Wales

	Wales (English); Cymru (Welsh)
	Wales
flag	coat of arms
	Motto : ; Cymru am byth; ( "Wales Forever"); Y Ddraig Goch ddyry cychwyn; ( "The red dragon advances")
Official language	English , Welsh
Capital	Cardiff (Caerdydd)
Head of state	Queen Elizabeth II ,; Minister for Wales; Simon Hart
Head of government	First Minister ; Mark Drakeford
surface	20,735 km²
population	3,138,631 (2018)
Population density	151 inhabitants per km²
currency	Pound sterling (£, GBP)
National anthem	Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ( Old Land of My Fathers )
Time zone	UTC ± 0 GMT ; UTC + 1 Wesz
ISO 3166	GB-WLS; WAL
Internet TLD	.uk; .wales 1 ; .cymru 1
Phone code	+44
	1 The top-level domains .wales and .cymru have been available since March 2015.
	Location of Wales

Wales ( listen to Welsh Cymru ^?^/^I , old Kymrisch Cymry , from Kom-brogi "compatriots", German outdated Welsh or Wallis , Latin Cambria ) is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . It is located in the west of the island of Great Britain and borders England and the Celtic and Irish Seas . The capital of Wales is Cardiff ( Caerdydd in Welsh ). The country is counted among the six Celtic nations .

etymology

The name of the country by the Welsh people as Cymru or Cymry is derived from the Celtic * Kom-broges ("who live on common land"). The English country name Wales, on the other hand, is a foreign name and comes from the Germanic word welsch . This in turn is from the Germanic word walhisc derived which marked only a particular Celtic tribe in southern Germania, the Volken .

Many Germanic tribes therefore called all Celts Walhisc ("Welsche"). However, there was an early tendency to designate all Romansh-speaking ethnic groups as Welsche. The reason for this was probably that almost all Celtic-speaking areas (except Ireland ) were temporarily under Roman control and have been Romanized since the turn of the ages (see also Gaul ), so that the Latin language soon became widely accepted there. For the same reason, in the German-speaking Switzerland , the French-speaking Switzerland , so the French-speaking part of Switzerland, also called "Romandie" or "Welsch Switzerland" called. In South Tyrol , the Italian language is also known as "Walsch" and the Italian-speaking Trentino as Welschtirol . Likewise, in Belgium the name of the French-speaking part of the country, Wallonia , is derived from it.

history

Wales has a distinct prehistory in which many megalithic structures were built and menhirs were erected. At Llyn Cerrig Bach on Anglesey (Ynys Môn) the most important was the Iron Age sacrificial Depot Britain found.

The Romans built a number of forts in the southern part of the country , the westernmost of which was at Carmarthen ( Latin: Maridunum ). A legionary camp was built near Caerleon (Caerllion) . The adjoining amphitheater is one of the best preserved in Britain. The Romans were also active in the north of Wales.

Wales was never conquered by the Anglo-Saxons due to fierce popular opposition and because of the mountainous terrain , so it remained a Celtic region.

Play media file

Mark Drakeford , First Minister , at one of the Welsh Government's daily COVID-19 press conferences .

Caernarfon Castle , Gwynedd

When the Anglo-Saxons spread in the south-east of Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries, many Romanized Celts withdrew to the west, i.e. to today's Cornwall and Wales, which got their names in this way. There they tried for a long time to hold on to Christianity and the Latin language, as the finds from Tintagel Castle prove. Ultimately, however, the Roman and Late Antique culture in Wales was lost, and older Celtic traditions prevailed again, with contacts to Ireland also playing a role.

Wales is said to have been re-Christianized before England and Scotland . According to later tradition, the national saint Saint David (Dewi Sant) made a pilgrimage to Rome in the late 6th century and served as bishop on his return. At that time, the renewed Christianization in the Anglo-Saxon area had only just begun. The Druidic customs, which are said to have survived to this day and are supposedly practiced in parts of Wales, are an invention of 19th century historians . Nothing is known about the actual customs of the Druids, which were exterminated by the Romans.

Shortly after the Norman conquest of England (1066), the Normans began to conquer parts of Wales . Although the Welsh principalities were often at odds with one another, the conquerors were only able to bring parts of the country under their rule. The conquered territories formed the Welsh Marches (Y Mers) , whose barons had greater autonomy over the English kings. In the 13th century the princes of Gwynedd achieved supremacy over the other Welsh princes, and in 1267 the English king had to recognize Llywelyn ap Glyndŵr as prince of Wales . In two campaigns, however, King Edward I was able to defeat the Welsh and conquer Wales by 1283 . The English, later British, heir to the throne bears the title Prince of Wales ("Prince of Wales", Tywysog Cymru ) since that time . There were several rebellions against the strict English rule, the most important of which was the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr , who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400 and conquered large parts of Wales. However, from 1405 the English troops succeeded in pushing back the rebels, and by 1409 Owain Glyndŵr was defeated.

The Act of Union, the incorporation of Wales 1535-1542 , finally ended the special status of the Welsh Marches and divided Wales into thirteen counties . English law now also applied in Wales. This meant that English was introduced as the official language , which kept most of the locals away from public office.

Wales has been heavily industrialized in modern times on the basis of extensive coal reserves . The Penrhyn Mine was the largest human hole in the ground at the end of the 19th century. The time between 1830 and 1850 was marked by unrest and uprisings. In 1831 an uprising in Merthyr Tydfil (Merthyr Tudful) was bloodily suppressed. In 1839 the Chartists rebelled in the Newport (Casnewydd) region . In the same year and from 1842 to 1843, representatives of the rural population in South West Wales with a center in Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin) carried out the so-called Rebecca Riots (Helyntion Beca) , which resulted in the abolition of the toll on the new Turnpike Roads . Additional tension was created in 1847 by the publication of a parliamentary report ( Blue Book ) , mainly drawn up by Anglican clergy , which described the population of Wales as lazy and morally weak and blamed their membership of non-conformist churches and their lack of command of the English language. Wales became a stronghold of trade unions , syndicalism and socialism in the decades that followed . The Penrhyn mine was on strike from 1901 to 1903, and occasional clashes did not fail to appear. During this period, the military was also repeatedly used to crush strikes . During a railroad strike in 1911, two workers were shot dead by the military. The first Member of the Labor Party (Plaid Lafur) in Parliament, Keir Hardie , was elected to the Welsh constituency of Merthyr Tydfil (Merthyr Tudful) in 1900 . During this period, religious nonconformism shaped Welsh society.

Welsh nationalism grew in importance in the 20th century. The Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales) , which won its first parliamentary seat in 1966, campaigned for more autonomy and the revitalization of the Welsh language . For the most part, this made devolution a major concern of the Labor Party, and in 1998, following a referendum, the National Assembly for Wales ( Welsh Parliament since May 6, 2020 ) was established, which was given authority over public spending within Wales. On March 2, 2006, a new parliament building opened in Cardiff.

geography

Wales satellite image

With 20,735 km² Wales is the smallest part of Great Britain . Wales is west of England . Wales borders the Irish Sea (Môr Iwerddon) in the north, the St. George's Channel (Sianel San Siôr) in the west and the Bristol Channel (Môr Hafren) in the south . The coast is characterized by cliffs and extensive beaches and is over 1200 kilometers long. The interior is characterized by the Cambrian Mountains (Elenydd) , which run through almost all of Wales.

Landscapes

Wales is characterized by extensive meadows, rolling landscapes, moors and mountains. Large areas of Wales are protected landscape areas. The highest mountains in Wales are the Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa , 1085 m ), the Aran Fawddwy ( 905 m ) and the Cadair Idris ( 893 m ), all located in Gwynedd . There are also three national parks in Wales:

Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri)
Brecon Beacons National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog)
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro)

Significant rivers in Wales are the River Dee (Afon Dyfrdwy) , River Clwyd (Afon Clwyd) and River Conwy (Afon Conwy) , which flow into Liverpool Bay (Bae Lerpwl) in north Wales, the rivers that flow westward into the Irish Sea Afon Glaslyn , Mawddach , Ystwyth and River Teifi as well as Afon Tywi , Tawe , River Neath , River Taff and River Wye , which flow into the Bristol Channel .

climate

Wales is located in the northern temperate zone . It has a changeable maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe . Wales weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters. The long summer days and short winter days can be explained by the northern latitudes. On the south coast, the climate is considerably milder than in the rest of the country due to the warm ocean currents.

Flora and fauna

Because of its long coastline, Wales is home to a wide variety of sea birds . The coasts and surrounding islands are home to gannets , puffins , kittiwakes , cormorants and razorbills . The country also supports birds that live in the highlands such as the raven or ring owl . Birds of prey, a national symbol of Welsh wildlife, are also found in Wales, including the merlin , hen harrier and red kite .

The largest Welsh mammals became extinct during the Norman era . Today's mammals mainly include mice , badgers , otters , hedgehogs and around fifteen species of bats .

The numerous waters of Wales attract marine animals including basking sharks , gray seals , leatherback turtles , dolphins , porpoises and comparatively small animals such as crabs and crabs .

Natural resources

Wales is rich in coal, iron, copper, lime, shale, lead, tin, zinc and silver. The coastal deposits of coal, iron and lime made the region into one of the most important arenas of the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries .

Biggest cities

	rank	Surname	Administrative district	Residents	rank	Surname	Administrative district	Residents
Largest cities in Wales *(according to Office for National Statistics 2011 Census / Swyddfa Ystadegau Gwladol, Cyfrifiad 2011* )**
Cardiff Swansea	1	Cardiff Caerdydd	City and County of Cardiff Dinas a Sir Caerdydd	335.145	11	Caerphilly Caerffili	Caerphilly County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Caerffili	41,402	Newport Wrexham
	2	Swansea Abertawe	City & County of Swansea Dinas a Sir Abertawe	239,000	12	Port Talbot	Neath Port Talbot Castell-nedd Port Talbot	37.276
	3	Newport Casnewydd	Newport City Dinas Casnewydd	128.060	13th	Pontypridd	Rhondda Cynon plate	30,457
	4th	Wrexham Wrecsam	Wrexham County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Wrecsam	61,603	14th	Aberdare Aberdâr	Rhondda Cynon plate	29,748
	5	Barry Y Barri	Vale of Glamorgan Bro Morgannwg	54,673	15th	Colwyn Bay Bae Colwyn	Conwy County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy	29,405
	6th	Neath Castell-nedd	Neath Port Talbot Castell-nedd Port Talbot	50,658	16	Pontypool Pont-y-pŵl	Torfaen	28,334
	7th	Cwmbran Cwmbrân	Torfaen	46,915	17th	Penarth	Vale of Glamorgan Bro Morgannwg	27,226
	8th	Bridgend Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr	Bridgend County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr	46,757	18th	Rhyl Y Rhyl	Denbighshire Sir Ddinbych	25,149
	9	Llanelli	Carmarthenshire Sir Gaerfyrddin	43,878	19th	Blackwood Coed Duon	Caerphilly County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Caerffili	24,042
	10	Merthyr Tydfil Merthyr Tudful	Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful	43,820	20th	Maesteg	Bridgend County Borough Bwrdeistref Sirol Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr	18,888

Administrative structure

The current administrative structure of Wales was introduced on April 1, 1996 and divides Wales into 22 unitary authorities . The Unitary Authorities are districts that are responsible for all local administrative tasks. There is no middle level of administration above them, so in Wales it is called "one tier administration". The 22 Unitary Authorities (awdurdod unedol) , also known as Principal Area (Prif Ardaloedd) , all have the same administrative status , but have different names due to their history and size, nine have the title County (Sir) , ten den Title County Borough (Bwrdeistref Sirol) , one the title City (Dinas) and two the title City and County (Dinas a sir) .

Where the English name differs from the Welsh name, the Welsh name is also given in the following list:

Principal Area	Welsh name	administrative designation	Area (km²)
Anglesey	Ynys Môn	county	711
Blaenau Gwent		County Borough	109
Bridgend	Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr	County Borough	251
Caerphilly	Caerffili	County Borough	277
Cardiff	Caerdydd	City and County	140
Carmarthenshire	Sir Gaerfyrddin	county	2,371
Ceredigion		county	1,785
Conwy		County Borough	1,126
Denbighshire	Sir Ddinbych	county	837
Flintshire	Sir y Fflint	county	438
Gwynedd		county	2,535
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough	Merthyr Tudful	County Borough	111
Monmouthshire	Sir Fynwy	county	849
Neath Port Talbot	Castell-nedd Port Talbot	County Borough	441
Newport	Casnewydd	City	190
Pembrokeshire	Sir Benfro	county	1,619
Powys		county	5,181
Rhondda Cynon plate		County Borough	424
Swansea	Abertawe	City and County	378
Torfaen		County Borough	126
Vale of Glamorgan	Bro Morgannwg	County Borough	331
Wrexham	Wrecsam	County Borough	504

For ceremonial purposes, Wales is also divided into eight Preserved Counties (Siroedd cadwedig) , which largely correspond to the eight counties that existed in Wales between 1974 and 1996. Each of the 22 Unitary Authorities is assigned to a Preserved County.

population

Wales had a total of 2,903,085 inhabitants at the 2001 census , of whom 1,499,303 (52 percent) were female and 1,403,782 (48 percent) were male. A good three quarters of them were born Welsh, a good 20 percent were born in England and less than one percent of the population came from Scotland , Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland . The vast majority of more than 95 percent classified themselves ethnically as “British, white”; 15 percent wrote Welsh on the form, although this answer option was not available. All the answers that suggest an Asian origin (Chinese, Pakistani, Indian, often British / Indian) made up 1.3 percent of the residents, all other ethnic groups came to less than 1 percent.

religion

Religions in Wales 2011
religion			percent
Christianity			57.6%
no religion			32.1%
Islam			1.5%
Other religions			1.2%
no information			7.6%
Distribution of religions (2011 census)

71.9 percent of Welsh people identified themselves as Christians in the 2001 census. In 2011 this value had fallen to 58%. Wales has small proportions of Jews , Muslims , Buddhists , Hindus , Sikhs and Jehovah's Witnesses , which each make up a maximum of 1.5% of the population, mostly significantly less. The dissenters , i.e. supporters of free churches such as Baptists , Congregationalists , Presbyterians and Methodists, are traditionally very strongly represented among Christians . The Anglican Church in Wales (Eglwys yng Nghymru) has therefore not been a state church since 1920 .

language

Knowledge of the Welsh language in Wales
Skills			percent
Welsh spoken and written			14.6%
Speaking and reading skills			1.5%
Speaking ability only			2.7%
Listening only			5.3%
Other Welsh skills			2.5%
No knowledge			73.3%
Proficiency in Welsh after the 2011 census

The Welsh language ( yr iaith Gymraeg or Cymraeg ) is an important source of national identity for many Welsh people. It is still widely spoken, especially in the north, west and interior of the country; in Caernarfon , Gwynedd , 86 percent of the population said they were fluent in Welsh, compared to just 8 percent of the population of Chepstow (Cas-gwent) in the southeast of the country. Historically, Welsh has become a minority language in the wake of the Industrial Revolution.

In the 1911 census, for the first time, less than half of Welsh people said Welsh was their mother tongue. In 1949 there were 800,000 Welsh speakers in Wales, 80,000 of whom were monolingual; in 1981, 21,000 people identified themselves as monolingual Welsh speakers. In the 2011 census, a total of 19% of the population said they could speak Welsh. 14.6% also had a written command of Welsh. 73.3% of Welsh people had no knowledge of Welsh.

Since 1993, the English and Welsh languages have been formally equal. The policy of bilingualism (Dwyieithrwydd) is expressed in practice mainly in bilingual place-name signs and information signs. The Welsh language can also be used in education, up to and including university, and in the judiciary. There are always wrong translations. For example, a signpost has been installed with the Welsh inscription “I'm not currently at work. Send me translation assignments. ”Means.

Example of bilingualism: Recycling-Box in Cardiff

education

Formal education prior to the 18th century served to preserve the elite. However, in the 1730s, Griffith Jones started a successful school system; he assumed that half the population would have learned to read as a result. Eventually, by the 19th century, Wales was forced to develop an education system that included the entire population. In 2004 the country had more than 500,000 students and around 27,000 teachers.

economy

Parts of Wales have been industrialized since the 18th century. Coal , copper , iron , silver , lead and gold were mined there as well as slate . In the second half of the 19th century, mining and metallurgy dominated the Welsh economy.

From the mid-19th century to the mid-1980s, coal mining and export were a significant part of the Welsh economy. Cardiff was once the world's largest coal export port.

Beginning in the early 1970s, the Welsh economy faced massive restructuring, with large numbers of jobs disappearing in traditional heavy industry and being replaced by new ones in light industry and service sectors. During this time, Wales was able to attract an above-average proportion of FDI to Britain. However, this new industry essentially consisted of branch plants, in which often mass production with low skilled workers took place.

When compared with the gross domestic product of the European Union (Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd) in terms of purchasing power standards , Wales achieved an index of 76 in 2015 (EU-28 = 100).

traffic

Streets

The motorway along the south coast, the M4 motorway (Traffordd M4) , is an important lifeline for Wales. There is also a connection to southern England that ends in London. The section of the motorway administered by the Welsh Government runs from the Second Severn Bridge to Pont Abraham, Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin) and connects the towns of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea (Abertawe) . The main A55 (Priffordd A55) road has a similar role on the north coast of Wales, connecting Bangor to Wrexham (Wrecsam) and Flintshire (Sir y Fflint) and it also goes to north west England, mainly to Chester (Caer) . The main route from north to south Wales is the A470 which runs from Cardiff to Llandudno .

air traffic

Cardiff International Airport (Maes Awyr Rhyngwladol Caerdydd) is the only major international airport in Wales, with connections to European, African and North American destinations. The airport is located approximately 19 kilometers southwest of Cardiff city center, in the Vale of Glamorgan (Bro Morgannwg) . Flights within Wales between Anglesey Airport (Maes Awyr Môn) and Cardiff were operated by the Isle of Man airline (Ynys Mannaw) , Citywing , which also operated flights to Northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Citywing ceased operations on March 11, 2017; the liquidation of the company was initiated. On March 13, 2017, Eastern Airways took over the flight route between Anglesey (Môn) and Cardiff and several other routes from Citywing.

railroad

The Welsh Government manages parts of the UK rail network in Wales by franchising the local passenger service. The current franchisee has been Transport for Wales / Trafnidiaeth Cymru since October 14, 2018 . In the south, the Great Western Railway operates some regional and long-distance trains to the West Country and London. A few connections in the country are also offered by CrossCountry and Virgin Trains .

All trains run on diesel engines as none of the lines are electrified. After the closure of many routes under the Beeching Ax, there are now mainly three east-west connections in the south ( South Wales Main Line , Prif Linell De Cymru , will be electrified), the center ( Cambrian Coast Line , Rheilffordd y Cambrian ) and in the north ( North Wales Main Line , Prif Linell Gogledd Cymru ) of land. Trains between these routes run via Shrewsbury (Amwythig) and Chester in England. There is also the diagonal so-called Heart of Wales Line (Rheilffordd Calon Cymru) from Llanelli to Shrewsbury through the sparsely populated center of the country, the branch line from Llandudno to Blaenau Ffestiniog and the S-Bahn -like Valley Lines - Vorortbahnen (Rheilffyrdd y Cymoedd) in the south of the country around Cardiff. The latter are to be modernized, electrified and expanded over the next few years under the name South Wales Metro (Metro De Cymru) .

Cardiff Central (Caerdydd Canolog) is the busiest and most important train station in the country.

Ferries

Wales has four commercial ferry ports. Regular ferry services are operated from Holyhead (Caergybi) , Pembroke (Penfro) and Fishguard (Abergwaun) to Ireland. The line from Swansea to Cork , which was discontinued in 2006, was resumed in March 2010, but discontinued in 2012.

Culture

Of all parts of Great Britain, Wales is most closely linked to England. However, the country has its own language (see above) and culture with which it distinguishes itself from England.

literature

The country developed its own Welsh literature , which gave birth to poets such as Dylan Thomas and Mihangel Morgan .

See also: Welsh Triads

music

Wales has been one of the creative centers of British pop music since the 1980s. Bands like The Alarm , Manic Street Preachers , Catatonia , the Super Furry Animals or the Stereophonics achieved international success. The internationally successful singers Tom Jones , Shirley Bassey , Martin Ace ( Man ) and Bonnie Tyler are also native Welsh.

Sports

The Welsh sport is represented in only a few sports internationally with independent associations. Wales is independent of Great Britain and England, especially when it comes to cricket , football , hockey and dancing . By far the most popular team sport and at the same time national sport in itself is in Wales but rugby is (see rugby in Wales ). The national stadium is the Millennium Stadium (Stadiwm y Mileniwm) in Cardiff, which was newly built for the Rugby World Cup in 1999 and has 74,500 seats, which is almost always sold out when the Red Dragons (Y Dreigiau Coch) , as the Welsh national rugby team is called, is sold out. Wales participates annually in the six-nation tournament against the best European teams and has qualified for every rugby world cup so far . The highest league is the Pro14 , in which Irish, Scottish, Italian and South African teams play alongside the best Welsh teams. It was founded to counterbalance the English and French professional leagues.

literature

Wales . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 16, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 357.
Miranda Green, Ray Howell: Celtic Wales: a pocket guide. University of Wales Press, Cardiff 2000, ISBN 0-7083-1532-1 .
Britta Schulze-Thulin: Wales. Reise Know-How Verlag Rump, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-8317-2180-1 .
Bruce Chatwin : On the Black Mountain. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-596-11203-6 .
John Davies: A History of Wales. Penguin , London 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8 .

Web links

Commons : Wales - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Wales - explanations of meanings, origins of words, synonyms, translations

Wikivoyage: Wales Travel Guide

Official portal to Wales (German)
The National Assembly for Wales
Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru (Welsh)
Country Side Council for Wales. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 25, 2015 ; accessed on January 8, 2021 .

Individual evidence

↑ Mid 2018 Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
↑ About Us. In: ourhomeonline.wales. Retrieved May 23, 2019 .
↑ Bernhard Maier : The legend book of the Welsh Celts . The four branches of the Mabinogi . Dtv, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-423-12628-0 , p. 134, notes 44,19.
↑ Wolfgang Meid : The Celts (= Reclams Universal Library . 17053). Reclam, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-15-017053-3 , p. 77.
^ John Davies: A History of Wales. Penguin, London 1994, pp. 366-367 and pp. 377-382.
↑ John Davies: A History of Wales. Penguin, London 1994, pp. 391-393.
↑ Population, area and population density of the administrative districts of Wales on June 30, 2012 ( ZIP ; 832 kB)
↑ ^a ^b Figure 1: Usual residents who stated their religion as Christian: Wales, England regions, 2001 and 2011, All usual residents. Office for National Statistics, accessed January 25, 2014 .
↑ ^a ^b Statistical bulletin: 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011: Table 4: Welsh language skills: Wales, 2001 and 2011, usual residents aged three and over. Office for National Statistics, accessed January 25, 2014 .
^ The Industrial Revolution. BBC waleshistory, accessed January 25, 2014 .
^ Article in the Spiegel from 1949
↑ statement Llywodraeth Cymru | Welsh Government, see talk page
↑ E-mail error ends up on road sign. BBC News, October 31, 2008, accessed August 17, 2017 .
↑ Eurostat. (PDF) Retrieved April 15, 2018 .
^ Destination Anglesey. Eastern Airways, accessed March 14, 2017 .
^ New operator for Anglesey to Cardiff air service is found to replace Citywing. Daily Post Wales, accessed March 14, 2017 .
^ Marc Keech: England and Wales. In: James Riordan , Arnd Krüger (Ed.): European Cultures in Sport: Examining the Nations and Regions. Intellect, Bristol 2003, ISBN 1-84150-014-3 , pp. 5-22.

52.349601944444 -3.6378480555556Coordinates: 52 ° N , 4 ° W

[ONS-1] Mid 2018 Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

[2] About Us. In: ourhomeonline.wales. Retrieved May 23, 2019 .

[3] Bernhard Maier : The legend book of the Welsh Celts . The four branches of the Mabinogi . Dtv, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-423-12628-0 , p. 134, notes 44,19.

[4] Wolfgang Meid : The Celts (= Reclams Universal Library . 17053). Reclam, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-15-017053-3 , p. 77.

[5] John Davies: A History of Wales. Penguin, London 1994, pp. 366-367 and pp. 377-382.

[6] John Davies: A History of Wales. Penguin, London 1994, pp. 391-393.

[ONS_2012-7] Population, area and population density of the administrative districts of Wales on June 30, 2012 ( ZIP ; 832 kB)

[religion-8] Figure 1: Usual residents who stated their religion as Christian: Wales, England regions, 2001 and 2011, All usual residents. Office for National Statistics, accessed January 25, 2014 .

[sprache-9] Statistical bulletin: 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011: Table 4: Welsh language skills: Wales, 2001 and 2011, usual residents aged three and over. Office for National Statistics, accessed January 25, 2014 .

[10] The Industrial Revolution. BBC waleshistory, accessed January 25, 2014 .

[11] Article in the Spiegel from 1949

[12] statement Llywodraeth Cymru | Welsh Government, see talk page

[13] E-mail error ends up on road sign. BBC News, October 31, 2008, accessed August 17, 2017 .

[14] Eurostat. (PDF) Retrieved April 15, 2018 .

[15] Destination Anglesey. Eastern Airways, accessed March 14, 2017 .

[16] New operator for Anglesey to Cardiff air service is found to replace Citywing. Daily Post Wales, accessed March 14, 2017 .

[17] Marc Keech: England and Wales. In: James Riordan , Arnd Krüger (Ed.): European Cultures in Sport: Examining the Nations and Regions. Intellect, Bristol 2003, ISBN 1-84150-014-3 , pp. 5-22.