1042-4 , (series of publications state and urban development research of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia; series 1, state development. 42), pp. 295–299.
  • Wolfgang Istel: The concept of “point-axial spatial development”: origin and outlook. In: Fehl, G.; Rodríguez-Lores, J. (Ed.): "The city will be in the landscape and the landscape in the city." Band city and band structure as models of modern urban planning. City planning history, Vol. 19, Basel et al. 1997, pp. 295–315.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lemma Gottfried Müller . In: Academy for spatial research and regional planning (ed.): 50 years of ARL in facts . ARL, Hanover 1996, p. 212 .
  2. ↑ Jörg Gutberger: people, space and social structure. Social structure and social space research in the 'Third Reich' . Lit-Verlag, Münster 1996, ISBN 3-8258-2852-2 , p. 330-335 .
  3. ^ Friedrich Bülow, Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl - The science of the people and its work. In: RuR, 2nd year (1938), volume 1, p. 1 quoted. according to Gottfried Müller, The investigation of the social structure as preliminary work for the preparation of spatial planning ... (Göttingen 1942), p. 9.
  4. ↑ Gottfried Müller, The investigation of the social structure as preparatory work for the preparation of spatial planning ... (Göttingen 1942), p. 12.
  5. ↑ cit. according to document 6 in: Martin Seckendorf: The "Spatial Planning Sketch" for the Reichskommissariat Ostland from November 1942 - regional concretisation of the eastern area planning . In: Mechtild Rössler, Sabine Schleiermacher (ed.): The “General Plan East”. Main lines of the National Socialist planning and extermination policy . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-05-002445-3 , pp. 194 .
  6. ↑ cit. according to document 6 in: Martin Seckendorf: The "Spatial Planning Sketch" for the Reichskommissariat Ostland from November 1942 - regional concretisation of the eastern area planning . In: Mechtild Rössler, Sabine Schleiermacher (ed.) With the assistance of Cordula Tollmien: The “General Plan East”. Main lines of the National Socialist planning and extermination policy. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1993, p. 197.
  7. ↑ Herbert Reiners: The spatial planning cadastre as state planning and regional planning information basis in North Rhine-Westphalia (from the beginning to the present). In: Contributions to spatial research, spatial planning and regional planning. Dortmund: Institute for State and Urban Development Research of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia 1985, pp. 130–164 (here: 130f.)
  8. ↑ Ariane Leendertz: Creating order. German spatial planning in the 20th century . Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0269-3 , p. 344-349 .
  9. ↑ Hans Linde: About future aspects in spatial planning, in particular models and Ä. In: Hans Linde (Ed.): Kritische Empirie. Contributions to sociology and population science 1937–1987. With a foreword by Klaus Heidemann, Hans Joachim Klein and Bernhard Schäfers . Leske & Budrich, Opladen 1988, p. 96-107 .
  10. ↑ Wolfgang Istel: The concept of "point-axial spatial development": origin and outlook . In: Fehl, G.; Rodríguez-Lores, J. (Ed.): "The city will be in the landscape and the landscape in the city." Band city and band structure as models of modern urban planning. City planning history, vol. 19. Basel et al. 1997, pp. 304, 306f.
personal data
SURNAME Müller, Gottfried
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German economist, regional and regional planner
DATE OF BIRTH December 10, 1910
PLACE OF BIRTH Lebach
DATE OF DEATH February 23, 1991
Place of death Hilden