Cork

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Cork
Corcaigh
Cork
Cork (Ireland)
Red pog.svg
Coordinates 51 ° 53 '50 "  N , 8 ° 28' 23"  W Coordinates: 51 ° 53 '50 "  N , 8 ° 28' 23"  W.
Symbols
coat of arms
coat of arms
Basic data
Country Ireland

province

Muenster
county Cork
ISO 3166-2 IE-CO
height 9 m
surface 39.6 km²
Residents 210,000 (2019)
density 5303  Ew. / km²
Telephone code + 353- (0) 21
Website www.corkcity.ie (English, Irish)
CorkMontage.png

Cork ( Irish : Corcaigh , regional pronunciation [ˈkoɾkɪg´] or [ˈkoɾkɪɟ] ) is the administrative seat of the county of Cork in the province of Munster in the south of Ireland .

The name Corcaigh means something like marshland. With a population of around 210,000 (2019 estimate), the city is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland after Dublin . The metropolitan region has a total of around 350,000 inhabitants.

Cork is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Cork and Ross , which dates back to the 7th century. Episcopal Church is the Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne from the beginning of the 19th century.

geography

The heart of the city is on an island in the mouth of the River Lee .

River Lee, Sullivan's Quay and St. Fin Barre's Cathedral

history

Antiquity and the Middle Ages

According to legend, a monastery was founded on the river island by Saint Finbarr between 500 and 600 - the city of Cork itself mentions the year 606. Vikings have lived here since 846 and established a trading post here. The city was ruled by the Normans from the end of the 12th century.

In 1185, King John of England gave Cork city rights by charter. For much of the Middle Ages, the city was an outpost of English rule in a predominantly hostile environment of Irish clans, far from central English dominion of the Pale around Dublin . The urban regime was ruled by around 12 to 15 merchant families. They had acquired their wealth by trading with the European continent. The main exports were wool and hides, while the main imports were salt, iron and wine.

Around 1270, the Augustinian order settled in Cork on an Anglo-Norman call and founded a priory, now known as Red Abbey Cork .

The office of Mayor was introduced by a royal charter in 1318 . The population was around 2000 people in the middle of the 14th century. A bubonic plague epidemic in 1349 killed almost half of the population. After the end of the English Wars of the Roses , the pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck sought support in Cork in 1491 for his plans to overthrow King Henry VII . The mayor and several important citizens of the city went to England with Warbeck and were captured and executed after the collapse of the rebellion. Cork's nickname "Rebel City" has its origins in these events.

The Wars of Religion

St. Patrick's Street (2007)

In the second half of the 16th century, the House of Tudor succeeded in expanding English rule over the entire island. English settlers came to the country trying to enforce the Reformation in Catholic Ireland. Cork suffered particularly during the second " Desmond Rebellion " between 1579 and 1583. The rural population fled by the thousands from the fighting in the city, in which there was also an outbreak of epidemics.

When Spanish troops disembarked in nearby Kinsale in 1601 to support the Hugh O'Neill rebellion , much of the citizenry remained loyal to the English crown. They hoped in vain for greater freedom for the Catholic faith. In 1603 the Catholic residents rebelled. They seized the arsenal and drove out Protestant clergy and English officials. The then marching army under Lord Mountjoy had to surrender, however, and the leaders of the uprising were imprisoned.

In 1641, Ireland was rocked by a Catholic rebellion in which several thousand Protestant English settlers were killed by the insurgents. Cork was a stronghold of the Protestants at the time and became a haven for the settlers. It remained in English hands throughout the war against the Catholic Confederation. In 1644, the English city commandant Murrough O'Brien , Earl of Inchiquin, drove the Catholic residents out of the city. Although most of the displaced people settled in surrounding towns, the city of Cork remained Protestant-dominated for the next two centuries.

During the reconquest of Ireland by an English army under Oliver Cromwell from 1649 to 1653, Cork sided with the English Parliament, although Inchiquin had briefly allied itself with the Catholic Confederation in 1648. Under the influence of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery , the garrison changed sides again in 1650. In the conflict over the English throne between James II and William of Orange , Cork was initially in the hands of Jacobite troops in 1689. In 1690 the town was besieged and finally conquered by a Protestant army under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough . The city wall was almost completely destroyed.

University College , Neo-Tudor Buildings of the Westwing

Cork in the 18th century

At the beginning of the 18th century, French Huguenots came to Cork fleeing religious persecution. Their influence is still evident today in street names, such as French Church Street . In the course of the century, almost the entire medieval structure was replaced by new buildings in neoclassical Georgian architecture. Examples are Christ Church (1720-26), the Church of St. Anne in the Shandon district (1722-26) and the Custom House (1724). At the end of the century, the city experienced an economic boom due to the rapidly expanding port and the emerging glass factories. In particular, the export of butter to Europe and North America gave Cork considerable prosperity by Irish standards.

Population explosion, famine and emigration

The first half of the 19th century was marked by a rapid increase in population. Around 1850, around 80,000 people lived in the city. Most rural immigrants fled poverty and intermittent famine. The city could barely cope with this influx, so that many people had to live in catastrophic conditions. However, the increase in the predominantly Catholic population ensured that the Protestant influence in the city waned.

Cork and nearby Cobh have been Ireland's major emigration ports since 1825. After the great famine in the 1840s, the flow of emigrants swelled significantly. It is estimated that around 3 million people left the country via the port of Cork. During the 19th century, Cork's industry also experienced rapid growth. Above all breweries, distilleries and shipbuilding companies were founded. The connection to the railway network in 1849 also contributed to this development. The university also opened in the same year .

War of independence and civil war

Cork has been a stronghold of Irish nationalism since the 19th century. Between 1916 and 1922, the city was the scene of frequent conflicts between radical Irish nationalists and the British state. During the Easter Rising of 1916, around 1,000 Irish volunteers stood ready to revolt against British rule. But they dispersed without a fight.

On March 20, 1920, the city's Lord Mayor, Tomás MacCurtain , an ardent nationalist, was shot dead in his home by members of the Royal Irish Constabulary in civilian clothes. His successor, Terence MacSwiney , was arrested in August 1920 and taken to Brixton Prison in London . There he died after a 73-day hunger strike in October 1920. His funeral in Cork took place with great public sympathy. In response to repeated attacks by the IRA, British auxiliaries (also known as Black and Tans ) burned Cork city center on December 11, 1920. Over 300 buildings were destroyed.

Up until the armistice in July 1921 there was repeated fighting between the IRA and British security forces in the city. The majority of the IRA units in the city did not accept the Anglo-Irish treaty concluded in December 1921 . When the civil war broke out in July 1922 , the city was a stronghold of the opponents of the treaty. But already in August 1922 the city was taken by troops of the new Irish Free State . The poorly equipped contract opponents dispersed after a short fight. They burned down their accommodations and waged a guerrilla war in the vicinity of the city until 1923 . Then they announced a truce and surrendered their weapons.

traffic

port

The port of Cork, a natural harbor at the mouth of the River Lee , is partially outside the city. Passenger terminals are located in Ringaskiddy and Cobh , also outside the city limits. The large natural harbor is a ferry, cruise, container, industrial, fishing and military port. Until 1938 it was a British military port. Today it is the seat of the Irish Naval Service (the Irish Navy) and the Irish Fishery Monitoring Center of the Sea Fisheries Protection Authority (SFPA) as well as the Royal Cork Yacht Club , the oldest yacht club in the world, in Crosshaven .

Airport

Airport
Airport

politics

Corks City Hall

Lord Mayor

The Lord Mayor of Cork - the office has existed since 1900 - is elected annually in June by the City Council. Since 2015 it's Chris O'Leary from the Sinn Féin party.

City Council

The Cork City Council is elected for five years. The last election took place on May 23, 2014. Since then the seats have been distributed as follows:

Political party Seats
Fianna Fáil 10
Sinn Féin 8th
Fine Gael 5
Workers Party 1
Non-party, small groups 7th

Town twinning

  • United KingdomUnited Kingdom Coventry in England, 1969
  • FranceFrance Rennes in Brittany, 1982
  • United StatesUnited States San Francisco in California, 1984
  • GermanyGermany Cologne in North Rhine-Westphalia, 1988
  • United KingdomUnited Kingdom Swansea in Wales, 1994
  • China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China Shanghai , People's Republic of China, 2005

economy

The English Market in Cork

Cork had a significant textile industry in the 17th and 18th centuries . Even today, Cork is an important seaport ( Cork Harbor ), which lies at the end of the second largest natural harbor. The Republic of Ireland's second largest international airport is also close to the city . Several industrial areas can be found in the vicinity.

The butter ( Kerrygold ), traditionally produced in Ireland, also played a role in Cork's economic rise. In the 19th and 20th centuries, hundreds of tons of salted Irish branded butter were shipped from the port to all parts of the world, for example to Australia and the Caribbean. This part of the history of Ireland and Cork can now be admired in the Cork Butter Museum.

The two well-known breweries Murphy’s and Beamish & Crawford are also located in Cork.

The University College Cork , the Cork Institute of Technology and several IT companies (such as Apple , Logitech , EMC ) are located in Cork . The largest employer in the city is Apple with its European headquarters.

Culture

Cork was European Capital of Culture in 2005 . The city's regular cultural events have been the Cork Film Festival for short films for more than 50 years . The Cork Jazz Festival has been held annually at the end of October since 1978.

The football club Cork City FC plays in the top Irish league .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

People with a relationship to the city

  • Dermot McGrath († after 1600), Catholic bishop in Cork at the time of the Reformation conflicts
  • Rory Gallagher (1948–1995), Irish guitarist and singer-songwriter, grew up in Cork City
  • Jonathan Rhys Meyers (* 1977), Irish theater and film actor, has lived in Cork since 1978
  • Kurt Cobain (1967-1994), singer and guitarist of the band Nirvana , had, according to an interview with Jon Savage, most identified with his roots in Cork, among others.

Trivia

  • Cork is also called The Real Capital by its residents .
  • The first fish and chip bar in Ireland is located in Cork on Bandon Road . It was opened in 1951 by the eponymous Jackie Lennox and his wife and is still run by the Lennox family today.
  • A light grain whiskey named after the old Cork distillery Hewitts is made by Irish Distillers . And paddy. Old Irish whiskey was from Co. Cork Distillieris burned.

Climate table

Cork
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
148
 
8th
3
 
 
115
 
8th
3
 
 
97
 
9
3
 
 
70
 
11
4th
 
 
84
 
14th
6th
 
 
68
 
17th
9
 
 
65
 
19th
11
 
 
90
 
18th
11
 
 
97
 
16
9
 
 
126
 
13
8th
 
 
109
 
10
5
 
 
136
 
8th
4th
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: wetterkontor.de
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Cork
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 7.6 7.6 9.3 11.4 13.8 16.6 18.5 18.1 15.9 13.1 9.8 8.4 O 12.5
Min. Temperature (° C) 2.7 2.6 3.1 4.2 6.4 9.2 11.0 10.9 9.4 7.5 4.5 3.5 O 6.3
Precipitation ( mm ) 148 115 97 70 84 68 65 90 97 126 109 136 Σ 1,205
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 1.7 2.3 3.5 5.2 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.1 4.1 2.8 2.2 1.6 O 3.8
Rainy days ( d ) 16 14th 13 10 13 10 9 12 12 14th 14th 15th Σ 152
Water temperature (° C) 9 9 8th 9 11 14th 15th 16 15th 14th 11 10 O 11.8
Humidity ( % ) 88 87 85 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 88 89 O 85.5
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
7.6
2.7
7.6
2.6
9.3
3.1
11.4
4.2
13.8
6.4
16.6
9.2
18.5
11.0
18.1
10.9
15.9
9.4
13.1
7.5
9.8
4.5
8.4
3.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		148
115
97
70
84
68
65
90
97
126
109
136
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: wetterkontor.de

Web links

Commons : Cork  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thursday, May 30, 2019-05: 52 Pm: Cork City's population to grow by 85,000 and expand fivefold ... at midnight. May 30, 2019, accessed June 13, 2020 .
  2. ^ Cork 2050 Main Report . Cork County Council & Cork City Council. March 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  3. ^ Jon Savage: The Lost Interview - Guitar World. In: kurtcobain.com. July 22, 1993, accessed on March 8, 2017 (English): “ They (his ancestors) came from County Cork, which is a really weird coincidence, because when we toured Ireland, we played in Cork and the entire day I walked around in a daze. I'd never felt more spiritual in my life. It was the weirdest feeling and I have a friend who was with me who could testify to this I was almost in tears the whole day. Since that tour, which was about two years ago, I've had a sense that I was from Ireland. "
  4. ^ Gilbert Delos: Les Whiskeys du Monde. Translation from French: Karin-Jutta Hofmann: Whiskey from all over the world. Karl Müller, Erlangen 1998, ISBN 3-86070-442-7 , p. 199 f. and 122.