Paul Schultze-Naumburg

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Paul Schultze-Naumburg 1919

Paul Schultze-Naumburg , actually Paul Eduard Schultze (born June 10, 1869 in Almrich near Naumburg , province of Saxony , †  May 19, 1949 in Jena ), was a German architect , art theorist , painter , publicist and politician ( NSDAP ).

Origin, youth and education

Paul Schultze-Naumburg was born as Paul Eduard Schultze in Almrich near Naumburg in 1869 . His father was the portrait painter Gustav-Adolf Schultze (1825–1897) and his mother's name was Emma geb. Lienemann. Gustav-Adolf Schultze studied in Berlin , first at Johann Gottfried Schadow painting and then at Eduard Magnus portraiture . Schadow also belonged to the family's circle of friends, including Emanuel Geibel , Paul Heyse and Franz Theodor Kugler , who wrote the song An der Saale hellem Strande , as well as the young Friedrich Nietzsche , whom Paul Schultze met in his childhood.

Paul Schultze also had a great talent for drawing, which his father encouraged at an early age; there was also an interest in literature, poetry, and the natural sciences. Paul first went to the cathedral school and then he attended the secondary school in Naumburg. An occupation with architecture, even during his school days, came about through his older brother Richard. He had studied architecture with Carl Schäfer in Berlin . Richard took part in several architecture competitions and often needed Paul's help. After graduating from high school, the family council decided that Paul should pursue a career as a freelance artist and attend the Karlsruhe art school.

When he was a student, Schadow Gustav-Adolf Schultze simply added the name of his father's city of birth to the family name in order to avoid confusion with a classmate of the same name. Paul Schultze took up this again and called himself Paul Schultze-Naumburg from the beginning of his studies.

From 1886 Paul Schultze-Naumburg attended the arts and crafts school in Karlsruhe . After a year he switched to the Baden State Art School . There he was a student of Ernst Schurth and Theodor Poeckh , and from 1891 to 1893 he was a student in Ferdinand Keller's master workshop . He also attended two semesters of architecture at the Technical University as a guest student.

Working in the Empire

After completing his studies, Paul Schultze-Naumburg first went to Munich , where he founded a painting and drawing school in 1894. In 1895 he joined the Munich Secession . In 1897 Schultze-Naumburg moved to Berlin with his first wife Ernestine Mack , where he opened a painting school in the same year and joined the Berlin Secession .

In the period after graduation he went on study trips to France and Italy and from 1894 worked as an editor for the magazine Der Kunstwart . There he published articles on painting , art and life reform . In 1901 the book The Culture of the Female Body as the Basis of Women's Clothing was published , with which Schultze-Naumburg contributed to the reform of women's clothing and the abolition of the corset . Together with Henry van de Velde and Anna Muthesius , he was significantly involved in the design of artistically inspired reform clothing for women . From 1930 to 1939 Schultze-Naumburg was director of the state universities for architecture, visual arts and crafts in Weimar .

In 1901 he moved to Saaleck near Bad Kösen . His house there was built with the major help of the architect Albert Gessner . In 1904 he founded the Saalecker Werkstätten GMBH here with Fritz Koegel , which existed until 1930. In addition to Schultze-Naumburg, the painter Ludwig Bartning was involved in the artistic direction in the first few years. Between 1903 and 1904 the painter Georg Tappert worked as an assistant in the Saaleck workshops. Heinrich Tessenow worked here from 1904 to 1905, Carl Weidemeyer received part of their training in the workshops from 1904/1905 and Alfred Fischer from 1906 to 1908. Walter Butzek worked here as an architect in 1909/10. He planned and built in the style of homeland security architecture . With Ernst Rudorff , he founded the German Association of Homeland Security in 1904 and was first chairman until 1913.

The “cultural works” that Schultze-Naumburg published as a series of books from 1901 to 1917 were very successful and not only made him a sought-after architect, but also supported the idea of ​​homeland security. To this day, these volumes are known as a fundamental definition of traditionalism in the 20th century. With his publications he quickly developed into a leading art theorist and in 1907 was one of the co-founders of the Deutscher Werkbund , whose aim was to combine modern technology and traditional forms.

Schultze-Naumburg was gladly entrusted with the design of country houses by wealthy builders. Kaiser Wilhelm II commissioned him in 1912 to build a residence for the Crown Prince in Potsdam . Crown Prince Wilhelm was given a free hand for this castle and he wanted a Tudor-style castle . Schultze-Naumburg was therefore sent to England , Wales and Scotland for study purposes . The Cecilienhof Palace , which was created in this way and served as the venue for the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 , has 176 rooms and a two-story ballroom as well as a courtyard. It was occupied in 1917 and is the most comfortable of all Hohenzollern castles .

Work after the First World War

With his reform efforts and his architectural achievements, Schultze-Naumburg was the initiator of the building trend around 1800 , which was based on the architectural style of the Goethe era . Unlike numerous architects from the movement around 1800 , he did not look for a new language of forms after the First World War . He considered the architectural style of " New Building " (see also: Bauhaus ) to be a wrong path that he tried to fight. Schultze-Naumburg, the spiritual father of a “Nordic aesthetic”, led a movement in Weimar which, in the sense of “Germanic architecture”, rejected the flat roof as “un-German” and called for “folk-style” housing based on racial ideology. See also his writings Das bürgerliche Haus (1926), Flat or inclined roof? (1927) and The Face of the German House (1929).

Saaleck plays a central role in Paul Schultze-Naumburg's life . This is where his entire circle of friends came together. The visitors to Saaleck included the architects Otto Bartning , Paul Bonatz , Werner March , Paul Schmitthenner , the artists Ludwig Bartning, Ludwig von Hofmann , Hermann Obrist and the writers Börries von Münchhausen , Werner Hegemann and Wilhelm von Scholz . Eduard Stucken , an ethnologist, religious scholar and linguist who dealt specifically with the history of America, spent the spring and summer months in Saaleck with his Jewish wife from 1917 to 1924. This resulted in his novel The White Gods , which appeared around 1920.

Disappointment about the destruction of the environment and the disharmony of modernity led to an aesthetic radicalization after the First World War and, in the twenties, to an increasing political radicalization of Paul Schultze-Naumburg, which finally ended in culturally based racism.

From the mid-1920s, the National Socialists joined his circle of friends. Adolf Hitler , Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler made short visits to Saaleck several times. Walther Darré , Reichsbauernführer and Reichs Food Minister from 1933 to 1942 , wrote his agrarian-ideological book Neuadel aus Blut und Boden (1930) in Saaleck . Another friend of Schultze-Naumburg was Hans FK Günther , who was widely known as "Rassepapst" and "Rassen-Günther". The Thuringian minister of education, Wilhelm Frick, visited Paul Schultze-Naumburg and his wife Margarethe (née Dörr) at regular intervals for years; Margarethe divorced in 1934 and married Wilhelm Frick in the same year. Around 1929 the "Saalecker Kreis" was established, which existed until 1933 and formed a circle of friends of prominent National Socialists around Schultze-Naumburg. Wilhelm Frick, Hans FK Günther, Richard Walther Darré, Hans Severus Ziegler were among them, as was Alfred Ploetz , who was a co-founder of racial hygiene .

In 1928 his book Art and Race was published . With this font, Schultze-Naumburg tried to show that modern artists suffered from “cretinism” or “degeneration” by combining works of art of expressionism with photographs of physically and mentally handicapped or sick people in order to trigger associations in the audience. This type of representation was adopted by the National Socialists and then reappeared in 1937 in the exhibition guide “ Degenerate Art ”, which was distributed by the million, for the exhibition of the same name.

In the 1920s, the Werkbund was increasingly shaped by representatives of modernism and so Schultze-Naumburg left it in 1927 with a few other architects. As a counterpart, Paul Schultze-Naumburg, Albert Gessner, Paul Bonatz , Hans FK Günther , Heinz Stoffregen, Paul Schmitthenner u. a. 1928 in Saaleck the " block " based on traditional architectural concepts . This should represent an alternative to the ring , an association of supporters of the new building . The block was the forerunner or the preparation for the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur , which was actively supported by the members of the block.

In 1928 the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (KfdK) was founded, which Alfred Rosenberg then headed. Schultze-Naumburg joined the Kampfbund in 1929 and was primarily involved as a speaker. He summarized his lectures under the title Battle for Art 1932 for the series National Socialist Library as a book. In 1931 he took over the chairmanship of the combat association of German architects and engineers within the association. In 1933 KfdK was one of the initiators and contributors to the book burnings in Germany in 1933.

Schultze-Naumburg became a member of the Academy of Building and 1930 of the Prussian Academy of Arts , honorary doctorate from the University of Tübingen and the TH Stuttgart .

NSDAP member and member of the Reichstag

In 1930 Schultze-Naumburg joined the NSDAP and, on the initiative of Wilhelm Frick, became director of the Weimar Art School , primarily to work against the Bauhaus . At Schultze-Naumburg's order, the pictures and a. by Ernst Barlach , Charles Crodel , Otto Dix , Erich Heckel , Oskar Kokoschka , Franz Marc , Emil Nolde and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff . In October 1930, Schultze-Naumburg left the entire painterly and sculptural design by the Bauhaus master Oskar Schlemmer for the Bauhaus exhibition in the workshop building of the former State Bauhaus Weimar (the so-called Van-de-Velde-Bau , which has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996 ) It had been created in 1923 , knocked off and whitewashed without informing the artist beforehand (so far in 1979/80 only the figure frieze of the spiral staircase and the two red sculptures of the entrance staircase could be reconstructed).

In 1932 Schultze-Naumburg entered the Reichstag for the NSDAP (see Reichstag 1932–33 and Reichstag 1933 ); he was a member of the Reichstag until 1945.

At Hitler's special request, Schultze-Naumburg was commissioned to renovate the Nuremberg Opera House in 1935 . Due to differences of opinion, Schultze-Naumburg fell out of favor and from 1935 onwards he no longer received any major orders. In addition, his home style , which seemed conservative, did not fit into the image of a monumental ruling architecture . In 1940, at the age of 71, he was retired from college and later warned after a party expulsion procedure from the NSDAP. In 1944 he received the eagle shield of the German Reich from Hitler with the inscription " Dem Deutschen Baumeister " and was included by Hitler on the list of the 12 most important visual artists of the God-gifted list.

After the end of the Second World War until his death in Jena in 1949 , he lived in the Soviet occupation zone . His pension entitlements were denied and much of his property was expropriated. The last years of his life were marked by increasing blindness. His urn was buried in the mausoleum he designed in 1909 for the poet Ernst von Wildenbruch at the Weimar Historical Cemetery.

In 1946 the following works by Schultze-Naumburg were included in the list of literature to be sorted out in the Soviet Zone : Struggle for Art (Eher, Munich 1932), Art from Blood and Soil (Seemann, Leipzig 1934), Racial Art (Brehm-Verlag, Berlin 1934 ), Art and Race (Lehmann, Munich 1938) and Nordic Beauty. Your ideal in life and in art (Lehmann, Munich 1943). 1,953 were in the GDR also the art of German (German publishing house, Stuttgart 1934) and The Luck of the landscape (Engelhard, Berlin 1942) included in the third supplement the list.

Paul Schultze-Naumburg married Margarete Karolina Berta Dörr on January 5, 1922 in Saaleck (February 1, 1896 to May 13, 1960). The marriage remained childless and was divorced on February 7, 1934 in Berlin. Margarete married the Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on March 12, 1934 .

Rating

As a reformer, the early Schultze-Naumburg made a contribution to life reform and reform clothing . As an architect , he exerted great influence on homeland security, building construction and the preservation of monuments in Germany . Paul Schultze-Naumburg was an active pioneer of the Third Reich through his membership in the NSDAP , his mandate in the Reichstag, parts of his literary work (fight for art) and through his contacts with Nazi prominence . Due to his activities in the "Block", his membership and his function as chairman of the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur , he was one of the initiators and co-responsible for the closure of the Dessau Bauhaus (1932) and for the book burnings of 1933. With his book Art and Race as Paul Schultze-Naumburg was a leading pioneer and contributor to the template supplier of the exhibition " Degenerate Art " from 1937, as well as the corresponding contacts ( Alfred Ploetz , Hans FK Günther ), his propagation of a direct connection between art and race and his behavior as director of the Weimar Art Academy National Socialist cultural ideology.

Awards and honors

Publications

  • The modern painter's degree. Leipzig 1896.
  • The technique of painting. Leipzig 1898, second edition with Gustav Wustmann, Leipzig 1920.
  • Domestic arts care. Leipzig 1899.
  • The study and goals of painting. Leipzig 1900 increased edition of The course of study of the modern painter .
  • Art and art care. Leipzig 1901.
  • The culture of the female body as the basis of women's clothing. Leipzig 1901.
  • The cultural work. 9 volumes and 1 supplementary volume, Munich 1901–1917.
    • Volume 1: Building a house. 1901.
    • Volume 2: Gardens. 1902.
    • Volume 3: Villages and Colonies. 1904.
    • Volume 4: Urban planning. 1906.
    • Volume 5: The petty bourgeoisie. 1907.
    • Volume 6: The Castle. 1910.
    • Volumes 7–9: The shaping of the landscape by humans .
      • Part I (Volume 7): I. Paths and streets. II. The flora and its importance in the landscape. 1916.
      • Part II (Volume 8): III The geological structure of the landscape and the utilization of minerals, IV. Water management. 1916.
      • III. Part (Volume 9): V. Industry, VI. Settlements. 1917.
  • The distortion of our country. Munich 1908.
  • Naumburg a. S. and Bad Kosen. 1921.
  • The furnishing of the house. 1922, preprint of the 2nd volume The construction of the house .
  • The construction of the residential house. 2 volumes, Munich 1917 and 1924.
  • Understanding and enjoying the landscape. Rudolstadt 1924.
  • The bourgeois house. Frankfurt am Main 1926.
  • Saaleck. Pictures of my house and garden in the Thuringian countryside. Berlin 1927.
  • The ABC of building. Stuttgart 1927.
  • Flat or sloping roof? Berlin 1927.
  • Art and Race. Munich 1928, 4th edition 1942.
  • The face of the German house. 1929.
  • Fight for art. Rather, Munich 1932 (National Socialist Library Issue 36).
  • The art of the Germans. Their essence and their works. Stuttgart, Berlin 1934.
  • Nordic beauty. Your ideal in life and in art. Munich 1937.
  • Heroic Italy. Munich 1938.
  • The happiness of the landscape. About their understanding and enjoyment. Berlin 1942.

Between 1892 and 1944 Paul Schultze-Naumburg published around 220 articles that appeared in magazines, brochures, lectures and other books.

Buildings and designs

In the period from 1901 to 1944 Paul Schultze-Naumburg has demonstrably worked on 85 residential buildings, 34 commercial projects, 40 palaces and manors, as well as on six tombs and four parks. In addition, there are at least 15 objects for which the authorship has not yet been clarified, as well as a number of unrealized drafts and development plans.

  • 1901–1933: Saaleck workshop building with its own residential building below Saaleck Castle
  • 1904–1905: country house for Fritz Koegel in Saaleck
  • 1904: two doctor's houses with practice for Grill and Hesse in Sebnitz
  • 1904: Villa for the music wholesaler Albert Schuster in Markneukirchen , Pestalozzistraße 19
Freudenberg Castle near Wiesbaden
Manor house on Gut Altenhof
Villa in Nordhausen with an adjacent city wall
  • 1908–1909: Villa with medical practice in Nordhausen , Vor dem Hagentor 2
  • 1908–1909: “ New Castle ” in Bad Kissingen for Carl Freiherr von Lochner-Hüttenbach
  • 1908–1909: Hereditary burial of the Berg and von Recklinghausen families in Solingen
  • 1909–1910: House for the merchant Wilhelm Minner in Arnstadt
  • 1909: Director's residence for the Siegerland power station in Siegen
  • 1909: House for lawyer Victor Niemeyer in Essen (demolished before 1930)
  • 1909–1913: Bahrendorf Castle for manor owner HA Schaeper
  • 1909: Forsthaus for Tilo Freiherr von Wilmowsky in Gottfriedsroda
  • 1910–1911: Gartenstadt am Rechenberge in Bad Kösen (only partially executed)
  • 1910–1911: Garden house (tea house) on Gut Rixförde near Celle
  • 1910: House for the manufacturer Gustav Weese in Thorn
  • 1910: House for the merchant Rudolf Woldemar Schuster in Hamburg-Blankenese
  • 1910: House for consul Heinrich von Stein in Cologne (destroyed in World War II)
  • 1910: Expansion of the manor house on the Helmsdorf manor for Baron von Krosigk
  • 1910: Conversion of Trebsen Castle for Georg von Zimmermann
  • 1910: Leitner Castle in Jalkovec in Croatia
  • 1910: Landhaus Saaleck for the manufacturer Willy Müller in Saaleck
  • 1911: Blancke-Werke's residential colony in Merseburg
  • 1911: Max Heimann's house in Cologne (destroyed in World War II)
  • 1912: one house each for W. Villinger and Emile Zeller in Antwerp , Belgium
  • 1912–1914: Mansion / Marienthal Castle near Eckartsberga for Tilo Freiherr von Wilmowsky
Manor house in Grabow
  • 1912–1914: Manor house for forester von Lindequist in Grabow near Blumenthal
  • 1912: Manor of the Elverlingsen farm near Werdohl for the industrialist Schmidt
  • 1912: District building in Malmedy
  • 1912–1914: Residence for Rittmeister August Andreae in Potsdam
    Landhaus Andreae, Seestrasse 43, Potsdam
Cecilienhof Palace
Dahmshöhe Castle

See also

literature

  • Joseph August Lux : Paul Schultze-Naumburg. For his 50th birthday. With a portrait and seven illustrations . In: Illustrated Universum Yearbook 1919 (Issue 37, Leipzig: Reclam, June 6, 1919), pp. 163–166.
  • Ludwig Bartning: Paul Schultze-Naumburg. A pioneer of German cultural work. A picture of his work and his importance for the German cultural development of the last decades . Callwey, Munich 1929.
  • Rudolf Pfister : Buildings by Schultze-Naumburg from 1900–1930 . Duncker, Weimar 1940.
  • Harald Berndt and Jörg Kirschstein: Cecilienhof Palace. Tudor romance and world politics . Prestel, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3303-8 .
  • Norbert Borrmann: Paul Schultze-Naumburg 1869–1949. Painter, publicist, architect. From the cultural reformer at the turn of the century to the cultural politician in the Third Reich. A life and time document . Bacht, Essen 1989, ISBN 3-87034-047-9 .
  • Ralf Peter Pinkwart: Paul Schultze-Naumburg. A conservative architect of the early 20th century . Volume 1: Text part, Volume 2: Building catalog, Volume 3: Illustrations, dissertation, University of Halle-Wittenberg 1991.
  • Saalecker Werkstätten Foundation: Saalecker Werkstätten series . Issue 1–3, Mächler, Bad Kösen, 1999–2001, ISBN 3-9807603-0-8 , ISBN 3-9807603-1-6 , ISBN 3-9807603-2-4 , see also: Series of publications .
  • Michael Falser: The presentation of the German exhibition catalogs on the European Year of Monument Protection 1975 compared to Schultze-Naumburg's ›Kulturarbeiten‹ (1901–1917) . In: Michael Falser: Between Identity and Authenticity. On the political history of monument preservation in Germany. Thelem Verlag, Dresden 2008, ISBN 978-3-939888-41-3 , pp. 103-105.
  • Erich Stockhorst: 5000 people. Who was what in the 3rd Reich . Arndt, Kiel 2000, ISBN 3-88741-116-1 (unchanged reprint of the first edition from 1967).
  • Christian Welzbacher:  Schultze-Naumburg, Paul Eduard. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , pp. 709-711 ( digitized version ).
  • Hans-Rudolf Meier and Daniela Spiegel (eds.): Kulturreformer. Racial ideologist. University Director. The long shadow of Paul Schultze-Naumburg . Heidelberg University Publishing, Heidelberg 2018, ISBN 978-3-946653-88-2 .

Web links

Commons : Paul Schultze-Naumburg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Full text online
  2. ↑ Claudia Kromrei: Albert Gessner. ( Memento of November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) on www.historismus.net
  3. ↑ turn of the century. Traditionalism in Paul Schultze-Naumburg's “Kulturarbeiten”, in: Roman Hillmann, Die Erste Nachkriegsmoderne. Aesthetics and perception of West German architecture 1945–1963, Petersberg 2011, pages 31–36.
  4. ^ Paul Weindling : "Mustergau" Thuringia. Racial hygiene between ideology and power politics. In: Medicine and Health Policy in the Nazi Era. Edited by Norbert Frei , R. Oldenbourg, Munich 1991 (= series of the quarterly books for contemporary history, special issue), ISBN 3-486-64534-X , pp. 81–97; here: pp. 86 and 92
  5. ^ Ernst Klee : The culture lexicon for the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5 , p. 554.
  6. ^ A b German Administration for National Education in the Soviet Occupation Zone, list of literature to be sorted out. 1946, letter S, pp. 347-414.
  7. ↑ Spiegel 31/1947
  8. ^ "Paul Schultze-Naumburg Family" , accessed on May 15, 2011
  9. ^ Ernst Klee: The culture lexicon for the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 554.
  10. ↑ Klaus D. Patzwall : The golden party badge and its honorary awards 1934-1944, Studies of the History of Awards Volume 4. Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall, Norderstedt 2004, ISBN 3-931533-50-6 , p. 86.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wilhelm Bode: Paul Schultze-Naumburgs buildings . In: Die Kunst - monthly magazine for free and applied arts . F. Bruckmann Verlag , Munich 1908
  12. ↑ Der Baumeister , year 1906, issue 2.
  13. ↑ Vor dem Hagentor 2 on NordhausenWiki, accessed on January 3, 2017.
  14. ↑ Entry in the monument database of the State of Brandenburg
  15. ↑ Deutsche Bauzeitung , year 1927, issue 19/20.
  16. ^ Matthias Graf v. Schmettau: memorial book of the German nobility. Limburg / Lahn 1967, p. 217.
personal data
SURNAME Schultze-Naumburg, Paul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schultze, Paul Eduard (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect, art theorist, painter, publicist and politician (NSDAP), MdR
DATE OF BIRTH June 10, 1869
PLACE OF BIRTH Almrich near Naumburg (Saale)
DATE OF DEATH May 19, 1949
Place of death Jena