1869
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Calendar overview 1869
Map with all linked sites: | 1869 | |
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 becomes the first chairman of the newly founded Social Democratic Labor Party . |
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| 1869 in other calendars | |
| Armenian calendar | 1317/18 (turn of the year July) |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1861/62 (September 10-11) |
| Baha'i calendar | 25/26 (March 20/21) |
| Bengali solar calendar | 1274/75 (beginning of April 14th or 15th) |
| Buddhist calendar | 2412/13 (southern Buddhism); 2411/12 (alternative calculation according to Buddha's Parinirvana ) |
| Chinese calendar | 76th (77th) cycle
Year of the Earth-Snake己巳 ( at the beginning of the year Earth-Dragon 龙 辰) |
| Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam) | 1231/32 (turn of the year April) |
| Dangun era (Korea) | 4202/03 (October 2/3) |
| Iranian calendar | 1247/48 (around March 21) |
| Islamic calendar | 1285/86 (April 12-13) |
| Japanese calendar | Meiji 2 ( 明治 2 年 ) (from February 11th) |
| Jewish calendar | 5629/30 (September 5-6) |
| Coptic calendar | 1585/86 (September 10-11) |
| Malayalam calendar | 1044/45 |
| Rumi Calendar (Ottoman Empire) | 1284/85 (March 1) |
| Seleucid era | Babylon: 2179/80 (turn of the year April)
Syria: 2180/81 (turn of the year October) |
| Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar) | 1925/26 (April) |
Events
Politics and world events
Switzerland
- January 1st : Emil Welti becomes President of Switzerland .
- October 31 : In the Swiss parliamentary elections in 1869 , the liberals (or radical liberals) were able to gain, but missed an absolute majority, while the moderate liberals lost in favor of the democrats and catholic conservatives. For the first time, the elections are characterized by the development of formal election programs that have an impact on the formation of political will throughout Switzerland . The election campaigns are no longer limited to rivalries within the cantons, and the still loosely organized political groups are no longer content with simply ensuring the loyalty of their supporters. The main reason for this development is the forthcoming revision of the Swiss Federal Constitution , which is polarizing the Confederation. The supporters of a total revision in the centralistic sense and the federalist-minded proponents of a partial revision stand opposite one another. The newly elected parliament will meet for the first time on December 6th .
North German Confederation
- January 30th : After Otto von Bismarck gave a speech in the Prussian House of Representatives in which he used the words malicious reptiles , the term reptile fund was coined afterwards .
- March 15 : In Prussia , the oath of Jews , which Jews had to take in legal disputes with non-Jews in a form prescribed by the Christian side, which is often discriminatory, is abolished.
- August 7th : On the initiative of August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, the founding congress of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) opens in Eisenach , from which the German SPD emerges. Bebel is elected chairman.
- Mid-August: Moabit monastery tower
Austria-Hungary
- March 9th to 13th : With the parliamentary elections in Hungary in 1869 in Transleithanien , the Hungarian Reichstag is re-elected according to class suffrage . It is the first choice in Hungary within Austria-Hungary . The most important topics are the legitimation of the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867 and the stabilization of the new dual monarchy. The result of the election is a victory for the Deák Party of Ferenc Deak , winning 235 of 420 seats.
- May 13 : The Imperial and Royal Landwehr is established by law as a land force for the cisleithan half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.
- May 14 : In Austria-Hungary, the Reich Primary School Act introduces compulsory education for eight years , limits the maximum number of pupils per class to 80 and the church is no longer responsible for school supervision.
- June 21 : The Reichsgericht begins its work in Vienna , the Constitutional Court in Austria-Hungary.
- December 13 : The Gumpendorfer Arbeiterbildungsverein holds a protest rally in front of the Reichsrat building in Vienna. As a result, the responsible organizers, among them Heinrich Oberwinder , Johann Most and Andreas Scheu , were arrested on charges of high treason and charged in the Viennese high treason trial in 1870 for their “state-endangering” attitudes, despite the lack of evidence.
Spain
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- 15th to 18th January : Sexenio Revolucionario : In the elections to the Cortes , the progressives get a majority in league with the moderate democrats . On February 11 a Constituent Assembly (occurs Cortes Constituyentes ) together.
- June 6th : The Democratic Constitution of the Spanish Nation ( Constitución democrática de la nación española ), which provides for a constitutional monarchy , is adopted by the Cortes.
- June 16 : After Queen Isabella II was overthrown the year before and a new Spanish constitution came into force , the Cortes elected Francisco Serrano Domínguez as regent for a transitional period , although he only had limited political influence. Prime Minister Juan Prim , the leader of the progressives, who takes over the actual government business. Furthermore , one is looking for a candidate for the Spanish throne who can hope for a majority in parliament.
Other events in Europe
- In March and April the Belgian railway crisis reached its peak.
- Summer / Autumn: After a further tightening of the British Contagious Diseases Acts , women of all walks of life are fighting for the first time against the decrees that criminalize prostitutes and grant police officers extensive rights to apprehend women and girls who appear to be or actually engaged in prostitution, to intern them and to order that they have to undergo a gynecological examination, but leave the customers unmolested. A petition signed by 140 women to abolish the Contagious Diseases Acts is one of the founding documents of modern feminism . The leading figure of the campaign is Josephine Butler .
America
- March 4 : Ulysses S. Grant begins serving as 18th US President . He replaces Andrew Johnson . Vice President during his first term is Schuyler Colfax .
- April 12 : In the Feb. 5 negotiated Case v Texas. White , the United States Supreme Court notes that Texas has always been part of the United States since joining the Union , despite joining the Confederation in the Civil War . The court also found that the constitution does not allow a state to separate from the United States by unilateral declaration . The judgment written by Salmon P. Chase has been questioned by many Texans because Chase himself held a leading role in the Union as a member of Lincoln's cabinet . Even after the judgment has become final, it remains controversial.
- Women's suffrage outside Europe : The Wyoming Territory introduces women's suffrage .
- Red River Rebellion in Canada
Japan
- May 4th : The sea battle of Hakodate, which lasts several days, begins between the ships of the Japanese Emperor Meiji and ships of the split-off Ezo Republic . It ends on May 10th with a decisive victory for the Imperial Japanese Navy .
- May 18 : Goryōkaku fortress surrenders to the imperial troops .
- June 20 : Hijikata Toshizō is killed in battle as one of the last generals to fight against the Meiji Restoration .
- June 27 : The Ezo republic, split off last year under President Enomoto Takeaki, surrenders and is incorporated into the Japanese Empire .
Africa
- Once near the Orange River in South Africa diamonds in bedrock are found, sets a gold rush one. Within a short time, New Rush , today's Kimberley, emerged .
economy
Financial crises and gold rush
- February 5 : At Moliagul in Central Goldfields Shire in the Australian state of Victoria , two miners find the largest gold nugget in the world to date, which they call the Welcome Stranger .
- September 24th : Speculation by James Fisk and Jay Gould on the American gold market and countermeasures by the government lead to a financial crisis, which is the second to be named " Black Friday ".
Patents
- March 23 : Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann apply for a patent for the production of alizarin . The development of technical synthesis for the product used as a colorant subsequently led to the cultivation of madder .
- December or 1868 : Pierre Michaux and Louis-Guillaume Perreaux receive a patent for the Michaux-Perreaux steam bike they developed , a forerunner of the motorcycle .
Business start-ups
Bank founder Marcus Goldman
- The German-Jewish emigrant Marcus Goldman founds M. Goldman & Company with a one-room office in New York's Pine Street. From this the investment banking and securities trading company Goldman Sachs developed over the decades .
- Thomas Ismay , former director of the National Line , founds the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company to run a regular service from Liverpool to New York . Previously, he bought the shipping company symbol and trade name of the bankrupt White Star Line for £ 1,000 .
- In Styria, the Catholic Press Association is founded in the Graz-Seckau diocese . This association wants to perform and promote journalistic tasks in the Christian spirit in the public interest .
- Pierre Michaux founds a factory to manufacture the velocipede he developed in 1861 .
More economic events
- October 1 : The postal administration in Austria-Hungary introduces the correspondence card developed by Emanuel Herrmann . This means that the postcard has its worldwide official post office premiere.
- The French chemist Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès invented margarine ( beurre économique ) as a durable substitute for butter on behalf of Napoleon III .
science and technology
The construction of the Suez Canal
- March 25th : History of the Suez Canal : In the presence of the Prince of Wales and his wife, water begins to flow from the Suez Canal into the deeper bitter lakes . The filling lasts until October 24th .
- November 16 : The Suez Canal opens with a big celebration. On the morning of November 17 , the Aigle entered the canal with Empress Eugénie and Ferdinand de Lesseps on board at the head of a long convoy and on to Ismailia.
Expeditions
- June 15 : The second German North Pole Expedition , inspired by August Petermann and led by Carl Koldewey , leaves Bremerhaven with the ships Germania and Hansa . Subsequently, the coast of East Greenland between 73 ° and 77 ° north latitude will be explored and mapped. The expedition discovers and names u. a. the Germanialand peninsula and the Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Fjord . In addition, the scientists carry out an extensive research program in the biological, geoscientific and archaeological fields. After wintering, the expedition returned to Germany in 1870.
- After a two-year break, Alexandrine Tinné is putting together a new expedition to be the first European to cross the Sahara . From Tripoli , she and her entourage penetrate deep into the Libyan Sahara. In Murzuk she meets the German doctor and research traveler Gustav Nachtigal . He persuades Alexandrine to send the Saxon high school student Gottlob Adolf Krause , who has run away from home and who has joined the expedition, back to Tripoli. The Tuareg assure their support and escort for the further journey. On the way, among other things, she buys women free from slave traders who are destined for harems . Because of a political intrigue between the various tribal leaders of the Kel Ajjer , she is murdered during an attack on the expedition on August 1st . Only after a few days is she found by soldiers summoned and buried in the desert.
- September 13th to October 3rd : David E. Folsom leads the Folsom Expedition to what is now Yellowstone National Park . His written notes are so untrustworthy on his return that they are only published by a single newspaper in Chicago.
Medicine and science
- March 6th : The Russian chemist Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendeleev presented together with Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Mensutkin of the Russian Chemical Society under the title The dependence of the chemical properties of the elements on the atomic weight the periodic table of the chemical elements . A few months later, the German Lothar Meyer published an almost identical table in the treatise The nature of chemical elements as a function of their atomic weights .
- August 2nd : Gustav Simon performs the world's first nephrectomy on patient Margaretha Kleb in Heidelberg . The surgical removal of a kidney was successful and Mrs. Kleb lived for many years.
- November 4th : The first edition of the journal Nature appears. The physicist Joseph Norman Lockyer is responsible as editor .
- Friedrich Miescher isolates nucleic acid from the nuclei of pus cells and calls it “ nucleic ”.
- In the course of his medical doctoral thesis, Paul Langerhans discovered the islets of Langerhans, which were later named after him, in the pancreas .
traffic
- February 18 : The first railway line in Greece opens. It leads from Athens to Piraeus .
- In February, the Central Pacific Railroad , coming from the west, reaches a range of hills to the north of the Great Salt Lake in Utah and begins to fill a deep canyon halfway up the climb with a dam, now called Big Fill , to guide the rails over it. On March 8th, the Union Pacific Railroad reached the city of Ogden on the east bank of the salt lake from the east and on March 28th took over the work on a wooden construction in the form of a trestle bridge, now known as the Big Trestle , which was bold for the time the same canyon. On April 10, the US Congress decided that the rail networks should be connected at Promontory Summit , the highest pass in the north of the range of hills, and the two previously competing companies will join forces.
- May 10 : The completion of the first transcontinental railroad connection in the USA between the railway companies Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad is celebrated with a symbolic golden track nail - the place in Utah is now designated as the Golden Spike National Historical Park .
- July 3 : The world's first rack railway , operated by the Mount Washington Cog Railway and leading up Mount Washington , opens in New Hampshire .
- July 8th : The Timișoara horse-drawn tram goes into operation under the management of the Heinrich Baader company. It connects the inner city with the factory city. On October 25th, Josefstadt will also be connected to the horse-drawn tram.
The Hannibal Bridge 1869
Kansas City 1869 (above), the Hannibal Bridge over the Missouri on the right
- July: The Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City (Missouri) is the first railroad bridge over the Missouri River . The truss bridge with swing bridge was built under the direction of Octave Chanute since 1867 for the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad .
- October 23 : The Budavári Sikló in Budapest , the oldest funicular in Europe still running on its original route and tracks, has its first test run.
- November 6th : The completed Blackfriars Bridge is officially opened in London by Queen Victoria .
Teaching and Research
- February 15 : The University of Nebraska is founded in Lincoln .
- May 6 : Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette , Indiana .
- The agronomist Friedrich Nobbe founded in Tharandt the "Physiological testing and seed control station to Tharandt" as the world's first institution for seed testing .
Others
- October 16 : In Cardiff, New York , the supposed remains of the Cardiff giant are discovered, which later turn out to be a fake .
- November 23 : The Cutty Sark clipper , which has been preserved to this day, is launched in Dumbarton , Scotland .
- Under the name of John Stuart Mill , the essay The Bondage of Women appears . The work is the result of the thoughts and ideas that Mill, together with his future wife Harriet Taylor Mill, discussed and developed over two decades. His stepdaughter Helen Taylor is mostly, but not always, named as a co-author today.
Culture
Architecture and fine arts
- April 21 : The Bern Society House Museum , built according to plans by Johann Caspar Wolff , is inaugurated.
- August 20 : The Hamburger Kunsthalle opens.
- September 5 : The foundation stone for the palace of the New Hohenschwangau Castle in the Ammergau Alps is laid, later the castle is renamed Neuschwanstein .
literature
- January 30th : The first comic strip in the country and one of the first in the world is published in Brazil . The graphic artist and caricaturist Angelo Agostini conceived it as a children's story.
Music and theater
- February 18 : Johannes Brahms' Ein German Requiem is publicly performed for the first time in its entirety at the Leipzig Gewandhaus .
- February 27th : The new version of Giuseppe Verdi's opera La forza del destino with the libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni is performed for the first time at the Teatro alla Scala di Milano . The first version had its world premiere on November 10, 1862 .
- May 2nd : A musical entertainment establishment opens in Paris under the name Folies Trévise . After its beginnings as Folies Bergère, it developed into an erotic variety theater and cabaret .
- The New House of the Vienna Court Opera will be completed and will open on May 25 in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elisabeth with a performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni . The first director is Franz von Dingelstedt .
- July 6th : The Egyptian March , composed by Johann Strauss Sohn on the occasion of the upcoming opening of the Suez Canal , is performed for the first time on the composer's trip to Russia.
- Summer: The first Estonian song festival takes place in Dorpat (Estonian Tartu).
- September 21 : The Royal Court Theater in Dresden , built by Gottfried Semper , is destroyed in a fire due to carelessness in repair work. Construction work on an interim theater on Zwingerwall behind the ruins of the old theater begins just four weeks after the fire disaster . After only six weeks of construction, the venue, which was built with simple construction equipment, offers space for around 1,800 people and is popularly known as the “Shack”, will open on December 2nd with Goethe's Iphigenie on Tauris .
- September 22nd : The opera Das Rheingold by Richard Wagner is premiered under the direction of Franz Wüllner against the will of the composer at the Royal Court and National Theater in Munich.
- 11 December : The world premiere of the opera Paria by Stanisław Moniuszko based on a libretto by Jan Chęciński based on the tragedy Le Paria by Casimir Delavigne takes place at the Teatr Wielki in Warsaw.
religion
- July 3 : Equal rights for denominations in the North German Confederation
- December 8th : Pope Pius IX. opens the First Vatican Council . Afterwards the deliberations of the Council Fathers take place in 89 General Congregations under the presidency of five Italian cardinals. In the beginning, 774 prelates take part. It is thus the council with the largest number of participants to date . A third of the participants come from non-European countries, including 61 from the United Eastern Churches, 121 from America, 41 from Asia, 18 from Oceania and nine from Africa. Most of them have a European education, which is why the Council is in principle dominated by European interests. Germany and Austria send 77 representatives, the representatives of the Italians (35%) and French (17%) together make up more than half of all participants. From the beginning, the debate about papal infallibility determined what happened in the Council and divided the Council Fathers into two camps. The 88 opponents of the declaration of infallibility account for 20%. But they include almost the entire German-Austrian episcopate, Swiss bishops and part of the French bishops' college. The majority of the Council succeeds in excluding opponents of the dogma of infallibility from the most important commission for this question, the Commission Deputatio Fidei . At the end of December, a petition on infallibility, signed by 450 Council Fathers, is sent to the Pope. The council minority then tries to dissuade the majority from their plans through theological brochures and treatises. To do this, she even breaks the Council's secret and starts a press campaign against the project. On December 28, the examination of the first draft of a dogmatic constitution against the error of modern rationalism begins . It fails the deliberations and is referred back by the commission presidents to the commission concerned for a new submission.
society
- January 12th : In Cologne, the Israelite Asylum for the sick and the elderly , predecessor of the Jewish welfare center , is inaugurated.
- April 21 : Austria legally introduces the citizenship school type .
- May 9 : In Munich, 36 men around Franz Senn and Johann Stüdl set up the educated mountaineering association , from which the German Alpine Association later emerged.
- May 24th : Prince Heinrich XIV donates the Princely Reussian Cross of Honor , the Order of Merit of the Principality of Reuss Younger Line .
- November 2nd : Foundation of the Germania fraternity in Darmstadt
- The city park of Graz is established in the style of an English garden under Mayor Moritz Ritter von Franck .
- Karl-Maria Kertbeny coined the term homosexuality .
Disasters
- August 2 : 276 people die in a firedamp explosion in a coal mine in Burgk , Saxony .
nature and environment
The meteorite, today in the Palatinate Museum for Natural History
- May 5th : A meteorite strikes south of Krähenberg on the Sickinger Höhe in the Kingdom of Bavaria . The meteorite will be exhibited in the Krähenberg schoolhouse for about ten days. Then it is taken to the Historical Museum of the Palatinate in Speyer, which buys it in the summer.
Sports
- April 17th : The Eimsbüttel Velocipede Club is the first German cycling club to be established in Altona / Elbe .
- August 13th : Paul Grohmann is the first person to climb the Langkofel in the Val Gardena Dolomites .
- August 21 : Paul Grohmann and two local mountain guides manage the first ascent of the Großer Zinne in the Sexten Dolomites .
- August 30th : Two local mountain guides and the British economist Alfred Marshall succeeds in the first ascent of the Karlesspitze in the Ötztal Alps .
James Moore (right) and second-placed Jean-Eugène-André Castera
- November 7th : The world's first international road bike race takes place on the Paris-Rouen route . James Moore wins .
Born
January
- January 3 : Leo Feist , American music publisher († 1930 )
- January 3 : Charles Levadé , French composer († 1948 )
- January 7 : Walter Eli Clark , American politician († 1950 )
- January 8 : Arnold Genthe , German-American photographer († 1942 )
- January 9 : Richard Abegg , German chemist († 1910 )
- January 11 : Aladár Aujeszky , Hungarian veterinary pathologist and microbiologist († 1933 )
- January 11 : Carl Mühl , German entomologist († 1955 )
- January 12 : Carl Küchler , German travel writer († 1945 )
- January 13 : William J. Bulow , American politician († 1960 )
- January 15 : Ruby Laffoon , American politician († 1941 )
- January 15 : Stanisław Wyspiański , Polish artist († 1907 )
- January 18 : Julius Meinl II. , Austrian entrepreneur († 1944 )
- January 20 : Frederick Matthias Alexander , Australian actor († 1955 )
- January 21 : Grigori Rasputin , Russian mystic († 1916 )
- January 25 : Max Hoffmann , German general († 1927 )
- January 25 : Max tom Dieck , German politician († 1951 )
- January 27 : Will Marion Cook , American composer († 1944 )
- January 27 : William Ellery Sweet , American politician († 1942 )
- January 28 : Peter Fassbands , German-Swiss composer († 1920 )
- January 29 : Jared Y. Sanders , American politician († 1944 )
- January 31 : Michael Herty , German track cyclist († unknown)
- January 31 : Paul Nisse , German sculptor and artist († 1949 )
February
- February 1 : July Konjus , Russian violinist († 1942 )
- February 2 : Hugo Marquardsen , German officer and geographer († 1920 )
- February 3 : Johann Becker , German lawyer and politician († 1951 )
- February 3 : Karl Ludwig Hampe , German Medievalist († 1936 )
- February 4 : William Dudley Haywood , American trade unionist († 1928 )
- February 7 : Jindřich Šimon Baar , Czech writer, Catholic priest and representative of realism († 1925 )
- February 9 : George Higgins Moses , American politician († 1944 )
- February 9 : Clarence Morley , American politician († 1948 )
- February 10 : Wassili Kalafati , Russian composer († 1942 )
- February 11 : Abel Decaux , French composer, organist and music teacher († 1943 )
- February 11 : Else Lasker-Schüler , German poet († 1945 )
- February 11 : Adelheid Popp , Austrian women's rights activist († 1939 )
- February 11 : Hendrik Ebo Kaspers , Dutch anti-militarist and anarchist († 1953 )
- February 12 : André Pirro , French musicologist and organist († 1943 )
- February 13 : Louis-Edouard Vuillermoz , French horn player and music teacher († 1939 )
- February 14 : Karel PC de Bazel , Dutch architect († 1923 )
- February 14 : Charles Thomson Rees Wilson , Anglo-Scottish physicist († 1959 )
- February 15 : Ferdinand Grimm , Austrian finance minister and finance expert († 1948 )
- February 15 : Hans Schrader , German archaeologist († 1948 )
- February 18 : Ludwig Bopp , German architect of historicism († 1930 )
- February 19 : Frederic Collin Walcott , American politician († 1949 )
- February 24 : Joseph Saucier , Canadian singer, choir director and pianist († 1941 )
- February 26 : Nadezhda Krupskaya , wife and comrade in arms of Lenin († 1939 )
- February 27 : Baldomero Aguinaldo y Baloy , Philippine revolutionary leader and general († 1915 )
- February 27 : Henry Chandler Cowles , American botanist and vegetation expert († 1939 )
- February 28 : Hans Kundt , German-Bolivian general († 1939 )
March
- March 3 : Friedrich Bothe , German teacher and historian († 1952 )
- March 3 : William M. Calder , American politician († 1945 )
- March 3 : Henry Wood , British conductor († 1944 )
- March 4th : Casimir Zeglen , Polish religious and inventor
- March 5 : Michael von Faulhaber , German clergyman, cardinal and archbishop of Munich and Freising († 1952 )
- March 7th : Henri Béconnais , French racing driver († 1904 )
- March 7th : Ernst Julius Cohen , Dutch chemist († 1944 )
- March 8 : Rudolf Wissell , Reich Minister in the Weimar Republic († 1962 )
- March 14 : Algernon Blackwood , British writer († 1951 )
- March 14 : Konrad Albert Koch , German castle researcher and painter († 1945 )
- March 15 : John H. Bartlett , American politician († 1952 )
- March 15 : John H. Bieling , American singer († 1948 )
- March 15 : Stanisław Wojciechowski , Polish President († 1953 )
- March 18 : Neville Chamberlain , British politician and Prime Minister († 1940 )
- March 22 : Emilio Aguinaldo , Philippine general, politician and President († 1964 )
- March 23 : Kurt Floericke , German scientist and nature lover († 1934 )
- March 23 : Calouste Gulbenkian , Armenian-British engineer, oil researcher, businessman, financial expert, philanthropist and art collector, richest man in the world († 1955 )
- March 26 : David Aizman , Russian-Jewish writer († 1922 )
- March 28 : Robert P. Robinson , American politician († 1939 )
April
- April 5 : Albert Roussel , French composer († 1937 )
- April 5 : Sergei Tschaplygin , Soviet aerodynamicist († 1942 )
- April 6 : Isidore Marie Joseph Dumortier , French clergyman, bishop and apostolic vicar of Saigon († 1940 )
- April 6 : Anton von Premerstein , Austrian ancient historian and papyrologist († 1935 )
- April 6 : Levon Schant , Armenian playwright, writer, poet, and founder of the "Foundation of National Culture" († 1951 )
- April 8 : Charles Binet , French Archbishop and Cardinal († 1936 )
- April 8 : Harvey Cushing , American neurologist and surgeon († 1939 )
- April 9 : Élie Cartan , French mathematician († 1951 )
- April 11 : Gustav Vigeland , Norwegian sculptor († 1943 )
- April 19 : Ignatius Maloyan , Armenian Catholic Archbishop of Mardin († 1915 )
- April 20 : Mary Agnes Chase , American botanist († 1963 )
- April 22nd : Charlton Reid Beattie , American lawyer († 1925 )
- April 25 : Alois Theodor Sonnleitner , Austrian author for young people († 1939 )
- April 26 : Max Moisel , German cartographer († 1920 )
- April 28 : Bertram Goodhue , American architect and illustrator († 1924 )
- April 28 : CC Young , American politician († 1947 )
- April 30 : Arthur Letondal , Canadian organist, music teacher and composer († 1956 )
- April 30th : Hans Poelzig , German painter, architect and set designer († 1936 )
May
- May 3 : Johann Christian Eberle , German politician and Sparkasse functionary († 1937 )
- May 5 : Hans Pfitzner , German composer and conductor († 1949 )
- May 9th : Lorenz Hauser , Bavarian farmer who went down in history as a lavish and legendary "millionaire farmer in Munich-Neuhausen" by selling his land († 1918 )
- May 12 : Carl Schuhmann , German Olympic champion († 1946 )
- May 14 : Concha Espina , Spanish writer († 1955 )
- May 14 : Friedrich Karl Kleine , German microbiologist and pharmacologist († 1951 )
- May 14 : William Hale Thompson , American politician († 1944 )
- May 18 : Rupprecht of Bavaria , Bavarian Crown Prince and Field Marshal General († 1955 )
- May 18 : Henry H. Schwartz , American politician († 1955 )
- May 19 : Karl Adolph , Austrian writer († 1931 )
- May 20 : Joshua Pim , English tennis player († 1942 )
- May 20 : Otto Henkell , German entrepreneur, owner of the sparkling wine company Henkell & Co († 1929 )
- May 22nd : Otto Gussmann , German painter, professor of ornamentation and architecture-related painting and designer († 1926 )
- May 24 : Ivan Aguéli , Swedish wanderer, painter and author († 1917 )
- May 28 : Hermann Jansen , German architect and urban planner († 1945 )
- May 29 : Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau , 1st Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic († 1928 )
- May 31 : Walter Folger Brown , American politician († 1961 )
- May 31 : Josef Mesk , Austrian classical philologist († 1946 )
June
- June 1 : Richard Wünsch , German classical philologist and religious scholar († 1915 )
- June 5 : Hans Aull , German judge († 1948 )
- June 6 : Siegfried Wagner , German composer († 1930 )
- June 7th : Heinrich Ströbel , German publicist and politician († 1944 )
- June 9 : William Hawley Atwell , American lawyer († 1961 )
- June 9 : Theodor Heller , Austrian curative educator († 1938 )
- June 9 : Johannes Schmidt-Wodder , Danish theologian († 1959 )
- June 10 : Paul Schultze-Naumburg , German architect and art theorist († 1949 )
- June 16 : George Waring Stebbins , American organist and composer († 1930 )
- June 17 : Dorothea Arnd al Raschid , German portrait painter (after 1938)
- June 17th : Fabian Ware , British major general († 1949 )
- June 18 : Yahya Muhammad Hamid ad-Din , Imam and King of Yemen († 1948 )
- June 18 : Leo Putz , German-Italian painter († 1940 )
- June 19 : Christopher Addison , British doctor and politician († 1951 )
- June 24th : George of Greece , son of the Greek king George I († 1957 )
- June 25 : Heinrich Lüders , German orientalist and Indologist († 1943 )
- June 25 : Alfred Wilm , German chemist and metallurgist († 1937 )
- June 26 : Martin Andersen Nexø , Danish writer († 1954 )
- June 27 : Emma Goldman , American anarchist and peace activist († 1940 )
- June 27 : Hans Spemann , German biologist († 1941 )
- June 30 : Kurt Sethe , German Egyptologist († 1934 )
- June 30 : Rudolf Rittner , German actor († 1943 )
July
- July 2 : Liane de Pougy , French ballet dancer and writer († 1950 )
- July 2 : Hjalmar Söderberg , Swedish writer († 1941 )
- July 3 : Thomas G. Burch , American politician († 1951 )
- July 4 : Julius Gehl , German trade unionist and politician (SPD) († 1939 )
- July 7th : Alois Anderle , Austrian swimmer († 1953 )
- July 7th : Grosvenor Atterbury , American architect, city planner and writer († 1956 )
- July 10 : Kálmán Kandó , Hungarian engineer, inventor and railway pioneer († 1931 )
- July 18 : Walter Gottfried von Auwers , German lawyer and politician († 1940 )
- July 24 : Julius Dorpmüller , General Director of the German Reichsbahn and Reich Minister of Transport († 1945 )
- July 25 : Platon Kulbusch , Russian Orthodox Bishop of Riga and martyr († 1919 )
- July 25 : Carl Miele , German designer and industrialist († 1938 )
August
- August 13 : Tony Garnier , French architect and town planner († 1948 )
- August 14 : Armas Järnefelt , Finnish composer († 1958 )
- August 14 : Ludwig Kessing , German worker poet († 1940 )
- August 18 : Ernst Graf zu Reventlow , German naval officer, writer and politician († 1943 )
- August 19 : Waldemar Titzenthaler , German photographer († 1937 )
- August 19 : Isidro Gomá y Tomás , Spanish clergyman, Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal († 1940 )
- August 20 : Franz Bölsche , German musician and composer († 1935 )
- August 22 : Arthur Holitscher , Hungarian writer († 1941 )
- August 23 : William Richardson , American singer (year of death unknown)
- August 23 : James Rolph , American politician († 1934 )
- August 26th : Joachim von Amsberg , German general († 1945 )
- August 27 : Karl Haushofer , German military and geopolitician († 1946 )
- August 29 : Alberto Valenzuela Llanos , Chilean painter († 1925 )
- August 30 : Georg Graf von Arco , German physicist († 1940 )
- August 30 : Luther E. Hall , American politician († 1921 )
- August 30 : Henry F. Hollis , American politician († 1949 )
- August 31 : Anthony Ashley-Cooper , British nobleman († 1961 )
September
- September 3 : Helene Funke , German painter († 1957 )
- September 3 : Charles Follot , French entrepreneur and racing car driver († 1933 )
- September 3 : Fritz Pregl , Austrian chemist († 1930 )
- September 4 : Karl Seitz , Austrian President († 1950 )
- September 4 : Johannes Philippus Suijling , Dutch legal scholar († 1962 )
- September 6 : Felix Salten , Austrian writer († 1945 )
- September 8 : Johann Eustacchio , Austrian architect († 1909 )
- September 8 : Kinoshita Naoe , Japanese writer and journalist († 1937 )
- September 12 : Adolf Ott , German priest and official († 1926 )
- September 15 : Fritz Overbeck , German painter († 1909 )
- September 17 : Christian Lous Lange , Norwegian politician, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate († 1938 )
- September 17 : Karl Wolfskehl , German writer and translator († 1948 )
- September 18 : Franz-Joseph Ahles , German poet († 1939 )
- September 18 : John Graham Kerr , English embryologist († 1957 )
- September 19 : Karl Heldmann , German historian († 1943 )
- September 21 : Carlo Airoldi , Italian marathon runner († 1929 )
- September 21 : Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode , British general and cavalry officer († 1950 )
- September 21 : Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński , Polish pianist, conductor, composer and music teacher († 1928 )
- September 21 : Alwin father , German track cyclist and speed skater († 1918 )
- September 23 : Otfrid von Hanstein , German writer († 1959 )
- September 25 : Rudolf Otto , German Protestant theologian and religious scholar († 1937 )
- September 28 : Robert Reininger , Austrian philosopher († 1955 )
- September 29 : Bertram Armytage , Australian cavalry officer and polar explorer († 1910 )
- September 29 : Edward Theodore England , American politician († 1934 )
- September 29 : Miguel Lerdo de Tejada , Mexican composer († 1941 )
October
- October 1 : Johann Paul Arnold , German aquarist († 1952 )
- October 2 : Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , Indian lawyer, resistance fighter, revolutionary, publicist, moral teacher, ascetic and pacifist; spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement († 1948 )
- October 3 : Alfred Flatow , German gymnast and Olympic champion († 1942 )
- October 3 : Robert Kraft , German writer († 1916 )
- October 4 : Iwan Rerberg , Russian architect († 1932 )
- October 7 : Wilhelm Kroll , German classical philologist († 1939 )
- October 8 : Cecil Hamilton Armitage , British Governor († 1933 )
- October 8 : Christopher Rawdon Briggs , English violinist and music teacher († 1948 )
- October 15 : Alfred Andersen-Wingar , Norwegian composer († 1952 )
- October 15 : Francisco Largo Caballero , Spanish politician and Prime Minister († 1946 )
- October 20 : Karl Radinger von Radinghofen , Austrian classical philologist and museum specialist († 1921 )
- October 21 : Stina Berg , Swedish actress († 1930 )
- October 22 : Josef Ettlinger , German journalist and literary historian († 1912 )
- October 22 : Oskar Hergt , German politician († 1967 )
- October 22 : Otto Rippert , German theater actor and film director († 1940 )
- October 23 : Robert Lauterborn , German hydrobiologist, zoologist, botanist († 1952 )
- October 23 : Albert Roberval , Canadian singer, conductor, theater director and music teacher († 1941 )
- October 24 : Otto Plasberg , German classical philologist († 1924 )
- October 26 : August Halm , German composer († 1929 )
- October 26 : Washington Luís , Brazilian President († 1957 )
- October 27 : Janet Scudder , American sculptor († 1940 )
- October 28 : Joseph Folk , American politician († 1923 )
- October 28 : George Tallis , Australian theater entrepreneur († 1948 )
- October 30 : Edmund Dalbor , Polish clergyman, Archbishop of Gniezno and Posen and Cardinal († 1926 )
- October 30 : Arthur Louis Day , American geophysicist († 1960 )
- October 30 : Joseph Fugger von Glött , German officer and colonial official († 1903 )
- October 30 : Huntley N. Spaulding , American politician († 1955 )
- October 31 : William A. Moffett , American admiral († 1933 )
November
- November 4 : Fritz Schumacher , German architect and urban planner († 1947 )
- November 6 : Frederick Gardner , American politician († 1933 )
- November 8 : Joseph Franklin Rutherford , American lawyer and president of the Watch Tower Bible And Tract Society of Pennsylvania († 1942 )
- November 10 : Josefine von Artner , Austrian-German opera singer and vocal teacher († 1932 )
- November 11th : Gaetano Bresci , assassin on the Italian King Umberto I († 1901 )
- November 11 : Viktor Emanuel III. , King of Italy and Emperor of Ethiopia († 1947 )
- November 12 : Wilhelm Buck , German politician († 1945 )
- November 13th : Franz Gleitze , German local poet († 1958 )
- November 13 : August Heisenberg , German Byzantinist († 1930 )
- November 13 : Helene Stöcker , German women's rights activist, sex reformer, pacifist and publicist († 1943 )
- November 15 : Rodolfo Chiari , Prime Minister and President of Panama († 1937 )
- November 15 : Harry B. Hawes , American politician († 1947 )
- November 21 : William H. Murray , American politician († 1956 )
- November 22nd : André Gide , French writer († 1951 )
- November 22nd : Augusta Gillabert , founder of the first female farmers' cooperative in Switzerland († 1940 )
- November 23 : Valdemar Poulsen , Danish physicist and engineer († 1942 )
- November 24th : António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona , President of Portugal († 1951 )
- November 25 : Herbert Greenfield , Canadian politician († 1949 )
- November 25 : Alfred Grotjahn , founder of social hygiene in Germany († 1931 )
- November 26th : Maud of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and Queen of Norway († 1938 )
- November 29 : Ivor Atkins , Welsh organist, choir director and composer († 1953 )
- November 30 : Gustaf Dalén , Swedish physicist and Nobel Prize winner († 1937 )
- November 30th : James Hamilton , British nobleman and politician († 1953 )
December
- December 1 : Vladimir R. Đorđević , Serbian musicologist and ethnologist († 1938 )
- December 2 : Johann Jacob Haßlacher , German politician and member of the Reichstag († 1940 )
- December 2 : Willy Pöge , German entrepreneur, horse, cyclist and motor sportsman († 1914 )
- December 3 : Anne Brigman , American art photographer, poet and one of the first members of the Photo Secession († 1950 )
- December 4 : Otto Landsberg , German lawyer and politician († 1957 )
- December 6 : Rudolf Herzog , German journalist and writer († 1943 )
- December 6th : Otto Nordenskjöld , Swedish geologist and polar explorer († 1928 )
- December 9 : Gerrit Smith Miller , American zoologist († 1956 )
- December 12 : Clara Mannes , German-American pianist and music teacher († 1948 )
- December 13 : Oliver Henry Shoup , American politician († 1940 )
- December 16 : Otto Greiner , German painter and graphic artist († 1916 )
- December 18 : Karl Dieterich , German linguist and literary historian († 1935 )
- December 18 : Richard Ungewitter , German pioneer and organizer of the nudist movement († 1958 )
- December 22nd : Edwin Arlington Robinson , American poet († 1935 )
- December 23 : Hugh Allen , English conductor, organist and music teacher († 1946 )
- December 23 : James Benjamin Aswell , American politician († 1931 )
- December 24th : Adam von Au , German educator and politician († 1942 )
- December 25 : Karl von Collas , Hungarian Under-Secretary of State († 1940 )
- December 27 : Alwin Mittasch , German chemist and philosopher († 1953 )
- December 29th : Hedwig Bleuler-Waser , Swiss temperamentalist († 1940 )
- December 30 : Friedrich von Erckert , German colonial officer († 1908 )
- December 31 : Henri Matisse , French painter († 1954 )
Exact date of birth unknown
- Ahmed-bey Aghayev , Azerbaijani-Turkish publicist, journalist and MP († 1939 )
- Arturo Ambrosio , Italian producer and director († 1960 )
- Amy Archer-Gilligan , American murderer († 1962 )
- Jewno Fischelewitsch Asef , Russian terrorist and police spy († 1918 )
- Amos Bad Heart Bull , Indian painter and historian of the Oglala-Lakota-Sioux († 1913 )
- David Kerin , Russian violinist († 1926 )
- Edward Kreiser , American organist and composer († 1916 )
Died
January to March
- January 1 : Martin W. Bates , American politician (* 1786 )
- January 4th : Emanuel Arnold , Bohemian politician (* 1800 )
- January 14th : Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim , German crystallographer, physicist and geographer (* 1801 )
- January 17th : Émile Bienaimé , French composer (* 1802 )
- January 17th : Alexander Dargomyschski , Russian composer (* 1813 )
- January 19 : Karl von Reichenbach , German industrialist, chemist, natural scientist and philosopher (* 1788 )
- January 20 : Karl Wilhelm Göttling , German classical philologist (* 1793 )
- January 30th : Franz Julius Anders , German stenographer (* 1816 )
- February 3 : Heinrich Ritter , German philosopher (* 1791 )
- February 12 : Hans Adolf Karl von Bülow , Prussian Minister of State (* 1807 )
- February 12 : Mehmed Fuad Pascha , Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (* 1815 )
- February 14 : Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Beck , German lawyer (* 1786 )
- February 21 : Christian Kehrer , German painter (* 1775 )
- February 22nd : Wilhelm Floto , German comedy poet (* 1812 )
- February 24th : Samuel Dinsmoor junior , American politician (* 1799 )
- February 26 : Emil André , German forester (* 1790 )
- February 26 : Asaf Jah V , Prince of Hyderabad (* 1827 )
- February 28 : Alphonse de Lamartine , French poet, writer and politician (* 1790 )
- March 3 : James Guthrie , American politician (* 1792 )
- March 8 : Hector Berlioz , French composer (* 1803 )
- March 10 : Wyman Bradbury Seavy Moor , American politician (* 1811 )
- March 11 : Vladimir Odojewski , Russian writer and composer (* 1803 )
- March 12th : Ernst Haberbier , German composer, Imperial Russian court pianist (* 1813 )
- March 23 : Albert Methfessel , German composer and conductor (* 1785 )
- March 23 : Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio , German native writer and folk song researcher (* 1803 )
- March 24th : Antoine-Henri Jomini , Swiss military theorist and general (* 1779 )
- March 24th : Eduard Wunder , German philologist and educator (* 1800 )
- March 28 : Jules Joseph Gabriel de Lurieu , French theater poet and librettist (* 1792 )
- March 29 : Heinrich von Wittgenstein , German entrepreneur and politician (* 1797 )
April to August
- April 1 : Alexander Dreyschock , Bohemian piano virtuoso and composer (* 1818 )
- April 2 : Hermann von Meyer , founder of vertebrate paleontology in Germany (* 1801 )
- April 13 : Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei , Prince of Wallachia (* 1799 )
- April 15 : Sampson Avard , British theologian (* 1800 )
- April 15 : August Wilhelm Bach , German composer and organist (* 1796 )
- April 15 : Timothy C. Day , American politician (* 1819 )
- April 20 : Carl Loewe , German composer (* 1796 )
- April 26 : Franz Michael Felder , Austrian writer (* 1839 )
- May 4th : Heinrich Max Imhof , Swiss sculptor (* 1795 or 1798 )
- May 5 : Samuel Arnold , American politician (* 1806 )
- May 14 : Victor Langlois , French orientalist (* 1829 )
- May 23 : Alexander O. Anderson , American politician (* 1794 )
- May 28 : Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg , German Protestant theologian (* 1802 )
- June 21 : Gottlieb Theodor Becker , German educator (* 1812 )
- June 28 : Thomas R. Ross , American politician (* 1788 )
- July 7 : Paul Botten-Hansen , Norwegian literary critic and librarian (* 1824 )
- July 10 : Alois Auer Ritter von Welsbach , Austrian printer, inventor and illustrator (* 1813 )
- July 13 : Henry de Labouchère, 1st Baron Taunton , British statesman (* 1798 )
- July 14th : Adolphe Claire Le Carpentier , French music teacher and composer (* 1809 )
- July 18 : Laurent Clerc , historical figure for the deaf of the USA (* 1785 )
- July 19 : Victor Aimé Huber , German social reformer, travel writer and literary historian (* 1800 )
- July 22nd : John August Roebling , German-American engineer (* 1806 )
- July 23 : Henry Crapo , American politician (* 1804 )
- July 24th : Otto Philipp Braun , Bolivian Minister of War from Kassel (* 1798 )
- July 28 : Carl Gustav Carus , German scientist and painter (* 1789 )
- July: Badi ' , Persian martyr of Bahaism (* 1852 )
- August 1st : Alexandrine Tinné , Dutch African explorer (* 1835 )
- August 6 : David J. Baker , American lawyer and politician (* 1792 )
- August 7th : Gustav Rée , German politician (* 1810 )
- August 14 : Adolphe Niel , French general, Marshal of France (* 1802 )
- August 17th : Jules André , French landscape painter (* 1807 )
- August 21 : Salvatore Patti , Italian opera tenor (* 1800 )
- August 31 : Mary Ward , Irish scientist, is considered to be the first road fatality in the history of motor vehicle traffic (* 1827 )
September to December
- September 8 : William P. Fessenden , American politician (* 1806 )
- September 9 : Otto Jahn , German classical philologist, archaeologist and musicologist (* 1813 )
- September 11th : Thomas Graham , British chemist (* 1805 )
- September 12 : Peter Mark Roget , English doctor and lexicographer (* 1779 )
- September 29 : James PT Carter , American politician (* 1822 )
- October 8 : Franklin Pierce , American politician, 14th President of the USA (* 1804 )
- October 12 : Pyotr Fjodorowitsch Anjou , Russian polar explorer and admiral (* 1796 )
- October 15 : Charles Nicolas Aubé , French doctor and entomologist (* 1802 )
- October 18 : Simon Jenko , Slovenian poet (* 1835 )
- October 23 : Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby , British Prime Minister (born 1799 )
- October 24 : Ludwig August Busso Konstantin von der Asseburg , Prussian court hunter (* 1796 )
- October 30 : Leopold Knebelsberger , Austrian composer (* 1814 )
- November 4 : Friedrich Wilhelm Buttel , German court architect (* 1796 )
- November 9th : Thomas Pratt , American politician (* 1804 )
- November 12th : Amos Kendall , American politician (* 1789 )
- November 12th : Friedrich Overbeck , German painter, draftsman and illustrator (* 1789 )
- November 19 : Doris Esselbach , German restaurateur (* 1808 )
- November 21 : Benjamin Fitzpatrick , American politician (* 1802 )
- November 22nd : Carl Ferdinand Langhans , German architect (* 1782 )
- November 25th : Friedrich Adolph Roemer , German geologist, botanist and lawyer (* 1809 )
- November 29th : Giulia Grisi , Italian opera singer (* 1811 )
- November 30th : Wilhelm Steigerwald , German industrialist (* 1804 )
- December 1 : Eduard Vieweg , German publisher (* 1797 )
- December 6th : Maria Karolina Augusta of Naples-Sicily , Princess of Bourbon and Naples-Sicily (* 1822 )
- December 14th : Pietro Tenerani , Italian sculptor (* 1789 )
- December 16 : Alexander Sussmann Adler , German theologian and politician (* 1816)
- December 17th : Christoph Eberhard Finckh , German classical philologist (* 1802 )
- December 18 : Johann Martin Honigberger , Austro-Hungarian pharmacist and oriental researcher (* 1795 )
- December 18 : Louis Moreau Gottschalk , American pianist and composer (* 1829 )
- December 19 : Eugène Mage , French naval officer and traveler to Africa (* 1837 )
- December 21 : Wilhelm Wackernagel , German writer and Germanist (* 1806 )
- December 23 : Julian Fontana , Polish pianist and composer (* 1810 )
- December 24 : Edwin M. Stanton , American politician and Secretary of War (* 1814 )
- December 25th : Hermann Heinrich Grafe , German founder of the Free Evangelical Congregations and hymn poet (* 1818 )
- December 26th : Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille , French medic and physicist (* 1797 )
- December 29 : Victor Luffy , Swiss politician (* 1823 )
- December 31 : Louis Lefébure-Wély , French organist, composer (* 1817 )
- December: Apostol Arsache , Romanian medic, economist and politician (* 1789 )
Exact date of death unknown
- Joseph Anders , Austrian officer (* 1795 )
Web links
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